The Purpose of Journal Peer Review Is to Make Articles Better.

Authors may have the misconception that the purpose of peer review is to serve as an arbiter or referee, or in other words, to make a binary, Accept After Revision versus Reject, decision whether an article will be published in our journal. In truth, although making that difficult decision is part of the process, it is only a part. The principal goal of peer review is to make articles better.

The Second Annual Musculoskeletal Biologics Special Issue Highlights Evidence-Based Therapies.

Orthopaedic biologics continues to hold great promise. The editors of Arthroscopy; Arthroscopy Techniques; and Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation once again Call for Papers and invite authors to submit clinical musculoskeletal biologics original scientific research and technical notes with video. Our top articles are awarded inclusion in the Annual Musculoskeletal Biologics Special Issue.

Editorial: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning May Resolve Health Care Information Overload.

Biomedical information doubles almost every 2 months, and this very rate is expected to double by 2025. The result is information overload for clinicians and researchers. Today, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) research contribute to the deluge of information. In addition, AI large language models, although capable of automating scientific writing, are flawed. They hallucinate (make things up), are trained primarily on non-peer-reviewed content, raise ethical and legal issues, and lack human empathy. Still, when it comes to AI including ML, we are optimistic. The technology is improving rapidly. In the future, AI will help us manage unwieldy information by processing data, determining diagnoses, recommending treatments, and predicting outcomes. In research, AI and ML similarly promise efficient data analysis and literature review and will create new content in response to our instructions. Human touch will be required, and we will disclose use of AI proactively, including rationale for its use, our data input, our level of confidence in the output, and the patients or populations to whom the output may be applied. In addition, we will ensure data quality is high and bias is minimized. Most of all, we will provide essential reasoning, clinical and research guidance, and diligent oversight. Humans will remain accountable.

Editorial Commentary: Pedicled Quadriceps Tendon Autograft for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Eradicates Risk of Saphenous Nerve Injury Seen With Gracilis Autograft. Allograft, When Available, Also Shows Excellent Outcomes.

Comparing a pedicled single-limbed quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft to a matched gracilis autograft (GT) group with bone tunnel anchors for patellar instability, the QT group showed similar outcome yet markedly improved complication rates involving the saphenous nerve and no anterior knee pain. These findings are reassuring for the QT usage as an option to GT autograft. Multiple systematic reviews have clearly shown that allograft medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction has similar outcomes to autograft and is a viable option. As we have seen in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, there has been a march to include the QT into ligament reconstruction of the knee. The evidence is cumulating to support its use for medial patellofemoral complex reconstruction. As we await the verdict of Fulkerson's proposed double-bundle medial patellofemoral ligament and medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament reconstruction, it appears that either QT autograft or GT allograft will be the go-to procedures of choice. Regardless the type of graft or type of patellar attachment, make sure the femoral side of the medial patellofemoral complex graft gets the most attention.

The Ultimate Goal of Medical Publishing is Practice-Changing Innovation.

New Year brings a new catchline: Practice-Changing Innovation. Publishing groundbreaking research and inventive techniques that translate to improvements in patient care is an ultimate goal.

A gaming app developed for vestibular rehabilitation improves the accuracy of performance and engagement with exercises.

Introduction: Vestibular hypofunction is associated with dizziness, imbalance, and blurred vision with head movement. Vestibular rehabilitation is the gold standard recommendation to decrease symptoms and improve postural stability. The Clinical Practice Guidelines for vestibular hypofunction suggest home exercises 3-5 times daily, but patient adherence is a problem, with compliance rates often below 50%. Methods: An app was developed to increase engagement with home exercises by providing exercises as games. This study compared the accuracy of exercise performance in a one-time session using the app versus no-app and gathered participant feedback on using the app for vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and balance exercises. The app was tested with 40 adults (20 women), mean age of 67 ± 5.7 years, with symptomatic unilateral or bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Participants completed VOR exercises in pitch and yaw planes, weight-shift, and single-leg balance exercises using an inertial motion unit to move the character on the tablet screen. Participants were randomly assigned to begin the exercises with or without the app. Results: Results show that during VOR exercises, participants achieved the prescribed frequency of head motion for the yaw plane (p ≤ 0.001) and reduced variability of head movement frequency in both the yaw (p ≤ 0.001) and pitch plane (p ≤ 0.001) in the app compared to the no-app condition. During weight-shifting exercises, a larger range of body motion was noted in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions in the app compared to the no-app condition (p < 0.05). During single-leg balance exercises, pelvic motion was lower in the app versus no-app condition (p = 0.02). Participants modified their exercise performance and corrected their mistakes to a greater extent when they used the app during the VOR exercises. Participants agreed that they felt motivated while playing the games (97%) and felt motivated by the trophies (92%). They agreed that the app would help them perform the exercises at home (95%), improve their rehab performance (95%) and that it was fun to do the exercises using the app (93%). Discussion: The results of this study show that technology that is interactive and provides feedback can be used to increase accuracy and engagement with exercises.

