Epidemiologia da anafilaxia no Brasil: Registro Brasileiro de Anafilaxia (RBA) da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) / Epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Brazil: The Brazilian Registry of Anaphylaxis (RBA) of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI)

INTRODUÇÃO: A anafilaxia é uma reação alérgica multissistêmica grave, de início agudo e potencialmente fatal. Poucos são os dados sobre sua epidemiologia no Brasil. O Registro Brasileiro de Anafilaxia da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (RBAASBAI) teve como objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre anafilaxia em indivíduos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal com questionário online sobre dados demográficos, desencadeantes suspeitos, manifestações clínicas, atendimento durante a reação, investigação diagnóstica e aconselhamento após a reação de pacientes que experimentaram uma reação anafilática. RESULTADOS: Entre junho/2021 e abril/2023, foram incluídos 237 pacientes (131 femininos): 99 crianças/adolescentes; 127 adultos e 11 idosos. Houve predomínio de meninos entre crianças/adolescentes (55,5%), e de mulheres entre os adultos (64,5%), e mediana de idade de 22 anos (< 1 a 77 anos). As manifestações cutâneas (92,8%) foram as mais frequentes, seguidas pelas respiratórias (70,1%), gastrointestinais (52,3%), neurológicas (36,3%) e cardiovasculares (35,3%). Os principais desencadeantes foram: alimentos (43,0%), medicamentos (26,2%), himenópteros (21,6%) e látex (2,5%); os alimentos entre crianças (leite, ovo, amendoim/castanhas), e os fármacos (anti-inflamatórios e antibióticos) entre os adultos. Quanto ao tratamento, 61,1% recebeu adrenalina (52,7% por profissional e 8,4% via autoinjetor de adrenalina -AIA). Uma adolescente (12 anos) faleceu após picada de abelha. A maioria recebeu plano escrito de emergência (78,1%) e foi ensinada a usar o AIA (70%). CONCLUSÃO: Os alimentos foram os desencadeantes mais comuns entre crianças/adolescentes, e os fármacos entre adultos brasileiros. A adrenalina continua sendo subutilizada, reforçando a necessidade de maior disseminação do tratamento adequado da anafilaxia.

INTRODUCTION: Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening, acute, severe multisystem allergic reaction.There is little data on its epidemiology in Brazil. The Brazilian Anaphylaxis Registry of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (RBA-ASBAI) was devised to expand knowledge about anaphylaxis in Brazilian individuals. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study using an online questionnaire to collect data on demographics, suspected triggers, clinical manifestations, treatment during the reaction, diagnostic workup, and post-reaction counseling in patients who have experienced an anaphylactic reaction. RESULTS: Between June 2021 and April 2023, 237 patients were included (131 female): 99 children/adolescents (<18yo), 127 adults (18-64yo), and 11 older adults (65-77yo). There was a male predominance in the pediatric group (55.5%), while females were predominant among adults (64.5%). The median age was 22 years (range, <1 to 77). The most frequent clinical manifestations were cutaneous (92.8%), followed by respiratory (70.1%), gastrointestinal (52.3%), neurological (36.3%), and cardiovascular (35.3%). The most common triggers were foods (43.0%), drugs (26.2%), venoms (21.6%), and latex (2.5%). Foods (milk, egg, peanuts/tree nuts) predominated among children, versus drugs (mostly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics) among adults. Regarding treatment, 61.1% received epinephrine (52.7% by a healthcare professional and 8.4% via epinephrine auto-injector [EAI]). One teenager (12yo) died due to a bee sting. Most patients received a written emergency plan (78.1%) and were taught how to use the EAI (70%). CONCLUSION: Foods were the most common triggers of anaphylaxis among Brazilian children and adolescents, while drugs predominated among adults. Epinephrine continues to be underused, highlighting the need for greater awareness of proper treatment of anaphylaxis.

Exploring Cuneanes as Potential Benzene Isosteres and Energetic Materials: Scope and Mechanistic Investigations into Regioselective Rearrangements from Cubanes.

