Physicochemical quality of and Escherichia coli resistance profiles in urban surface waters / Qualidade físico-química e perfis de resistência de Escherichia coli em águas superficiais urbanas

Abstract Aquatic ecosystems of urban rivers are contaminated through waste disposal, which poses a public health problem. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of water used for recreation and public supply of six rivers in the city of Cascavel - Paraná, including Cascavel, Quati, Bezerra, Antas, Clarito and Amambay. Samples were collected every 4 months in 2017, and their physicochemical and microbiological parameters, as well as resistance profiles of strains of Escherichia coli to antimicrobials distributed by pharmacies of the primary healthcare network, were evaluated. Parameters such as water temperature, turbidity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms showed significant differences. The allowed limit for thermotolerant coliforms, which was set by National Environment Council, Resolution 357/2005, was exceeded in all of the six analyzed rivers. It was determined that 48.1% of E. coli strains showed resistance to nine antimicrobial tested. The highest levels of resistance were found for ampicillin (27.7%), tetracycline (27.7%) and amoxicillin (24.0%). The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the hazards associated with the contamination of springs in urban centers with wastewater containing resistant bacteria. Therefore, recovery work is necessary in these areas because of the importance of these water sources for the entire western region of Paraná state.

Resumo Os ecossistemas aquáticos dos rios urbanos são contaminados pela disposição de resíduos, o que representa um problema de saúde pública. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade das águas utilizadas para recreação e abastecimento público de seis rios da cidade de Cascavel - Paraná, sendo eles: Cascavel, Quati, Bezerra, Antas, Clarito e Amambay. Amostras foram coletadas a cada 4 meses em 2017, e seus parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, bem como os perfis de resistência das cepas de Escherichia coli aos antimicrobianos distribuídos pelas farmácias da rede básica de saúde, foram avaliados. Parâmetros como temperatura da água, turbidez, nitrogênio total, fósforo total, coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes apresentaram diferenças significativas. O limite permitido para coliformes termotolerantes, estabelecido pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Resolução 357/2005, foi excedido em todos os seis rios analisados. Foi determinado que 48,1% das cepas de E. coli apresentaram resistência aos nove antimicrobianos testados. Os maiores níveis de resistência foram encontrados para ampicilina (27,7%), tetraciclina (27,7%) e amoxicilina (24,0%). Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para a compreensão dos riscos associados à contaminação de nascentes em centros urbanos com efluentes contendo bactérias resistentes. Portanto, o trabalho de recuperação é necessário nessas áreas, devido à importância dessas fontes de água para toda a região oeste do estado do Paraná.

Physicochemical quality of and Escherichia coli resistance profiles in urban surface waters.

Aquatic ecosystems of urban rivers are contaminated through waste disposal, which poses a public health problem. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of water used for recreation and public supply of six rivers in the city of Cascavel - Paraná, including Cascavel, Quati, Bezerra, Antas, Clarito and Amambay. Samples were collected every 4 months in 2017, and their physicochemical and microbiological parameters, as well as resistance profiles of strains of Escherichia coli to antimicrobials distributed by pharmacies of the primary healthcare network, were evaluated. Parameters such as water temperature, turbidity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms showed significant differences. The allowed limit for thermotolerant coliforms, which was set by National Environment Council, Resolution 357/2005, was exceeded in all of the six analyzed rivers. It was determined that 48.1% of E. coli strains showed resistance to nine antimicrobial tested. The highest levels of resistance were found for ampicillin (27.7%), tetracycline (27.7%) and amoxicillin (24.0%). The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the hazards associated with the contamination of springs in urban centers with wastewater containing resistant bacteria. Therefore, recovery work is necessary in these areas because of the importance of these water sources for the entire western region of Paraná state.

Physicochemical quality of and Escherichia coli resistance profiles in urban surface waters

Abstract Aquatic ecosystems of urban rivers are contaminated through waste disposal, which poses a public health problem. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of water used for recreation and public supply of six rivers in the city of Cascavel - Paraná, including Cascavel, Quati, Bezerra, Antas, Clarito and Amambay. Samples were collected every 4 months in 2017, and their physicochemical and microbiological parameters, as well as resistance profiles of strains of Escherichia coli to antimicrobials distributed by pharmacies of the primary healthcare network, were evaluated. Parameters such as water temperature, turbidity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms showed significant differences. The allowed limit for thermotolerant coliforms, which was set by National Environment Council, Resolution 357/2005, was exceeded in all of the six analyzed rivers. It was determined that 48.1% of E. coli strains showed resistance to nine antimicrobial tested. The highest levels of resistance were found for ampicillin (27.7%), tetracycline (27.7%) and amoxicillin (24.0%). The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the hazards associated with the contamination of springs in urban centers with wastewater containing resistant bacteria. Therefore, recovery work is necessary in these areas because of the importance of these water sources for the entire western region of Paraná state.

