Protuberancia occipital externa tipo 3 (en espina o espolón): diagnóstico ecográfico de una causa infrecuente de pseudotumor subcutáneo del cuero cabelludo en adolescentes / Type 3 External Occipital Protuberance (Spine Type): Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of an Uncommon Cause of Subcutaneous Scalp Pseudotumor in Adolescents

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Hidradenitis supurativa: necesidad de un diagnóstico e intervención precoz sobre la enfermedad y sus comorbilidades / Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Need for Early Diagnosis and Management of the Disease and Associated Conditions

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Repercusión diagnóstica y terapéutica del estudio ecográfico en los trayectos fistulosos perianales en pacientes con sospecha de hidradenitis supurativa / Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Ultrasound Imaging of Perianal Fistulous Tracts in Patients with Suspected Hidradenitis Suppurativa

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Experiencia de elastografía strain en 2 casos de lesiones subcutáneas sospechosas de malignidad / Our Experience With Strain Elastography in 2 Cases of Suspected Malignant Subcutaneous Lesions

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Introduction of Basic Dermatologic Ultrasound in Undergraduate Medical Education.

Purpose: Teaching ultrasound procedures to undergraduates has recently been proposed to improve the quality of medical education. We address the impact of applying standardized dermatologic ultrasound teaching to our undergraduates. Materials and Methods: Medical students were offered an additional theoretical and practical seminar involving hands-on ultrasound dermatologic ultrasound during their mandatory dermatology practical training. The students' theoretical knowledge and dermatologic ultrasoud skills were tested with a multiple choice questionnaire extracted from Level 1 Spanish Society of Ultrasound Dermatologic Ultrasound accreditation exam before and after the course. After the course, the students were asked to answer a course evaluation questionnaire Results: The multiple-choice question scores after the course showed statistically significant improvement (5.82 vs. 8.71%; P<0.001). The questionnaire revealed that students were satisfied with the course, felt that it increased both their dermatologic and ultrasound knowledge, and indicated that they wanted more sonographic hands-on training in both dermatologic ultrasound and other medical fields. Conclusion: Using both objective and subjective methods, we showed that the introduction of standardized ultrasound training programs in undergraduate medical education can improve both students' understanding of the technique and the quality of medical education in dermatology.

Ecografía cutánea en el sarcoma de Kaposi / Skin Ultrasound in Kaposi Sarcoma

Recientemente ha aumentado el uso de la ecografía cutánea en múltiples enfermedades dermatológicas. Se trata de una técnica no invasiva, que nos proporciona más detalles acerca de la estructura y vascularización de las lesiones cutáneas. El sarcoma de Kaposi es un tumor vascular, que se localiza principalmente en la piel y las mucosas, pudiendo afectar los ganglios linfáticos y los órganos internos. Presentamos 3 pacientes con diagnóstico de sarcoma de Kaposi, sospechado clínicamente, y confirmado histológicamente, a los cuales realizamos exploración ecográfica en modo B y modo Doppler color. Encontramos diferencias en el patrón ecográfico, tanto en modo B como en modo Doppler color, entre las lesiones que clínicamente correspondían a nódulos frente a las que eran placas. Consideramos que la ecografía cutánea podría ser útil como prueba complementaria, en el estudio de las lesiones cutáneas del sarcoma de Kaposi, proporcionándonos más información acerca de sus características estructurales y vasculares

The use of ultrasound imaging has recently been increasing in numerous dermatologic diseases. This noninvasive technique provides additional details on the structure and vascularization of skin lesions. Kaposi sarcoma is a vascular tumor that typically arises in the skin and mucosas. It can spread to lymph nodes and internal organs. We performed B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound studies in 3 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma confirmed by histological examination. We found differences in the ultrasound pattern between nodular and plaque lesions, in both B-mode and color Doppler. We believe that skin ultrasound imaging could be a useful technique for studying cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma, providing additional information on the structural and vascular characteristics of the lesion

Uso de la alitretinoína oral para el tratamiento del eczema crónico de manos grave y refractario al tratamiento en el sistema sanitario público español: descripción y análisis de la práctica clínica actual / Oral Alitretinoin in the Treatment of Severe Refractory Chronic Hand Eczema in the Spanish National Health System: Description and Analysis of Current Clinical Practice