Cuneane is a strained hydrocarbon that can be accessed via metal-catalyzed isomerization of cubane. The carbon atoms of cuneane define a polyhedron of the C2v point group with six faces─two triangular, two quadrilateral, and two pentagonal. The rigidity, strain, and unique exit vectors of the cuneane skeleton make it a potential scaffold of interest for the synthesis of functional small molecules and materials. However, the limited previous synthetic efforts toward cuneanes have focused on monosubstituted or redundantly substituted systems such as permethylated, perfluorinated, and bis(hydroxymethylated) cuneanes. Such compounds, particularly rotationally symmetric redundantly substituted cuneanes, have limited potential as building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules. Reliable, predictable, and selective syntheses of polysubstituted cuneanes bearing more complex substitution patterns would facilitate the study of this ring system in myriad applications. Herein, we report the regioselective, AgI-catalyzed isomerization of asymmetrically 1,4-disubstituted cubanes to cuneanes. In-depth DFT calculations provide a charge-controlled regioselectivity model, and direct dynamics simulations indicate that the nonclassical carbocation invoked is short-lived and dynamic effects augment the charge model.

Avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias na comercialização de carne e pescado no mercado municipal da cidade de Pio XII, estado do Maranhão, Brasil / Evaluation of the hygienic-sanitary conditions in the commercialization of meat and fish in the municipal market in the city of Pio XII, state of Maranhão, Brazil

Avaliaram-se as condições higiênico-sanitárias na comercialização de carne e pescado no mercado municipal de Pio XII - MA, através da aplicação de uma lista de verificação adaptada de acordo com a RDC nº 216/2004 da ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), dotada de um total de 33 itens distribuídos em 8 categorias distintas, em 17 boxes de comercialização, no período de agosto a setembro de 2021. Realizou-se a aplicação de um questionário para verificar o perfil socioeconômico dos vendedores do mercado de Pio XII - MA, com aprovação no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CONEP), da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA com o número de CAAE 25016719.8.0000.5554. Foram verificados que 13% dos boxes do mercado estavam em péssimas condições higiênico-sanitárias e o restante foi classificado como ruim (20 a 49%), sendo que o percentual de conformidades de nenhum deles ultrapassou 27,0%, não sendo nenhum estabelecimento classificado como regular (50 a 69%), bom (70 a 90%) ou excelente (91 a 100%). Em relação aos resultados do perfil socioeconômico dos comerciantes, 100% eram do sexo masculino, com 17,6% apresentavam-se na faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos, 41,2% tinham idade de 40-49 anos e 41,2%, com mais de 50 anos. Quanto à escolaridade, predominaram os níveis não alfabetizados e ensino fundamental com percentual de 40,2% para cada um. A renda familiar da maioria (58,8%) se concentrou no intervalo de 1 a 3 salários mínimos. Pode-se concluir que a atividade de comercialização de carne e pescado no Mercado Municipal de Pio XII - MA vem sendo realizada de forma inadequada, e a falta de conhecimento dos comerciantes sobre as Boas Práticas de Fabricação e a realização de treinamento adequado são fatores contribuem de forma significativa para o agravo dessa situação, assim como a origem da carne comercializada, que é de abate clandestino.