Resumo Os ecossistemas aquáticos dos rios urbanos são contaminados pela disposição de resíduos, o que representa um problema de saúde pública. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade das águas utilizadas para recreação e abastecimento público de seis rios da cidade de Cascavel Paraná, sendo eles: Cascavel, Quati, Bezerra, Antas, Clarito e Amambay. Amostras foram coletadas a cada 4 meses em 2017, e seus parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, bem como os perfis de resistência das cepas de Escherichia coli aos antimicrobianos distribuídos pelas farmácias da rede básica de saúde, foram avaliados. Parâmetros como temperatura da água, turbidez, nitrogênio total, fósforo total, coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes apresentaram diferenças significativas. O limite permitido para coliformes termotolerantes, estabelecido pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Resolução 357/2005, foi excedido em todos os seis rios analisados. Foi determinado que 48,1% das cepas de E. coli apresentaram resistência aos nove antimicrobianos testados. Os maiores níveis de resistência foram encontrados para ampicilina (27,7%), tetraciclina (27,7%) e amoxicilina (24,0%). Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para a compreensão dos riscos associados à contaminação de nascentes em centros urbanos com efluentes contendo bactérias resistentes. Portanto, o trabalho de recuperação é necessário nessas áreas, devido à importância dessas fontes de água para toda a região oeste do estado do Paraná.

A Tool to Quickly Detect Short Hamstring Syndrome in Boys who Play Soccer.

UNLABELLED: There is a lack of studies of alternative techniques differing from the straight leg raise test (SLR) and the passive knee extension test (PKE) to diagnose short hamstring syndrome (SHS). We built a predictive model with simple parameters to diagnose SHS and implemented it in a mobile app. This cross-sectional study analyzed 85 Spanish boys aged 10-16 years who played soccer in 2012. OUTCOMES: SHS (SLR<70° and/or PKE>15°), and grade II SHS (SLR<60° and/or PKE≥35°). Secondary variables: toe-touch test (TT), body mass index (BMI), age, laterality and number of years registered as part of a federation. A risk table implemented in a mobile app was built to estimate the probability of SHS and grade II SHS according to secondary variables. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated and we constructed risk groups. Scoring factors for SHS: low TT, younger age and lower BMI. AUC: 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82-0.96, p<0.001). Scoring factors for grade II SHS: younger age, higher BMI, left footed and lower TT. AUC: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.68-0.88, p<0.001). We provide a tool with minimum material but with a high discriminatory power to quickly calculate whether a boy who plays soccer has SHS. The models need validation studies.

Predictive models for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic inpatients. A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Many authors have analysed premature mortality in cohorts of type 2 diabetic patients, but no analyses have assessed mortality in hospitalised diabetic patients. AIM: To construct predictive models to estimate the likelihood of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic inpatients. DESIGN: Cohort study with follow-up from 2010 to 2014. METHODS: We evaluated mortality in a randomly selected cohort of 112 type 2 diabetic inpatients at the Hospital of Elda (Spain) in 2010-2012. OUTCOMES: all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality during the follow-up. Other variables: gender, age, depression, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin, pills, smoking, walking, baseline blood glucose and creatinine. Predictive tables with risk groups were constructed to estimate the likelihood of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Calculations were made of the area under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS: During the follow-up, 52 inpatients died (46.4%, 95% CI, confidence interval: 37.2-55.7%), 22 because of cardiovascular causes (19.6%, 95% CI: 12.3-27.0%). The mean follow-up time was 2.7 ± 1.5 years. The AUC for the all-cause mortality model was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77-0.92, p < 0.001). Associated parameters: pills, smoking, walking, gender, insulin and age. The AUC for the cardiovascular mortality model was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.67-0.91, p < 0.001). Associated parameters: age, pills, walking, smoking, depression and insulin. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides tools to predict premature mortality in type 2 diabetic inpatients. However, before their general application they require joint validation by the internal medicine unit, emergency department, primary healthcare unit and endocrinology service to enable better prediction of the prognosis and more adequate decision-taking.

Beneficial effect of cod liver oil in murine endotoxemia.

