Fabrication of spectrally sharp Si-based dielectric resonators: combining etaloning with Mie resonances.

We use low-resolution optical lithography joined with solid state dewetting of crystalline, ultra-thin silicon on insulator (c-UT-SOI) to form monocrystalline, atomically smooth, silicon-based Mie resonators in well-controlled large periodic arrays. The dewetted islands have a typical size in the 100 nm range, about one order of magnitude smaller than the etching resolution. Exploiting a 2 µm thick SiO2 layer separating the islands and the underlying bulk silicon wafer, we combine the resonant modes of the antennas with the etalon effect. This approach sets the resonance spectral position and improves the structural colorization and the contrast between scattering maxima and minima of individual resonant antennas. Our results demonstrate that templated dewetting enables the formation of defect-free, faceted islands that are much smaller than the nominal etching resolution and that an appropriate engineering of the substrate improves their scattering properties. These results are relevant to applications in spectral filtering, structural color and beam steering with all-dielectric photonic devices.

Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario de ansiedad y miedo dental IDAF- 4C+ en embarazadas chilenas / Validity and reliability of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+) in Chilean pregnant women

Introducción: La ansiedad dental influye notablemente en el estado de salud oral, entorpeciendo el manejo del paciente durante la atención dental y la adherencia al tratamiento. Por ello su detección es central, sobretodo en grupos vulnerables como las mujeres embarazadas. Debido a la escasez de instrumentos con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas es que se buscó determinar la validez de contenido, validez de constructo y confiabilidad del cuestionario IDAF-4C+ versión en español en mujeres embarazadas en servicios de atención primaria de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo. La validez de contenido se determinó mediante el juicio de expertos, la validez de constructo a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio, mientras que la confiabilidad se determinó por consistencia interna, a través del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Fueron evaluadas 72 mujeres embarazadas. El juicio de expertos no realizó modificación al IDAF-4C+ versión en español. El análisis factorial confirmó la presencia de un solo factor, el cual explicó el 61,86% de la varianza, mientras que la confiabilidad arrojó un alfa de Cronbach de 0,908, considerado excelente. Discusión: El cuestionario IDAF-4C+ presentó una adecuada validez de contenido, validez de constructo y una excelente confiabilidad. Su uso es adecuado para la medición de ansiedad dental en mujeres embarazadas que acuden a servicios de atención primaria en Chile

Introduction: Dental anxiety is a problem that greatly affects oral health and dental compliance in adults. There are many instruments to assess dental anxiety in general population. IDAF-4C+ has a modular structure that allows to identify dental anxiety levels and feared stimuli related to dental setting. The aim of this study is to determine the construct and content validity, and the reliability of the Spanish version of IDAF-4C+ in pregnant women from primary health care centers in Santiago, Chile. Methods: 72 pregnant women ranged from 18 to 40 years old were recruited at primary health care centers from Santiago, Chile. To determine content validity the agreement among experts was assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to demonstrate the construct validity, meanwhile reliability was determined in terms of internal consistency by undertaken Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: The results indicated that the prevalence of dental anxiety is 33.34% in women. The experts did not modify the Spanish version of IDAF-4C+. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a single factor that accounted for 61,86% of variance. A high Cronbach's alpha (a = 0,908) confirm the internal consistency of the instrument. Conclusion: IDAF-4C+ presents an appropriate construct and content validity, and an excellent reliability. It is a proper instrument to be used in pregnant women enrolled in primary health care centers in Chile

Scale-up of a packed bed column for wastewater treatment.