The hygienic-sanitary conditions in the marketing of meat and fish in the municipal market of Pio XII - MA were evaluated through the application of a checklist adapted according to the RDC No. 216/2004 of ANVISA (National Health Surveillance Agency), with a total of 33 items distributed into 8 distinct categories, in 17 commercialization boxes, in the period from August to September 2021. A questionnaire was applied to verify the socioeconomic profile of the vendors in the market of Pio XII - MA, with approval in the Research Ethics Committee (CONEP), of the Maranhão State University - UEMA with the number CAAE 25016719.8.0000.5554. It was verified that 13% of the market stalls were in very bad hygienic-sanitary conditions and the rest were classified as bad (20 to 49%), and the percentage of compliance of none of them exceeded 27.0%, with no establishment classified as regular (50 to 69%), good (70 to 90%) or excellent (91 to 100%). Regarding the results of the socioeconomic profile of the merchants, 100% were male, with 17.6% in the 30 to 39 age bracket, 41.2% were 40-49 years old, and 41.2% were over 50 years old. As for education, non-literate and elementary school levels predominated, with a percentage of 40.2% for each. The family income of the majority (58.8%) was concentrated in the range of 1 to 3 minimum wages. It can be concluded that the activity of meat and fish commercialization in the Municipal Market of Pio XII - MA has been performed in an inadequate way, and the lack of knowledge of traders about the Good Manufacturing Practices and the performance of proper training are factors that contribute significantly to the worsening of this situation, as well as the origin of the meat commercialized, which is from clandestine slaughter.

Use of medicinal plants for COVID-19 prevention and respiratory symptom treatment during the pandemic in Cusco, Peru: A cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: The burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru has led to people seeking alternative treatments as preventives and treatment options such as medicinal plants. This study aimed to assess factors associated with the use of medicinal plants as preventive or treatment of respiratory symptom related to COVID-19 during the pandemic in Cusco, Peru. METHOD: A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted on general public (20- to 70-year-old) from August 31 to September 20, 2020. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire via Google Forms, it consisted of an 11-item questionnaire that was developed and validated by expert judgment using Aiken's V (Aiken's V > 0.9). Both descriptive statistics and bivariate followed by multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess factors associated with the use of medicinal plants for COVID-19 prevention and respiratory symptom treatment during the pandemic. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI), and a P-value of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 1,747 respondents participated in the study, 80.2% reported that they used medicinal plants as preventives, while 71% reported that they used them to treat respiratory symptoms. At least, 24% of respondents used medicinal plants when presenting with two or more respiratory symptoms, while at least 11% used plants for malaise. For treatment or prevention, the multivariate analysis showed that most respondents used eucalyptus (p < 0.001 for both), ginger (p < 0.022 for both), spiked pepper (p < 0.003 for both), garlic (p = 0.023 for prevention), and chamomile (p = 0.011 for treatment). The respondents with COVID-19 (p < 0.001), at older ages (p = 0.046), and with a family member or friend who had COVID-19 (p < 0.001) used more plants for prevention. However, the respondents with technical or higher education used less plants for treatment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a significant use of medicinal plants for both prevention and treatment, which was associated with several population characteristics and whether respondents had COVID-19.

Allergic rhinits: impact on quality of life of adolescents.

SUMMARY: Adolescence is one of the most rapid phases of human development, in which biological maturity precedes psychosocial maturity. Rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) is present in around 15 percent of 13-14-year-old children, which indicates a higher prevalence when compared with 6-7-year-old children (8.5 percent). During childhood (0-10 years) prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is higher among males compared to females. Quite the reverse, during adolescence (11-17 years) females display higher prevalence of AR compared to males. However, when they reach adulthood (18-79 years), there is no difference in prevalence between genders. AR and ARC have significant physical and mental impacts on the QoL of adolescents and their parents. Apart from de adverse effects of first generation antihistamines, which include sedating effects, AR-ARC leads to school absences and poorer performance due to distraction, fatigue and irritability. The mobile technology facilitates an innovative investigatory approach to better and more precisely characterize allergy symptoms and their association with other allergic diseases. The success of treatment lies in the partnership between adolescents with AR and mobile technology, allowing them to have more information both on the disease and treatment. Adolescence is a special period in which AR is highly prevalent with some sex-dependent differences. There are also peculiarities on how AR affects QoL of adolescent patients.

