RESUMO
Human salmonellosis linked to contact with live poultry is an increasing public health concern. In 2012, eight unrelated outbreaks of human salmonellosis linked to live poultry contact resulted in 517 illnesses. In July 2012, PulseNet, a national molecular surveillance network, reported a multistate cluster of a rare strain of Salmonella Braenderup infections which we investigated. We defined a case as infection with the outbreak strain, determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, with illness onset from 25 July 2012-27 February 2013. Ill persons and mail-order hatchery (MOH) owners were interviewed using standardized questionnaires. Traceback and environmental investigations were conducted. We identified 48 cases in 24 states. Twenty-six (81%) of 32 ill persons reported live poultry contact in the week before illness; case-patients named 12 different MOHs from eight states. The investigation identified hatchery D as the ultimate poultry source. Sampling at hatchery D yielded the outbreak strain. Hatchery D improved sanitation procedures and pest control; subsequent sampling failed to yield Salmonella. This outbreak highlights the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment and the importance of industry knowledge and involvement in solving complex outbreaks. Preventing these infections requires a 'One Health' approach that leverages expertise in human, animal, and environmental health.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Serviços Postais , Aves Domésticas , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/genética , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem , Zoonoses/microbiologiaRESUMO
Human leukocyte A interferon was evaluated for its ability to prevent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-induced respiratory tract disease in cattle. Weanling calves were treated daily for 1 week with 50 X 10(6) U of interferon, intranasally (by nebulization) and IM, and inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus on the first day of treatment. Respiratory tract disease was less severe in treated as compared with nontreated calves which were given only infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and infection in the treated calves occurred later than in the untreated calves. Viral shedding and appearance of viral neutralizing antibodies occurred later in treated calves than in calves given only virus. Because several calves in a treatment group were housed together, whether the late appearance of infection in some interferon-treated calves was due to emergence of suppressed virus or to horizontal transmission from calves shedding virus could not be determined. One calf in the interferon-treated group developed antibody to human interferon and a few treated calves had transient elevation of hepatic enzymes. Interferon-treated calves developed a high temperature which subsided on termination of treatment. Production of disease was considerably dependent on the amount of virus and interferon given, since calves given 300 times more virus and approximately half as much interferon showed no evidence of protection against infection.