After checking the success of the biosorption process to remove heavy metals from wastewater using olive tree pruning as a cheap biosorbent in the laboratory scale, the scale-up is necessary to progress towards industrial applications chance. The aim of this work was the study of the effect of scale-up in the process of biosorption of Pb(II) with olive tree pruning in a packed bed column. Experiments were performed using two different scale-up criteria and results obtained in both scales were compared. Similar parameters were obtained for each pair of equivalent tests, with a slightly advanced of the obtained breakthrough curves in the pilot plant. The experimental results were fitted by the Thomas model and the obtained mean values were KTh = 0.187 mL/min·mg and q0 = 20.59 mg/g for criterion 1 and KTh = 0.217 mL/min·mg and q0 = 20.27 mg/g for criterion 2. Finally, the mathematical model was applied to simulate industrial applications and it was obtained that under optimal operative conditions, a column according to the criterion 1 was able to operate 2.3 h, and a column according to the criterion 2 was able to operate for 3.6 h.

Kinetic analysis of pyrolysis and combustion of the olive tree pruning by chemical fractionation.

This paper presents a kinetic analysis of thermal decomposition of olive tree pruning from its basic compounds in pyrolysis and combustion reactions. Experiments were performed by TGA under inert and oxidant conditions and results indicated that the decomposition of the olive tree pruning was related to the material composition. Pseudo-mechanistic models were proposed estimating the yield of pyrolysis on its basic compounds (hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin). Validity and reliability of the proposed kinetic models were verified by the good fitting between the simulated and experimental curves (with values of R2 higher than 0.99 in most cases). Moreover, during the fractionation process, an acid fraction was obtained with great fuel properties, a high calorific value and a low residue after its combustion.

Effects of Interpersonal Skills Training on MRI Operations in a Saturated Market: A Randomized Trial.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of team training on operational efficiency during outpatient MRI. METHODS: In this institutional review board-approved, HIPAA-compliant study, six MRI outpatient sites of a midwestern hospital system were randomized to serve as controls or have their teams trained in advanced communication skills. The fourth quarter of fiscal year 2015 was the trial baseline. The trial ended in the third quarter (Q3) of fiscal year 2016 (FY16). Equipment utilization (completed scans/available slots), hourly scan rates (total orders completed per machine per hour of operation), and no-show rates stratified by time were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method, with individual comparisons performed with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The study encompassed 27,425 MRI examinations. Overall volume peaked at baseline and then declined over the following quarters. Compared with baseline, untrained sites experienced significant drops in equipment utilization (P < .01 for the first quarter of FY16 and P < .0001 for the second quarter of FY16 and Q3 FY16), decreasing from 77% to 65% over the study period, corresponding to a decrease from 1.15 to 0.97 in hourly scan rates. For trained sites, these metrics showed no significant change, with maintenance of hourly scan rates of 1.23 and 1.27 and equipment utilization rates of 83% and 85% between baseline and Q3 FY16. No-show rates remained stable at trained sites but increased at untrained sites in the last two quarters (P < .05). Nationally benchmarked patient satisfaction percentile ranking gradually increased at trained sites from 56th at baseline to 70th and successively decreased at untrained sites from 66th to 44th. CONCLUSIONS: MRI outpatient facilities trained in advanced communication techniques may have more favorable operational efficiency than untrained sites in a saturated market.

Combustion of a Pb(II)-loaded olive tree pruning used as biosorbent.

The olive tree pruning is a specific agroindustrial waste that can be successfully used as adsorbent, to remove Pb(II) from contaminated wastewater. Its final incineration has been studied in a thermobalance and in a laboratory flow reactor. The study aims at evaluating the fate of Pb during combustion, at two different scales of investigation. The flow reactor can treat samples approximately 10(2) larger than the conventional TGA. A detailed characterization of the raw and Pb(II)-loaded waste, before and after combustion is presented, including analysis of gas and solids products. The Pb(II)-loaded olive tree pruning has been prepared by a previous biosorption step in a lead solution, reaching a concentration of lead of 2.3 wt%. Several characterizations of the ashes and the mass balances proved that after the combustion, all the lead presents in the waste remained in ashes. Combustion in a flow reactor produced results consistent with those obtained in the thermobalance. It is thus confirmed that the combustion of Pb(II)-loaded olive tree pruning is a viable option to use it after the biosorption process. The Pb contained in the solid remained in the ashes, preventing possible environmental hazards.