Qualidade da água natural produzida em uma indústria no município de São José de Ribamar – MA / Quality of natural water produced in an industry the municipality of São José de Ribamar – MA

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica da água natural de uma indústria produtora localizada no município de São José de Ribamar - MA e a implantação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF). Foram coletadas amostras de água em pontos específicos da indústria sendo eles: poço, filtro I tipo bag, filtro II tipo bag, filtro III tipo polidor, reservatório I, reservatório II, filtro IV tipo polidor, área de envase e laboratório, e realizadas análises microbiológicas por meio do teste rápido Colilert® (pesquisa de coliformes a 35ºC e Escherichia coli) e análises físicoquímicas (condutividade elétrica, potencial hidrogeniônico, sólidos totais e turbidez). A aplicação do checklist foi baseado na Resolução RDC n° 173 de setembro de 2006 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). O resultado das análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela RDC nº 274 de 22 de setembro de 2005 da ANVISA.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate a physical-chemical and microbiological quality of natural water industries from one located in the city of São José de Ribamar - MA and the evaluation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP’s). Water collections were done at several specific points in the industry, namely: well, filter I type bag, filter II type bag, filter III type polisher, reservoir I, reservoir II, filter IV type polisher, filling area and laboratory, and microbiological analysis were performed using the Colilert® rapid test (research of 35ºC coliforms as well as Escherichia coli) and physical-chemical analysis (electrical conductivity, hydrogen potential, total solids and turbidity). The application of checklist was based in the Resolution RDC No . 173 of September 2006 from ANVISA. The result of analyzes physical-chemical and microbiological are within normal limits and in accordance with the parameters changed by the RDC legislation No . 274/2005 of National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA).

Qualidade da água natural produzida em uma indústria no município de São José de Ribamar MA / Quality of natural water produced in an industry the municipality of São José de Ribamar MA

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica da água natural de uma indústria produtora localizada no município de São José de Ribamar - MA e a implantação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF). Foram coletadas amostras de água em pontos específicos da indústria sendo eles: poço, filtro I tipo bag, filtro II tipo bag, filtro III tipo polidor, reservatório I, reservatório II, filtro IV tipo polidor, área de envase e laboratório, e realizadas análises microbiológicas por meio do teste rápido Colilert® (pesquisa de coliformes a 35ºC e Escherichia coli) e análises físicoquímicas (condutividade elétrica, potencial hidrogeniônico, sólidos totais e turbidez). A aplicação do checklist foi baseado na Resolução RDC n° 173 de setembro de 2006 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). O resultado das análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela RDC nº 274 de 22 de setembro de 2005 da ANVISA.(AU)

The aim of the present work was to evaluate a physical-chemical and microbiological quality of natural water industries from one located in the city of São José de Ribamar - MA and the evaluation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). Water collections were done at several specific points in the industry, namely: well, filter I type bag, filter II type bag, filter III type polisher, reservoir I, reservoir II, filter IV type polisher, filling area and laboratory, and microbiological analysis were performed using the Colilert® rapid test (research of 35ºC coliforms as well as Escherichia coli) and physical-chemical analysis (electrical conductivity, hydrogen potential, total solids and turbidity). The application of checklist was based in the Resolution RDC No . 173 of September 2006 from ANVISA. The result of analyzes physical-chemical and microbiological are within normal limits and in accordance with the parameters changed by the RDC legislation No . 274/2005 of National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA).(AU)

Avaliação da ocorrência de raiva canina no estado do Maranhão no período de 2010 a 2018 / Evaluation of the occurrence of rage syndrome in dogs in the state of Maranhão in the period 2010 to 2018

Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo, realizado com dados epidemiológicos obtidos pela Vigilância Epidemiológica do estado do Maranhão e pelo Laboratório de Virologia do Curso de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão UEMA, com objetivo de avaliar a ocorrência de raiva canina no período de 2010 a 2018. Houve uma redução do número de casos positivos, com exceção dos anos de 2011 e 2012. A maior ocorrência de casos de raiva foi observada em cães sem raça definida (S.R.D.), machos, e nos municípios que fazem parte da grande Ilha de São Luís, entre eles a capital São Luís, e os municípios de São José de Ribamar e Paço do Lumiar, com aumento do diagnóstico para amostras positivas no período de seca. Sugere-se que sejam intensificados medidas de controle populacional canina, programas adequados de vacinação em massa de cães no estado e realização efetiva das notificações, visto que a raiva é um grave problema de saúde pública e os cães importantes transmissores aos humanos.

