RESUMO
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can cause long lasting symptoms and manifestations. However, there is little information on which ocular ones are most frequent following infection. We performed a systematic review (registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; no CRD42020171928) to establish the most frequent ocular manifestations of CHIKV infection and their associations with gender and age. Articles published until September 2020 were selected from PubMed, Scielo, Cochrane and Scopus databases. Only studies with CHIKV-infected patients and eye alterations were included. Reviews, descriptive studies, or those not investigating the human ocular manifestations of CHIKV, those with patients with other diseases and infections, abstracts and studies without relevant data were excluded. Twenty-five studies were selected for inclusion. Their risk of bias was evaluated by a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The most frequent ocular symptoms of CHIKV infection included ocular pain, inflammation and reduced visual acuity, whilst conjunctivitis and optic neuritis were the most common manifestations of the disease. These occurred mostly in individuals of 42 ± 9.5 years of age and woman. The few available reports on CHIKV-induced eye manifestations highlight the need for further research in the field to gather more substantial evidence linking CHIKV infection, the eye and age/gender. Nonetheless, the data emphasizes that ocular alterations are meaningful occurrences of CHIKV infection which can substantially affect quality of life.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rhinoplasty is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic/functional procedures worldwide. Among those who seek rhinoplasty are those whose aesthetic defect is interpreted by themselves disproportionately, leading to significant suffering. These are given the diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). They commonly have high expectations regarding the surgical outcome and are often not satisfied postoperatively. The present study aimed to correlate BDD with the patient's self-assessment of nasal function, analysing whether BDD would have any influence on it. In addition, we verified the prevalence of the disorder in our population. METHODS: Cross-sectional, comparative and analytical study. Eighty-eight patients participated in the trial, 57 of them being candidates for rhinoplasty, rhinoplasty group (RG), and 31 from a random population, control group (CG). Through self-assessment, the BDSS, The Utrecht, SNOT-22 and NOSE questionnaires were applied. Patients with BDSS score ≥ 6 were considered as positive for BDD. Comparisons were made between the groups and among the candidates for rhinoplasty with positive or negative BDD. RESULTS: The prevalence of the disorder was 35.1% in the RG and 3.2% in the CG. Significantly, higher NOSE and SNOT-22 scores, reflecting worse nasal function, were obtained by the RG, especially in those with positive screening for BDD, when compared to those with negative screening (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BDD affects about one-third of the rhinoplasty candidate population. Their presence seems to exert a negative influence on the patients' self-assessment regarding their nasal function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