Ordered arrays of Au catalysts by FIB assisted heterogeneous dewetting.

Synthesizing Au0.8Si0.2 nanocatalysts that are homogeneous in size and have controlled position is becoming a challenging and crucial prequisite for the fabrication of ordered semiconductor nanowires. In this study, Au0.8Si0.2 nanocatalysts are synthesized via dewetting of Au layers on Si(111) during thermal annealing in an ultra-high vacuum. In the first part of the paper, the mechanism of homogeneous dewetting is analyzed as a function of the Au-deposited thickness (h Au). We distinguish three different dewetting regimes: (I) for a low thickness ([Formula: see text]), a submonolyer coverage of Au is stabilized and there is no dewetting. (II) For an intermediate thickness ([Formula: see text]), there is both dewetting and Au0.8Si0.2 phase formation. The size and density of the Au0.8Si0.2 clusters are directly related to h Au. When cooling down to room temperature, the clusters decompose and reject the Si at the Au/Si substrate interface. (III) For a large thickness ([Formula: see text]), only dewetting takes place, without forming AuSi clusters. In this regime, the dewetting is kinetically controlled by the self-diffusion of Au (activation energy ∼0.43 eV) without evidence of an Si-alloying effect. As a practical consequence, when relying solely on the homogeneous dewetting of Au/Si(111) to form the Au0.8Si0.2 catalysts (without a supply of Si atoms from vapor), regime II should be used to obtain good size and density control. In the second part of the paper, a process for ordering the catalysts using focused ion beam-(FIB) assisted dewetting (heterogeneous dewetting) is developed. We show that no matter what the FIB milling conditions and the Au nominal thickness are, dewetting is promoted by ion beam irradiation and is accompanied by the formation of Au0.8Si0.2 droplets. The droplets preferentially form on the patterned areas, while in similar annealing conditions, they do not form on the unpatterned areas. This behavior is attributed to the larger Au-Si interdiffusion in the patterned areas, which results from the Si amorphization induced by the FIB. A systematic analysis of the position of the nanodroplets shows their preferential nucleation inside the patterns, while thicker platelets of almost pure Au are observed between the patterns. The evolutions of the size homogeneity and the occupancy rate of the patterns are quantified as a function of the FIB dose and annealing temperature. Nice arrays of perfectly ordered AuSi catalysts are obtained after optimizing the FIB and dewetting conditions.

Autoeficacia en salud oral: Concepto, evaluación y tratamiento / Self-efficacy in oral health: Concept, assessment and treatment

La autoeficacia es un factor que permite predecir las conductas que un paciente realizará para obtener un adecuado nivel de salud. En salud oral, esto resulta ser fundamental ya que los comportamientos que realiza el paciente determinan la adherencia a las indicaciones que el odontólogo le entrega. El presente artículo aborda la definición de la autoeficacia en general, y en salud oral en particular, además de revisar cuales son los instrumentos más utilizados para medir esta dimensión dentro del contexto odontológico. Finalmente, se revisa un modelo de intervención de la autoeficacia en salud oral que ha mostrado una adecuada efectividad (AU)

Self-efficacy is a factor that allows predicting patients’ behaviours to gain a suitable health level. In oral health this is fundamental, because patients’ behaviours determine the adherence to indications provided by the dentist. The present article addresses the definition of self-efficacy in general, in oral health in particular, and a review of the most common instruments to measure this dimension inside the dental context. Finally, it presents a review of an intervention model of self-efficacy in oral health that has shown appropriate effectiveness (AU)

Physico-chemical characterization of pine cone shell and its use as biosorbent and fuel.