This is an observational, descriptive, retrospective study, carried out with epidemiological data obtained by the Epidemiological Surveillance of the state of Maranhão and by the Virology Laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine Course at the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, with the objective of evaluating the occurence of rabies canine in the period from 2010 to 2018. There was a reduction in the number of positive cases, except for the years 2011 and 2012. It The highest occurrence of cases of rabies was observed in mixed breed dogs (S.R.D), males, and in the municipalities that do part of the great São Luís Island, including the capital São Luís, and the municipalities of São José de Ribamar and Paço do Lumiar, with an increase in the diagnosis for positive samples in the dry season. It is suggested that intensified measures for canine population control, adequate programs for vaccination of dogs in the State and effective reporting, since rage syndrome in dogs is a serious public health problem and dogs are important transmitters to humans.

Avaliação do nível de conhecimento da população de São José de Ribamar-MA sobre zoonoses e posse responsável de animais domésticos / Evaluation of the knowledge level of the population of São José de Ribamar-MA about zoonoses and responsible ownership of domestic animals

Objetivando-se avaliar o nível de conhecimento da população de São José de Ribamar – MA, sobre zoonoses e posse responsável de animais domésticos, no período de outubro de 2017 a abril de 2018, realizou-se a aplicação de 200 questionários em residências localizadas em 10 bairros da cidade. A descrição dos dados foi realizada por meio de frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%) para variáveis qualitativas. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado (χ 2 ) para verificar associações entre as variáveis sexo, escolaridade, guarda de animais, conhecimento sobre zoonoses, conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais que foram transformadas em variáveis categóricas. Foi verificado que 60% da população afirmaram não ter conhecimento sobre a definição de zoonoses. E demostrado que a variável sexo não influenciou significativamente o fato de criar animais (P=0,8303), mas influenciou significativamente o conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos mesmos (P=0,0251). Observou-se ainda que o nível de escolaridade influenciou no conhecimento sobre zoonose (P<0,0001) e sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais (P=0,5411). Bem como a variável guarda responsável influenciou o conhecimento sobre o termo zoonoses (P<0,0001) e sobre o conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais (P=0,0427). Quando avaliada a frequência com que os proprietários levavam seus animais de estimação a uma assistência médico veterinária, identificou-se que 75% não o fazem e em relação a vacinação desses animais, 91,42% afirmaram fazer somente a vacina da campanha antirrábica. Deixando claro de fato, a população ribamarense em sua maioria desconhece o que são zoonoses e posse responsável e quais os principais agravos e fatores predisponentes ligados a elas.

Aiming to evaluate the level of knowledge of the population of São José de Ribamar - MA, about zoonoses and responsible pet ownership, from October 2017 to April 2018, 200 questionnaires were applied to residences in 10 neighborhoods of the city. Data description was performed using absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies for qualitative variables. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to verify associations between the variables sex, education, animal care, knowledge of zoonoses, knowledge of the law of abandonment and abuse of animals that were transformed into categorical variables. It was found that 60% of the population said they had no knowledge about the definition of zoonoses. It is shown that the gender variable did not significantly influence the fact of raising animals (P=0.8303), but influenced the knowledge of the law of abandonment and abuse (P=0.0251). It was also observed that the level of education significantly influenced the knowledge about zoonosis (P<0.0001) and the knowledge about the law of abandonment and animal abuse (P=0.5411). As well as the responsible guard variable influenced the knowledge about the term zoonoses (P<0.0001) and about the law of abandonment and animal abuse (P=0.0427). When evaluating the frequency with which owners took their pets to a veterinary care, it was found that 75% do not and regarding vaccination of these animals, 91.42% said they only had the rabies vaccine. Making it clear in fact, the majority of the Ribamarense population is unaware of what zoonoses and responsible possession are and what are the main problems and predisposing factors associated with them.

