RESUMO
Background: The paper presents the rationale and methods of the planned systematic review to understand the effects of nature-based interventions on individuals' environmental behaviors. There is ample evidence that experiences in nature not only enhance human well-being but also help promote people's pro-environmentalism. Nevertheless, synthesized evidence regarding the effects of nature-based interventions on individuals' environmental behaviors is lacking. Methods: This protocol follows the Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The planned literature search will be conducted by using APA PsycInfo, APA PsyArticles, PubMed, ERIC, Education Source, GreenFILE, OpenDissertations, Scopus, and WEB of Science. In the protocol, we present search strategies for each specific database. Data items that we will seek to obtain from the selected publications are described in detail and cover general information about included studies, information about studies' methodology and participants, outcomes of the studies, and nature-based and comparative interventions. The outcomes will be behavioral, including aggregated and specific types of environmental behaviors, as well as reported and observed behaviors. Furthermore, the protocol provides a description of the prospective assessment of the risk of bias in both randomized and non-randomized studies. If studies appear sufficiently homogeneous, we will conduct a meta-analysis using the inverse-variance method. Details of the data synthesis are likewise provided in the paper. Results: Dissemination of the results of the planned review will be carried out via a peer-reviewed open-access journal publication. Implications: Given the great need to address current environmental issues, understanding what encourages people to act pro-environmentally is critical. It is expected that the findings of the planned review will provide valuable insights for researchers, educators, and policymakers who are involved in understanding and promoting human environmental behaviors.
RESUMO
At the 2019 and 2021 International Conference on Environmental Psychology, discussions were held on the future of conferences in light of the enormous greenhouse gas emissions and inequities associated with conference travel. In this manuscript, we provide an early career researcher (ECR) perspective on this discussion. We argue that travel-intensive conference practices damage both the environment and our credibility as a discipline, conflict with the intrinsic values and motivations of our discipline, and are inequitable. As such, they must change. This change can be achieved by moving toward virtual and hybrid conferences, which can reduce researchers' carbon footprints and promote equity, if employed carefully and with informal exchange as a priority. By acting collectively and with the support of institutional change, we can adapt conference travel norms in our field. To investigate whether our arguments correspond to views in the wider community of ECRs within environmental psychology, we conducted a community case study. By leveraging our professional networks and directly contacting researchers in countries underrepresented in those networks, we recruited 117 ECRs in 32 countries for an online survey in February 2022. The surveyed ECRs supported a change in conference travel practices, including flying less, and perceived the number of researchers wanting to reduce their travel emissions to be growing. Thirteen percent of respondents had even considered leaving academia due to travel requirements. Concerning alternative conference formats, a mixed picture emerged. Overall, participants had slightly negative evaluations of virtual conferences, but expected them to improve within the next 5 years. However, ECRs with health issues, facing visa challenges, on low funding, living in remote areas, with caretaking obligations or facing travel restrictions due to COVID-19 expected a switch toward virtual or hybrid conferences to positively affect their groups. Participants were divided about their ability to build professional relationships in virtual settings, but believed that maintaining relationships virtually is possible. We conclude by arguing that the concerns of ECRs in environmental psychology about current and alternative conference practices must be taken seriously. We call on our community to work on collective solutions and less travel-intensive conference designs using participatory methods.
RESUMO
O método experimental (ME) envolve um conjunto de procedimentos que podem ser utilizados por várias ciências para responder questões de pesquisa, refutar ou corroborar hipóteses. No presente trabalho, conduzimos uma revisão sistemática de artigos de revisão publicados em português que tiveram como foco explicar o ME. Utilizamos as bases de dados SciELO e Google Acadêmico, sem restringir a data de publicação dos artigos. Incluímos 64 artigos após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade. Por meio da análise de conteúdo, sintetizamos informações desses artigos que favorecem a condução de estudos experimentais e a avaliação crítica de seus métodos. Adicionalmente, apontamos lacunas como a carência de artigos sobre estatística aplicada ao ME e uso de técnicas qualitativas.
The experimental method (EM) involves a set of procedures that can be used by different sciences to answer research questions, refute or corroborate hypotheses. In the present work, we conducted a systematic review of review articles published in Portuguese that focused on explaining the EM. We use the SciELO and Google Scholar databases, without restricting the articles publication date. We included 64 articles after applying the eligibility criteria. Using content analysis, we synthesized information from these articles that favor the conduction of experimental studies and the critical evaluation of their methods. Additionally, we point out gaps such as the lack of papers on statistics applied to the EM and the use of qualitative techniques.