Physico-chemical properties of pine cone shell have been determined. Results of characterization study showed that pine cone shell could be used as biosorbent of nickel from aqueous solutions in a fixed-bed column and later as input material in thermochemical processes. To study the behavior of Ni-loaded pine cone shell as fuel, non-isothermal thermogravimetric tests were performed. These tests showed that, in nitrogen atmosphere, the main decomposition occurs from 200°C to 500°C and, in oxidant atmosphere, the behavior is of type "combustion+pyrolysis" (at higher temperatures there is a clear decomposition of residue formed during the initial steps). Finally, the effect of the presence of Ni was analyzed. Thermogravimetric curves did not change their profile and the total amount of nickel was detected in char-ash fraction and not in flue gases. These results suggest that nickel does not form volatile compounds at considered operational conditions.

Comparative study of isotherm parameters of lead biosorption by two wastes of olive-oil production.

Batch isotherm studies were carried out on a laboratory scale: (i) to investigate the effectiveness to remove lead of two wastes (olive stone (OS) and olive tree pruning (OTP)), untreated and chemically treated; and (ii) to examine the applicability of various adsorption isotherms to fit the experimental data. Results from tests were analyzed using seven equilibrium isotherm correlations (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, and Toth equations). The sum of the squares of the errors was determined for each isotherm and the Langmuir equation provided the best fit. Chemical treatments increased the biosorption properties of these materials. The maximum biosorption capacities were: 6.33, 49.13, 14.83, and 38.93 mg g(-1) for untreated OS, HNO3-OS, H2SO4-OS, and NaOH-OS, respectively, and 26.72, 86.40, 72.78, and 123.80 mg g(-1) for untreated OTP, HNO3-OTP, H2SO4-OTP, and NaOH-OTP, respectively. Finally, the loss of mass for each waste (13.9, 14.3, and 36.8% for HNO3-OS, H2SO4-OS, and NaOH-OS and 35.1, 27.5, and 46.7% for HNO3-OTP, H2SO4-OTP, and NaOH-OTP, respectively) was taken into account and an effectiveness coefficient was determined for each adsorbent material.

Selective growth and ordering of SiGe nanowires for band gap engineering.

Selective growth and self-organization of silicon-germanium (SiGe) nanowires (NWs) on focused ion beam (FIB) patterned Si(111) substrates is reported. In its first step, the process involves the selective synthesis of Au catalysts in SiO2-free areas; its second step involves the preferential nucleation and growth of SiGe NWs on the catalysts. The selective synthesis process is based on a simple, room-temperature reduction of gold salts (Au³âºCl4⁻) in aqueous solution, which provides well-organized Au catalysts. By optimizing the reduction process, we are able to generate a bidimensional regular array of Au catalysts with self-limited sizes positioned in SiO2-free windows opened in a SiO2/Si(111) substrate by FIB patterning. Such Au catalysts subsequently serve as preferential nucleation and growth sites of well-organized NWs. Furthermore, these NWs with tunable position and size exhibit the relevant features and bright luminescence that would find several applications in optoelectronic nanodevices.

Ansiedad dental: Evaluación y tratamiento / Dental anxiety: Assessment and treatment

La ansiedad dental es un fenómeno que influye notablemente en el estado de salud oral, entorpeciendo tanto el manejo del paciente durante la atención dental como la posterior adherencia al tratamiento. Con tasas de prevalencia que van del 4% al 23%, la ansiedad dental es un factor importante a considerar si se quiere mejorar la calidad de vida oral del paciente. El presente artículo propone abordar la definición de ansiedad dental, para luego identificar las causas que explican cómo se origina este fenómeno, además de revisar cuales son los instrumentos más utilizados para medir ansiedad dental dentro del contexto odontológico. Finalmente se revisan las intervenciones que han mostrado mayor efectividad en la reducción de este problema (AU)

Dental anxiety is a phenomenon which significantly affects oral health status, hindering both the patient management during the dental care and the subsequent dental treatment adherence. With prevalence rates ranging from 4% to 23%, dental anxiety is an important factor to consider if you want to improve the quality of the oral health of the patient. This article intends to raise the definition of dental anxiety, identify the causes behind the origin of this phenomenon and besides to check what instruments are used to measure dental anxiety in the dental context. Finally we will review the interventions that have shown greater effectiveness in reducing this problem (AU)

Bright photoluminescence from ordered arrays of SiGe nanowires grown on Si(111).

