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1.
Rev Neurol ; 37(7): 654-7, 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14582024

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: Over the last two decades antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has started to be recognized from the association of apparently anionic phospholipid-specific antibodies with thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and recurrent foetal losses. This syndrome affects patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is considered to be an important cause of thromboembolic disease. Antiphospholipid antibodies are serum immunoglobulins that react with negatively charged phospholipids, albeit directly or by means of a cofactor, affect the coagulation system, and promote thrombosis. Recent research has been directed towards gaining an understanding of the mechanisms by which these antibodies are able to play a direct role in the pathophysiology of thrombosis, and the extent to which certain risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, lipid disorders and so on, exert an influence over the expression of phospholipids in the cerebral endothelium. CONCLUSION: These antibodies have no single mechanism of action; different authors have described different pathological mechanisms, which help us to understand the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of APS.


Assuntos
Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/imunologia , Ativação do Complemento , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Humanos , Inibidor de Coagulação do Lúpus/metabolismo , Ativação Plaquetária , Prostaglandinas I/imunologia , Prostaglandinas I/metabolismo , Tromboplastina/metabolismo
2.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 37(7): 654-657, 1 oct., 2003.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-28209

RESUMO

Introducción y desarrollo. En las dos últimas décadas ha comenzado a reconocerse el síndrome antifosfolípidos (SAP) por la asociación de anticuerpos con una aparente especificidad por fosfolípidos aniónicos con trombosis, trombocitopenia y pérdidas fetales recurrentes. Este síndrome afecta a pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico y se considera una causa importante de enfermedad tromboembólica. Los anticuerpos antifosfolípidos son inmunoglobulinas del suero que reaccionan con fosfolípidos cargados negativamente, ya sea directamente o a través de un cofactor, afectan el sistema de la coagulación y promueven la trombosis. Algunas investigaciones recientes se han encaminado a comprender los mecanismos por los que estos anticuerpos pueden desempeñar un papel directo en la fisiopatología de la trombosis, y cómo pueden influir determinados factores de riesgo como el tabaquismo, la hipertensión arterial, la hiperlipidemia, etc., sobre la expresión de los fosfolípidos en el endotelio cerebral. Conclusión. No existe un mecanismo único de acción de estos anticuerpos; diversos autores han descrito diferentes mecanismos patológicos, los cuales ayudan a comprender las heterogéneas manifestaciones clínicas del SAP (AU)


Introduction and development. Over the last two decades antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has started to be recognized from the association of apparently anionic phospholipid-specific antibodies with thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and recurrent foetal losses. This syndrome affects patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is considered to be an important cause of thromboembolic disease. Antiphospholipid antibodies are serum immunoglobulins that react with negatively charged phospholipids, albeit directly or by means of a cofactor, affect the coagulation system, and promote thrombosis. Recent research has been directed towards gaining an understanding of the mechanisms by which these antibodies are able to play a direct role in the pathophysiology of thrombosis, and the extent to which certain risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, lipid disorders and so on, exert an influence over the expression of phospholipids in the cerebral endothelium. Conclusion. These antibodies have no single mechanism of action; different authors have described different pathological mechanisms, which help us to understand the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of APS (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Tromboplastina , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica , Inibidor de Coagulação do Lúpus , Ativação Plaquetária , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Prostaglandinas I , Ativação do Complemento , Endotélio Vascular
3.
Rev Neurol ; 36(11): 1015-8, 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12808494

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The cognitive disorders presented by patients with Parkinson s disease (PD) have drawn attention to the role played by the basal ganglia in cognition. It has been suggested that through a system of cortico subcortical circuits they monitor the work done by the frontal regions by guiding the anterior and posterior attentional systems, whose functioning is necessary for the so called executive functions to be carried out. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 10 patients with PD in developmental stages I and II according to the scale of Hoehn and Yahr, and 10 healthy paired controls. All of them were administered a test for simple sustained attention, complex sustained attention and attentional shift. RESULTS: In the simple sustained attention task there were no significant differences between groups. In the complex sustained attention test the patients committed more mistakes, and in the attentional shift task they committed more omissions and there was a significant increase in reaction time. CONCLUSIONS: Even in the early stages of the disease, patients suffering from Parkinson present cognitive disorders. These are concentrated in the detection and evaluation of new information, in the capability to shift attention between different spatial regions in a flexible manner and in choosing, inhibiting and activating motor programmes. In order to detect these alterations more sensitive and complex tests must be used.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Doença de Parkinson/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos
4.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 36(11): 1015-1018, 1 jun., 2003.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-27645

RESUMO

Introducción. Los trastornos cognitivos que presentan los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) han llamado la atención sobre la función de los ganglios basales en la cognición. Se ha propuesto que monitorizan el trabajo de las regiones frontales mediante un sistema de circuitos cortico subcorticales, al guiar a los sistemas atencionales anterior y posterior, cuyo funcionamiento se necesita para el desarrollo de las llamadas funciones ejecutivas. Pacientes y métodos. Se estudiaron 10 pacientes con EP en estadios evolutivos I y II según la escala de Hoehn yYahr y 10 controles sanos pareados. A todos se les aplicó una prueba de atención sostenida simple, atención sostenida compleja y de cambio atencional. Resultados. En la prueba de atención sostenida simple no hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos. En la de atención sostenida compleja los pacientes cometieron una mayor cantidad de errores, y en la de cambio atencional cometieron más omisiones y aumentaron significativamente su tiempo de reacción. Conclusiones. Los pacientes parkinsonianos que se encuentran en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad presentan alteraciones cognitivas. Éstas se concentran en la detección y evaluación de nueva información, en la posibilidad de cambiar de manera flexible la atención entre regiones espaciales diferentes y en elegir, inhibir y activar programas motores. Para detectar estas alteraciones se precisa de pruebas más sensibles y complejas (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Doença de Parkinson , Atenção , Transtornos Cognitivos , Testes Neuropsicológicos
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