Arthroscopy Journal: Reflections on 2023 and Auld Lang Syne.

Auld lang syne; times long past. We were unsuspecting of the coming pandemic. Things changed. COVID-19 impacted each of us, our families, our patients, our medical practices, and our daily lives. The year 2020 was one of cancellation and loss; 2021 and 2022 were years of adaptation, caution, and continued loss. Finally, 2023 began a time of recovery; while COVID-19 is still with us, the pandemic has been declared ended, and we emerge with gratitude. We slowly removed our masks and rediscovered the vitality of meeting face-to-face. And throughout, Arthroscopy has continued to develop, including new journals; special issues on rehabilitation, biologics, and diversity as they relate to musculoskeletal care; collaboration with the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maintenance of Certification, Web-Based Longitudinal Assessment Pathway; Arthroscopy Techniques; Infographics; Visual Abstracts; and Podcasts. At year end, we extend special thanks to editors whose terms have expired, our team and leaders, our reviewers, our authors and readers, and our patients who offer us their trust and an opportunity to serve.

Strategies to Mitigate Against Least-Publishable Units in Medical and Scientific Research Publications.

Least-publishable units, aka minimal publishable units, smallest publishable units, fractions of scholarly effort, and "salami slicing" divide a single research publication into a number of papers with small amounts of information in each paper. This results in quantity rather than quality; is ethically inappropriate; creates extra work for readers, future authors, reviewers, and editors; and can result in redundancy, self-plagiarism, publication overlap, and duplicate reporting of patient data that can result in inaccurate conclusions in systematic reviews. Increased awareness and actionable intervention can help to reverse this growing trend.

Diversity in Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Starts With Individual Kindness, Grace, and Compassion.

The definition of diversity remains ill-defined, and there is little consensus as to the solutions to increase diversity. Advancements in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) might first start with kindness, grace, and compassion as an individual response; these attributes are critical ingredients as we embark to increase DEI in orthopaedic surgery, sports medicine, and rehabilitation and in the care for our patients. Given the needed focus and debate on diversity and equity issues, an Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation Special Issue, "Diversity in Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation" can function as a starting point for discourse and a seed for future growth. The authors for the Diversity Special Issue have delivered "pearls" that can be directly incorporated into our practices and understanding of DEI.

AANA23 Confirms There is Still a Place for Face-To-Face Meetings.

AANA23, or the AANA Annual Meeting, set a high-water mark for our society and its members. Congratulations to all who planned and executed an exceptional educational meeting. Demonstrating that diversity continues to be front of mind, one of the first events of the meeting was the Diversity Session. Recognizing the topic's importance, next month in Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation (ASMAR), Arthroscopy's companion online journal, we will publish our second annual special issue devoted to rehabilitation and return to sport, also with a focus on diversity as it relates to sports medicine. The Biologic Association held a comprehensive and clinically relevant 2-day meeting in conjunction with and following AANA23. AANA23 set the stage for a greatly anticipated AANA24 to be held in Boston from May 9 to 11, 2024.

Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport: Fear of Reinjury Is the Leading Reason for Failure to Return to Competitive Sport and Is Modifiable.

Many of our patients are athletes, and an ultimate goal is to help these athletes return to their preinjury level of activity or sport. Generally, we focus on patients' injuries and treatments, but there are modifiable factors that can improve patient outcomes independent of surgical technique. A factor frequently ignored is psychological readiness to return to sport. In patients including athletes, particularly teenagers, chronic, clinical depression is a prevalent and pathologic condition. In addition, in nondepressed patients (or in patients who are situationally depressed because of injury), the ability to deal with stressors may still govern clinical outcomes. Specific psychological traits of significance have been identified and defined, including self-efficacy; locus of control; resilience; catastrophizing; kinesiophobia; and fear of reinjury. (Fear of reinjury is the leading reason for failure to return to competitive sport, reduced activity levels after sports injury, and greater reinjury rates.) The traits may overlap and may be modifiable. Thus, like strength and functional testing, we should evaluate for signs or symptoms of depression, and we should measure psychological readiness to return to sport. With awareness, we can intervene or refer as indicated. Psychological readiness to return to sport represents an underexamined domain in which we can help our patients achieve best outcomes.

Biomedical Research Infographics and Visual Abstracts Increase Social Media Attention and Article Citation.

Biomedical research Infographics, a short-form neologism for "information graphics," illustrate medical educational information in an engaging manner by enhancing concise text with figures, tables, and data visualizations in the form of charts and graphs. Visual Abstracts present a graphic summary of the information contained in a medical research abstract. In addition to improving retention, both Infographics and Visual Abstracts allow for dissemination of medical information on social media and increase the breadth of medical journal readership. In addition, these new methods of scientific communication increase citation rates, as well as social media attention as determined by Altmetrics (alternative metrics).