We report on the optical properties of SiGe nanowires (NWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in ordered arrays on SiO2/Si(111) substrates. The production method employs Au catalysts with self-limited sizes deposited in SiO2-free sites opened-up in the substrate by focused ion beam patterning for the preferential nucleation and growth of these well-organized NWs. The NWs thus produced have a diameter of 200 nm, a length of 200 nm, and a Ge concentration x = 0.15. Their photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured at low temperatures (from 6 to 25 K) with excitation at 405 and 458 nm. There are four major features in the energy range of interest (980-1120 meV) at energies of 1040.7, 1082.8, 1092.5, and 1098.5 meV, which are assigned to the NW-transverse optic (TO) Si-Si mode, NW-transverse acoustic (TA), Si-substrate-TO and NW-no-phonon (NP) lines, respectively. From these results the NW TA and TO phonon energies are found to be 15.7 and 57.8 meV, respectively, which agree very well with the values expected for bulk Si1- x Ge x with x = 0.15, while the measured NW NP energy of 1099 meV would indicate a bulk-like Ge concentration of x = 0.14. Both of these concentrations values, as determined from PL, are in agreement with the target value. The NWs are too large in diameter for a quantum confinement induced energy shift in the band gap. Nevertheless, NW PL is readily observed, indicating that efficient carrier recombination is occurring within the NWs.

Elevated factor IX activity is associated with an increased odds ratio for both arterial and venous thrombotic events.

OBJECTIVES: Elevations of factor IX (FIX) are thought to contribute to thrombotic risk, but this has not been well characterized. We retrospectively sought to determine whether elevated FIX levels are a risk factor for thrombosis in 81 adult subjects younger than 65 years (mean, 47 years) who were referred for evaluation of a hypercoagulable state. METHODS: Patients were classified by arterial transient ischemic attack/stroke (TIA/stroke, n = 62) or venous thromboembolism (VTE, n = 19) events. FIX activity testing was performed on all 81 subjects and a reference group of 40 healthy individuals. RESULTS: Thirteen (21%) of 62 subjects with TIA/stroke and 5 (26%) of 19 subjects with VTE had elevated FIX activity. Odds ratios for TIA/stroke and VTE in subjects with elevated FIX activity were 3.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-17.65) and 6.8 (95% CI, 1.18-39.07), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest an association between elevated FIX levels and both arterial and venous thrombotic events.

Probing local strain and composition in Ge nanowires by means of tip-enhanced Raman scattering.

Local strain and Ge content distribution in self-assembled, in-plane Ge/Si nanowires grown by combining molecular beam epitaxy and the metal-catalyst assisted-growth method were investigated by tip-enhanced Raman scattering. We show that this technique is essential to study variations of physical properties of single wires at the nanoscale, a task which cannot be achieved with conventional micro-Raman scattering. As two major findings, we report that (i) the Ge distribution in the (001) crystallographic direction is inhomogeneous, displaying a gradient with a higher Ge content close to the top surface, and (ii) in contrast, the (uncapped) wires exhibit essentially the same small residual compressive strain everywhere along the wire.

On morphology and strain field of Ge/Si(001) Islands according to TEM phase imaging method.

The mechanism driving Germanium islands nucleation and self-assembly is an important effect for opto-electronic applications, still not fully understood. We demonstrate that the new transmission electron microscopy phase imaging method provides insights on the distribution of strain and composition fields in and around the islands on rather large areas. The method consists of retrieving the phase from a focus series of plane view images. The phase image is representative of morphology, composition and strain. The results show that whatever the islands size and shape is, a maximum compressive strain is obtained at the apex of the islands compensated by a maximum tensile strain in the substrate close to the islands perimeter. The maximum compressive strain is associated to a larger Ge concentration. The distribution of tensile strain varies with the shape of the islands: for square base pyramidal "hut" islands, a maximum tensile strain is obtained at the four corners of the pyramid base and for "dome" islands, the tensile strain is less pronounced and affects almost the whole island perimeter. These results are consistent with the higher strain relaxation level of "dome" islands in comparison to those of "hut" islands.