Avaliação do nível de conhecimento da população de São José de Ribamar-MA sobre zoonoses e posse responsável de animais domésticos / Evaluation of the knowledge level of the population of São José de Ribamar-MA about zoonoses and responsible ownership of domestic animals

Objetivando-se avaliar o nível de conhecimento da população de São José de Ribamar MA, sobre zoonoses e posse responsável de animais domésticos, no período de outubro de 2017 a abril de 2018, realizou-se a aplicação de 200 questionários em residências localizadas em 10 bairros da cidade. A descrição dos dados foi realizada por meio de frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%) para variáveis qualitativas. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado (χ 2 ) para verificar associações entre as variáveis sexo, escolaridade, guarda de animais, conhecimento sobre zoonoses, conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais que foram transformadas em variáveis categóricas. Foi verificado que 60% da população afirmaram não ter conhecimento sobre a definição de zoonoses. E demostrado que a variável sexo não influenciou significativamente o fato de criar animais (P=0,8303), mas influenciou significativamente o conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos mesmos (P=0,0251). Observou-se ainda que o nível de escolaridade influenciou no conhecimento sobre zoonose (P<0,0001) e sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais (P=0,5411). Bem como a variável guarda responsável influenciou o conhecimento sobre o termo zoonoses (P<0,0001) e sobre o conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais (P=0,0427). Quando avaliada a frequência com que os proprietários levavam seus animais de estimação a uma assistência médico veterinária, identificou-se que 75% não o fazem e em relação a vacinação desses animais, 91,42% afirmaram fazer somente a vacina da campanha antirrábica. Deixando claro de fato, a população ribamarense em sua maioria desconhece o que são zoonoses e posse responsável e quais os principais agravos e fatores predisponentes ligados a elas.(AU)

Aiming to evaluate the level of knowledge of the population of São José de Ribamar - MA, about zoonoses and responsible pet ownership, from October 2017 to April 2018, 200 questionnaires were applied to residences in 10 neighborhoods of the city. Data description was performed using absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies for qualitative variables. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to verify associations between the variables sex, education, animal care, knowledge of zoonoses, knowledge of the law of abandonment and abuse of animals that were transformed into categorical variables. It was found that 60% of the population said they had no knowledge about the definition of zoonoses. It is shown that the gender variable did not significantly influence the fact of raising animals (P=0.8303), but influenced the knowledge of the law of abandonment and abuse (P=0.0251). It was also observed that the level of education significantly influenced the knowledge about zoonosis (P<0.0001) and the knowledge about the law of abandonment and animal abuse (P=0.5411). As well as the responsible guard variable influenced the knowledge about the term zoonoses (P<0.0001) and about the law of abandonment and animal abuse (P=0.0427). When evaluating the frequency with which owners took their pets to a veterinary care, it was found that 75% do not and regarding vaccination of these animals, 91.42% said they only had the rabies vaccine. Making it clear in fact, the majority of the Ribamarense population is unaware of what zoonoses and responsible possession are and what are the main problems and predisposing factors associated with them.(AU)

Avaliação da ocorrência de raiva canina no estado do Maranhão no período de 2010 a 2018 / Evaluation of the occurrence of rage syndrome in dogs in the state of Maranhão in the period 2010 to 2018

Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo, realizado com dados epidemiológicos obtidos pela Vigilância Epidemiológica do estado do Maranhão e pelo Laboratório de Virologia do Curso de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão UEMA, com objetivo de avaliar a ocorrência de raiva canina no período de 2010 a 2018. Houve uma redução do número de casos positivos, com exceção dos anos de 2011 e 2012. A maior ocorrência de casos de raiva foi observada em cães sem raça definida (S.R.D.), machos, e nos municípios que fazem parte da grande Ilha de São Luís, entre eles a capital São Luís, e os municípios de São José de Ribamar e Paço do Lumiar, com aumento do diagnóstico para amostras positivas no período de seca. Sugere-se que sejam intensificados medidas de controle populacional canina, programas adequados de vacinação em massa de cães no estado e realização efetiva das notificações, visto que a raiva é um grave problema de saúde pública e os cães importantes transmissores aos humanos.(AU)