Cod liver oil (CLO), a marine fish oil, contains approximately 20% omega-3 fatty acids (OFA). When CLO is administered to humans, inhibition of platelet aggregation, decreased platelet arachidonic acid levels, and reduced levels of endotoxin-induced thromboplastin synthesis by monocytes are observed. Since endotoxin causes both increased platelet aggregation and monocyte generation of thromboplastin with resultant microvascular compromise, the purpose of this study was to determine whether CLO is protective in murine endotoxemia. Swiss Webster mice were given CLO (1.0mg, 10.0mg, or 100mg), or 100mg triolein (an unsaturated fat containing no OFA) or saline (control) intraperitoneally (IP) three hours prior to IP administration of 0.3mg E.coli endotoxin. Survivals at 48 hours post-endotoxin administration were as follows: (A) 1.0mg CLO (4/20, 20%); (B) 10mg CLO (5/20, 25%); (C) 100.0mg CLO (11/20, 55%); (D) 100mg triolein (1/20, 5%); (E) 0.13cc saline (1/20, 5%). The significance of groups A,B,C,D verses the control group E is as follows: A vs E, p = 0.15; B vs E, p = 0.08; C vs E, p = 0.0006; D vs E, p = 0.76. This study demonstrates the beneficial effect of 100mg parenteral CLO in murine endotoxemia. This effect is probably mediated through antiplatelet and/or antimonocyte activating mechanisms.

A comparison of intravenous access sites for bolus injections during shock and resuscitation after emergency room thoracotomy with and without aortic crossclamping.

Thoracotomy with aortic crossclamping is used to resuscitate trauma victims. Pharmacologic boluses are often given via intravenous lines of central, brachial, or femoral origin. This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of intravenous access site on delivery of a bolus injection to the heart with thoracotomy and aortic crossclamping during shock and resuscitation. Six dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and underwent brachial and femoral venotomy and Swan-Ganz insertion (central). Baseline measurements of central, brachial, and femoral transit times for 10 cc cold saline were obtained via Swan-Ganz thermistor. Each animal then underwent thoracotomy, aortic crossclamping alone, hemorrhage to blood pressure (BP) 50 mm Hg for 30 minutes with aorta unclamped and then aorta crossclamped and resuscitation with lactated Ringer's Solution with aorta unclamped and then crossclamped. Femoral-Brachial Index (FBI) was determined by dividing femoral transit time by brachial transit time at each observation. The data suggest that femoral access significantly prolongs bolus transit time when compared with central or brachial access during aortic crossclamping in the euvolemic, shock, or aggressively resuscitated model. Brachial access is therefore the preferred route for bolus injection delivery in the emergency room thoracotomy with or without aortic crossclamping because it provides expedient bolus delivery equal to central access and superior to femoral access.

A "treated" model for severe hemorrhagic shock: a comparison of conventional and germ-free animals.

In an unanesthetized "treated" model of severe hemorrhagic shock, a bacteremia originating from the animal's enteric flora was demonstrated by finding radiolabeled Escherichia coli in the blood as early as 2 hr after the onset of shock. In 50 patients admitted to our trauma unit, the observation was similar, with 56% positive blood cultures, when their mean arterial blood pressure was 80 mmHg or less. The relationship of bacterial translocation and the high post-shock mortality in our conventional (CV) animal model is being evaluated in germfree (GF) Sprague-Dawley rats. Preliminary observations in 15 GF animals showed 80% survival at 24 hr post-shock, 54% at 48 hr, and 42% at 72 hr compared with those of CV animals in previous experiments with survival at similar times of 73%, 20% and 7%, respectively.

Effect of a butter-rich diet on murine frostbite.

A simple reproducible, humane model for producing frostbite in rodents is desirable. We have developed such a model and have investigated the effects of a butter-rich diet on severe cold injury. Mice (25 +/- 2 g) were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10). One group was given a standard rodent diet and the other group a butter-enriched (25%) rodent diet for 1 month. Under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia the mice were placed in a plastic funnel with the stem removed so that the entire tail protruded. The tails were submerged in a freezing solution (-18 degrees C) for 8 min. The mice received no further treatment. Tail lengths were measured 2 weeks after freezing to determine the amount of tail surviving from cold injury after autoamputation. Mean tail lengths (cm +/- SD) for the two groups were as follows: butter-rich diet, 4.3 +/- 1.8; standard diet, 7.3 +/- 2.0 (P less than 0.002). A high saturated-fat diet has a deleterious effect in murine frostbite. This simple model can be employed to test various modalities in the treatment of frostbite.

Further observations on the response of synovial lymphocytes to viral antigens in rheumatoid arthritis.

Synovial lymphocyte responses to viral antigens were measured in repeated tests over periods of up to 3 years in 4 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, one of whom was rheumatoid factor positive. Consistent responses to adenovirus, mumps and cytomegalovirus were demonstrated. Responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes were almost always much less than synovial lymphocyte responses. Synovial lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin responses were greatly reduced and usually less than synovial lymphocyte antigen responses.