Discard tubes are not necessary when drawing samples for specialized coagulation testing.

Discard tubes have traditionally been obtained when drawing samples for coagulation testing to avoid potential tissue factor activation of coagulation in the first tube that may lead to inaccurate results. Although discard tubes are no longer required for prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, the practice is still recommended for other coagulation studies due to lack of sufficient evidence that discard tubes are not needed. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the first citrate tube drawn can be used for special coagulation testing. We performed testing for fibrinogen, D-dimer, factors VIII, IX, XI, proteins C and S, and antithrombin on 30 healthy individuals and factors II, VII, IX, X, and proteins C and S on a second group of 30 healthy individuals and 30 individuals receiving warfarin. Testing was performed on two consecutive samples to evaluate the level of agreement between the two tubes. Paired t-testing showed no statistically significant differences between tube 1 and tube 2 for any of the tests performed. Most data pairs (tube 1, tube 2) agreed within 10% difference or less, and no positive or negative biases were observed. To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the need for discard tubes in a variety of coagulation tests using both normal and abnormal samples. Our data suggest that discard tubes are not necessary when drawing samples for specialized coagulation testing.

Conductive AFM microscopy study of the carrier transport and storage in Ge nanocrystals grown by dewetting.

A combined conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM)/scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to study the electric transport and retention mechanisms through Ge nanocrystals (NCs). The NCs were formed by a two-step dewetting/nucleation process on a silicon oxide layer grown on n-doped 001 silicon substrate. Without preliminary e-beam irradiation, electric images are obtained only with bias voltages larger than 8 V. This is due to the barrier height introduced by the presence of the native oxide on NCs and of the oxide layer on which the NCs are grown. After acquisition of an e-beam-induced current image, electric images (e-beam off) can be easily obtained at low bias voltages because of the trap creation in the oxide layer. We show that the critical threshold voltage to detect a current through the NCs decreases with NCs size. The band diagram of the contact in the presence of a p-doped diamond coated tip shows that the conduction mechanism is dominated by holes. At last we show a good memory effect with charge/discharge in the NCs resulting in a long retention time.

Effects of EDTA on routine and specialized coagulation testing and an easy method to distinguish EDTA-treated from citrated plasma samples.

Coagulation testing is performed with citrate-treated plasma. Samples submitted in other anticoagulants, such as EDTA, should not be tested. We aimed to evaluate the effects of EDTA on routine and specialized coagulation tests and to establish sodium tetraphenylborate testing as a quick and reliable method to identify EDTA-treated plasma samples. We performed the following measurements on citrateand EDTA-treated plasma samples from 10 healthy volunteers: sodium tetraphenylborate testing, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), potassium concentration, and functional assays for factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, proteins C and S, and antithrombin. Mean values for citrate- and EDTA-treated plasma were most different for PT, PTT, factors V and VIII, and proteins C and S. Sodium tetraphenylborate testing correctly classified 100% of citratetreated and EDTA-treated samples. We confirm that EDTA has effects on coagulation assays. Sodium tetraphenylborate testing is a quick, simple, and inexpensive method for coagulation laboratories to identify samples erroneously submitted in EDTA.

Pediatric reference intervals for uncommon bleeding and thrombotic disorders.

This study provides pediatric reference intervals and median values for factors II, V, VII, X, fibrinogen, alpha-2-antiplasmin (AP), antithrombin (AT), plasminogen, protein C (PC), and protein S (PS) for children 7 to 17 years of age. All analytes exhibited at least some age dependence in late childhood and adolescence either when compared against adult values or when medians for children were regressed against age.