This is an observational, descriptive, retrospective study, carried out with epidemiological data obtained by the Epidemiological Surveillance of the state of Maranhão and by the Virology Laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine Course at the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, with the objective of evaluating the occurence of rabies canine in the period from 2010 to 2018. There was a reduction in the number of positive cases, except for the years 2011 and 2012. It The highest occurrence of cases of rabies was observed in mixed breed dogs (S.R.D), males, and in the municipalities that do part of the great São Luís Island, including the capital São Luís, and the municipalities of São José de Ribamar and Paço do Lumiar, with an increase in the diagnosis for positive samples in the dry season. It is suggested that intensified measures for canine population control, adequate programs for vaccination of dogs in the State and effective reporting, since rage syndrome in dogs is a serious public health problem and dogs are important transmitters to humans.(AU)

Antibacterial activity of amoxicillin in vitro and its oral bioavailability in broiler chickens under the influence of 3 water sanitizers.

The interaction of 3 water sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite, iodine-polyvinylpyrrolidone, and citrate) utilized in poultry production on antibacterial activity and bioavailability of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX) were studied. Sanitizers were mixed with AMX in prepared water, the resulting substances were regarded as amoxicillin-sanitizer products (ASP). First, the in vitro antibacterial activity of each ASP was compared to that of AMX. Then, pharmacokinetics (PK) of ASP and AMX diluted in prepared water, were carried out in broiler-chickens. Amoxicillin or ASP (20 mg/kg) from different concentrations of sanitizers was directly placed into the chicken's crop and blood samples were taken. Basic PK parameters were obtained. Serum activity/concentrations of AMX were assessed by agar diffusion and corroborated with high performance liquid chromatography. Results show that ASP of AMX/sodium hypochlorite decrease both, the antimicrobial activity of in vitro AMX and its relative bioavailability (Fr) assessed with the maximum serum concentration (Cmax), the area under the concentration-time curve, and the mean residence time (MRT) (3.80 µg/mL, 2.70 µg/mL·h, and 0.59 h, respectively), compared to the AMX administered alone (12.54 µg/mL, 44.02 µg/mL·h, and MRT 2.78 h). ASP from amoxicillin/ionophore, reduced the Cmax (10.62 µg/mL), Fr (94.67%), and MRT (2.07 h), at the highest tested concentrations. In contrast, the 2 highest concentrations of the citrate sanitizer increased the Cmax (15.07 and 15.47 µg/mL), Fr (119 and 132%), and MRT (3.32 and 4.06 h) and their in vitro antimicrobial activity. Interactions between the tested water sanitizers and AMX modify the Cmax, Fr, MRT of the latter, altering the PK/pharmacodymanic ratios for a time-dependent antibiotic. Results also reveal that the use of amoxicillin trihydrate administered through the drinking water does not meet the required PK/pharmacodymanic ratios. Thus, it is here postulated that this antibiotic should be administered at least twice a day and that its interaction with water sanitizers should be considered.

Characterisation of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli of 1997 and 2005 isolates from poultry in Mexico.