Search Methods for Systematic Reviews and Bibliographic Articles Can Improve: Responsibilities of Authorship Are Vast.

Certain types of scientific articles, including bibliographic articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, require systematic search of electronic databases. Literature must be searched using clearly specified search terms, dates, and algorithms; article inclusion and exclusion criteria; and explicitly named databases. Search methods must be described in detail to allow reproducibility. In addition, responsibilities of all authors include contributing to study conception, design, data acquisition, analysis or interpretation; drafting or critically revising the work; approving the final version to be published; being accountable for the accuracy and integrity; being available to respond to queries including after publication; being able to identify which co-authors are responsible for which parts; and maintaining primary data and underpinning analysis for at least 10 years. The responsibilities of authorship are vast.

Arthroscopy and Musculoskeletal Biologics.

Orthopaedic biologics holds great promise. Absent peer-reviewed clinical musculoskeletal research, orthobiologics indications and treatment recommendations will remain opaque. In a Call for Papers, Arthroscopy; Arthroscopy Techniques; and Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation editors invite authors to submit clinical musculoskeletal biologics original scientific research, and technical notes with video. Each year, the top articles will be awarded inclusion in an annual Biologics Special Issue. Future investigators and current readers could follow the science while being mindful of the regulatory environment.

Evidence-Based Practice Should Supersede Evidence-Based Medicine Through Consideration of Clinical Experience and Patient Characteristics in Addition to the Published Literature.

On the surface, the benefits of evidence-based medicine (EBM) seem self-evident. However, reliance on the scientific literature alone has limitations. Studies may be biased, statistically fragile, and/or not reproducible. Reliance solely on EBM may ignore physician clinical experience and individual patient characteristics and input. Reliance solely on EBM may overvalue quantitative, statistical significance, resulting in a false sense of certainty. Reliance solely on EBM may fail to consider lack of generalizability of published studies to individually unique patients. The concept of evidence-based practice goes beyond EBM and incorporates (1) EBM, (2) clinical expertise, and (3) individual patient characteristics, values, and preferences. Even if branded as evidence-based, a suggested treatment may not be the best treatment. Evidence-based practice must be considered before determining what is best for our patients.

Putative antimicrobial-associated phototoxicity in three dogs.

This case series describes putative doxycycline phototoxicity in three dogs, with one also undergoing a possible sulfamethoxazole phototoxic reaction.

Cette série de cas décrit la possible phototoxicité de la doxycycline chez trois chiens, à laquelle s'ajouterait une possible réaction phototoxique au sulfaméthoxazole chez l'un des chiens.

Está serie de casos describe una posible reacción de fototoxicidad en tres perros, junto con otro también sufriendo una posible reacción fototóxica por administración de sulfametoxazol.

Esta série de casos descreve a fototoxicidade putativa da doxiciclina em três cães, sendo que um também passou por uma possível reação de fototoxicidade por sulfametoxazol.

Return-to-Sport Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgical Treatment May Be Improved by Attention to Modifiable Factors and Consideration of Nonmodifiable Factors.

Today, we who treat athletes are able to effect immediate, significant improvement in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) patient outcomes, regardless of surgical technique, by careful determination of when an athlete is ready to return to sport. "Prehabiliation," bracing, time after surgery to various rehabilitation activities, time after surgery until return to sport, functional testing, strength testing including limb symmetry indices, psychological readiness, age, gender, and type of sport are all factors influencing successful return to sport after ACL injury and treatment. Age and gender are not modifiable, and for some athletes, type of sport may be nonnegotiable. However, each of these factors could be thoughtfully considered before returning an athlete to sport after ACL treatment. All the other factors listed above, from prehab to bracing to strength to psychological readiness, may be modifiable.

Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID) Is a Low Bar.

Patients don't care about "statistical" significance. Patient-centered outcome measures focus on "clinical" significance and include minimal clinically important difference (MCID), patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS), substantial clinical benefit (SCB), and maximal outcome improvement (MOI). "Minimal" is a low bar. MCID neither addresses whether patients are satisfied nor whether they have derived a substantial benefit. MCID is commonly reported allowing comparison between studies, and MCID can be calculated retrospectively, so reporting MCID is acceptable. However, we also need to report PASS, SCB, and, in unique patients like high-level athletes, we may also need to report MOI to adjust for high pretreatment scores and a ceiling effect. Finally, threshold scores are patient-level metrics and must be reported as percentage of patients who meet the threshold, not reported as to whether, as a group, the mean score for the cohort meets the threshold or not (which is a common error).

Physicians and Medical Researchers Are Evidence-based Altruistic.

Volunteerism is actively seeking opportunities to assist others in need and sustaining these commitments at considerable personal cost. Altruism is the fact of caring about the needs of others and being helpful, even if one derives no personal benefit. As evidenced by medical and scientific research journal readers, reviewers, editors, authors, and leaders-physicians and medical researchers are evidence-based altruistic. While this is not unique to our profession, to care for others is the very essence of what we do.