El método experimental (ME) implica un conjunto de procedimientos que pueden ser utilizados por diferentes ciencias para responder preguntas de investigación, refutar o corroborar hipótesis. En el presente trabajo, realizamos una revisión sistemática de artículos de revisión publicados en portugués que se centraron en explicar el ME. Utilizamos las bases de datos SciELO y Google Académico, sin restringir la fecha de publicación de los artículos. Incluimos 64 artículos después de aplicar los criterios de elegibilidad. Mediante el análisis de contenido, sintetizamos información de estos artículos que favorecen la realización de estudios experimentales y la evaluación crítica de sus métodos. Además, señalamos lagunas, como la carencia de artículos sobre estadísticas aplicadas a él ME y el uso de técnicas cualitativas.
Assuntos
Ciência , Pesquisa , Ensaio ClínicoRESUMO
O método experimental (ME) envolve um conjunto de procedimentos que podem ser utilizados por várias ciências para responder questões de pesquisa, refutar ou corroborar hipóteses. No presente trabalho, conduzimos uma revisão sistemática de artigos de revisão publicados em português que tiveram como foco explicar o ME. Utilizamos as bases de dados SciELO e Google Acadêmico, sem restringir a data de publicação dos artigos. Incluímos 64 artigos após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade. Por meio da análise de conteúdo, sintetizamos informações desses artigos que favorecem a condução de estudos experimentais e a avaliação crítica de seus métodos. Adicionalmente, apontamos lacunas como a carência de artigos sobre estatística aplicada ao ME e uso de técnicas qualitativas.
The experimental method (EM) involves a set of procedures that can be used by different sciences to answer research questions, refute or corroborate hypotheses. In the present work, we conducted a systematic review of review articles published in Portuguese that focused on explaining the EM. We use the SciELO and Google Scholar databases, without restricting the articles publication date. We included 64 articles after applying the eligibility criteria. Using content analysis, we synthesized information from these articles that favor the conduction of experimental studies and the critical evaluation of their methods. Additionally, we point out gaps such as the lack of papers on statistics applied to the EM and the use of qualitative techniques.
El método experimental (ME) implica un conjunto de procedimientos que pueden ser utilizados por diferentes ciencias para responder preguntas de investigación, refutar o corroborar hipótesis. En el presente trabajo, realizamos una revisión sistemática de artículos de revisión publicados en portugués que se centraron en explicar el ME. Utilizamos las bases de datos SciELO y Google Académico, sin restringir la fecha de publicación de los artículos. Incluimos 64 artículos después de aplicar los criterios de elegibilidad. Mediante el análisis de contenido, sintetizamos información de estos artículos que favorecen la realización de estudios experimentales y la evaluación crítica de sus métodos. Además, señalamos lagunas, como la carencia de artículos sobre estadísticas aplicadas a él ME y el uso de técnicas cualitativas.
Assuntos
Ciência , Pesquisa , Ensaio ClínicoRESUMO
There is empirical evidence suggesting a positive link between direct experiences in nature and people's environmental attitudes (EA) and behaviors (EB). This has led researchers to encourage more frequent contact with nature, especially during childhood, as a way of increasing pro-environmentalism (i.e., pro-EA and pro-EB). However, the association between experiences in nature and EA/EB is complex, and specific guidelines for people's everyday contact with nature cannot be provided. This article offers an overview of the research conducted until know about the relation between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism, and opens up new inquiries for future research. We begin with an introduction to people's current tendency toward an alienation from the natural world and set out the objectives of the article. It is followed by three main sections. The first one reports on what experiences in nature refer to, how and where they occur. The second section describes the different approaches used to investigate and interpret the experiences in nature-EA and EB relation. The last section provides suggestions for future research. We close by making some final remarks about the importance of (re)stablishing a greater interaction with nature for people's pro-EA and EB.
RESUMO
This cross-sectional study aims to improve our understanding of the psychological pathways behind the commonly reported link between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism. Particularly, we explore whether nature experiences lead to self-reported pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) and whether this relation is mediated by connectedness to nature. Additionally, we examine the possible lasting effect of childhood experiences with nature on adults' PEB. Most studies reporting on the link between contact with nature and pro-environmentalism have been conducted in developed countries, limiting the generalization of the results. To address this gap in the literature, the current study was conducted in a developing country (Brazil) with a sample of 224 young adults. According to our findings, greater contact with nature during childhood is associated with greater contact with nature as an adult, which, in turn, is positively associated with connectedness to nature and PEB. The stimulation of pleasant experiences while in direct contact with nature during childhood seems to trigger interactions with nature in adulthood and consequently, adults embrace pro-environmental actions.