Forty-two enrofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from eggs and first-week mortality associated with yolk sac infection of two vertically integrated poultry companies of Central Mexico in 1997 and 2005 were characterised. E. coli resistance to 19 antibiotics was determined, as well as the minimum inhibitory concentrations (broth dilution) for ciprofloxacin. The presence of gyrA,B, parC,E chromosomal point mutations, qnrA,B,S plasmid genes and the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase aac(6')-Ib-cr were determined by PCR and sequencing. Resistance to ampicillin (95%), piperacillin (95%), gatifloxacin (95%), levofloxacin (95%), ampicillin/sulbactam (90%), cefazolin (85%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (80%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (80%), aztreonam (80%), cefepime (80%), cefotaxime (80%), ceftazidime (80%), ceftriaxone (80%) and cefoxitin (75%) was high in the 2005 strains and 19 (95%) strains were resistant to 7 or more antimicrobials. The strains from 1997 expressed high rates of resistance only to the fluoroquinolones and 4 strains (18%) expressed resistance to 7 or more antimicrobials. All strains had a gyrA mutation (Ser83Leu) and a parC mutation (Ser80Ile or Ser80Arg) and 41 (97.6%) strains had a second gyrA mutation (Asp87Asn, Asp87Tyr or Asp87Gly). Only two (4.7%) strains had a parE mutation (Ser458Ala). A total of 10 strains were positive for the aac(6')-Ib wild-type gene, 6 strains for the aac(6')-Ib-cr variant and 6 strains possessed both the wild type and the variant. No gyrB mutations or qnrA,B,S genes were detected. This is the first report in Latin America of chromosomal and plasmid quinolone resistance genes in E. coli strains recovered from poultry.

Allergic rhinitis in preschool children from Southern Brazil.

There are few published studies on prevalence of allergic rhinitis in preschool children. The aims of this study were to verify the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms in the first year of life adding supplementary questions to the EISL instrument. A cross-sectional study used Phase III EISL written questionnaire in addition to modified allergic rhinitis ISAAC questions. One thousand and three parents of infants answered the questionnaire: 484 (48.3%) had at least one sneezing, or a runny or blocked nose episodes without cold or flu in the first year of life. A quarter of infants had recurrent wheezing (≥3 episodes) and more frequent in the presence of AR symptoms. Physician diagnosis of AR and the use of intranasal steroids and both antihistamines and intranasal steroids were more common among those infants with AR symptoms. The prevalence of AR symptoms was high and starting early in life.

Diarreia associada a Shigella em crianças e sensibilidade a antimicrobianos / Diarrhea associated with Shigella in children and susceptibility to antimicrobials

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a distribuição e suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de Shigella isolada de crianças com diarreia aguda e sem diarreia em Teresina (PI). MÉTODOS: Quatrocentas crianças com idade até 60 meses foram estudadas. Fezes foram coletadas de todos os pacientes entre janeiro de 2004 e agosto de 2007. Shigella foi identificada por métodos convencionais e antibiograma e pesquisa de β-lactamase de espectro ampliado (ESBL) foram realizados por difusão em ágar. RESULTADOS: Shigelose foi detectada apenas em crianças com diarreia aguda (26/250; 10,4%), especialmente naquelas entre 6 e 24 meses de idade e nos meses chuvosos. Shigella foi suscetível a ceftriaxona, ciprofloxacina e ácido nalidíxico. Mais da metade das amostras foram resistentes a sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim e ampicilina. ESBL não foi detectada. CONCLUSÕES: S. flexneri é comum em Teresina. A resistência a ampicilina e sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim é preocupante, pois estas drogas são amplamente utilizadas na prática e sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim ainda é recomendada para tratamento de crianças com suspeita de shigelose.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution and susceptibility to antimicrobials of Shigella isolated from children with acute diarrhea and without diarrhea in Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil. METHODS: Four hundred children aged up to 60 months were studied. Stools were collected from all the patients between January 2004 and August 2007. Shigella was identified by conventional methods and antibiogram and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) were performed by agar diffusion. RESULTS: Shigellosis was only detected in children with acute diarrhea (26/250; 10.4%), especially in those aged from 6 to 24 months and in the rainy months. Shigella was susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. More than half of the strains were resistant to sulphametoxazole-trimethoprim and ampicillin. ESBL was not detected. CONCLUSIONS: S. flexneri is common in Teresina. The resistance to ampicillin and sulphametoxazole-trimethoprim gives cause for concern, as these drugs are widely used in practice and sulphametoxazole-trimethoprim is also recommended for treating children suspected of having shigellosis.