INTRODUCCIÓN: El eczema de manos (ECM) afecta a cerca del 10% de la población, presentándose entre el 5 y el 7% de los casos como una enfermedad crónica grave y siendo refractario al tratamiento con corticoides tópicos entre el 2 y el 4% de las veces. El propósito del artículo es describir el uso de la alitretinoína oral en pacientes con ECM refractario a corticoides tópicos potentes en el ámbito sanitario público español. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo, exploratorio, transversal, basado en la revisión retrospectiva de historias clínicas de pacientes con ECM en tratamiento con alitretinoína en el ámbito sanitario público español. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 62 historias clínicas de pacientes de 13 centros distribuidos en 5 comunidades autónomas del territorio español. Alitretinoína se utilizó predominantemente a dosis de 30mg/día, principalmente en un único ciclo, tras el cual la mayoría de pacientes lograron una respuesta clínica satisfactoria según el juicio médico. Los eventos adversos fueron todos previsibles y en línea con los tratamientos sistémicos con retinoides. Los dermatólogos estuvieron de acuerdo en que los beneficios clínicos logrados con alitretinoína favorecían la adherencia al tratamiento y una reincorporación más rápida de los pacientes al trabajo. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados muestran un uso de alitretinoína oral en línea con las recomendaciones establecidas así como la buena respuesta al tratamiento asociado y los pocos efectos adversos. Los dermatólogos coinciden que los beneficios alcanzados favorecen la adherencia al tratamiento y mejoran la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de los pacientes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hand eczema affects nearly 10% of the population. The condition becomes severe and chronic in 5% to 7% of cases and is refractory to topical corticosteroids in 2% to 4%. This study aimed to describe the current use of oral alitretinoin in treating Spanish national health system patients with hand eczema that is refractory to potent topical corticosteroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional study based on the retrospective analysis of records for patients with hand eczema treated with alitretinoin in the Spanish national health system. RESULTS: We reviewed the records for 62 patients in 13 hospitals in 5 different administrative areas (autonomous communities) of Spain. Alitretinoin was usually used at a dosage of 30mg/d. In most cases the physician judged the clinical response to be satisfactory after a single cycle. The recorded adverse effects were foreseeable and of the type reported for systemic retinoids. The dermatologists agreed that the clinical benefits achieved with alitretinoin favored adherence to treatment and an early return to work. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that oral alitretinoin is being used according to established recommendations and that response is good, with few adverse effects. The dermatologists agreed that the benefits favored adherence and improved the patients' health related quality of life

Oral Alitretinoin in the Treatment of Severe Refractory Chronic Hand Eczema in the Spanish National Health System: Description and Analysis of Current Clinical Practice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hand eczema affects nearly 10% of the population. The condition becomes severe and chronic in 5% to 7% of cases and is refractory to topical corticosteroids in 2% to 4%. This study aimed to describe the current use of oral alitretinoin in treating Spanish national health system patients with hand eczema that is refractory to potent topical corticosteroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional study based on the retrospective analysis of records for patients with hand eczema treated with alitretinoin in the Spanish national health system. RESULTS: We reviewed the records for 62 patients in 13 hospitals in 5 different administrative areas (autonomous communities) of Spain. Alitretinoin was usually used at a dosage of 30mg/d. In most cases the physician judged the clinical response to be satisfactory after a single cycle. The recorded adverse effects were foreseeable and of the type reported for systemic retinoids. The dermatologists agreed that the clinical benefits achieved with alitretinoin favored adherence to treatment and an early return to work. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that oral alitretinoin is being used according to established recommendations and that response is good, with few adverse effects. The dermatologists agreed that the benefits favored adherence and improved the patients' health related quality of life.

Skin Ultrasound in Kaposi Sarcoma. / Ecografía cutánea en el sarcoma de Kaposi.

The use of ultrasound imaging has recently been increasing in numerous dermatologic diseases. This noninvasive technique provides additional details on the structure and vascularization of skin lesions. Kaposi sarcoma is a vascular tumor that typically arises in the skin and mucosas. It can spread to lymph nodes and internal organs. We performed B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound studies in 3 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma confirmed by histological examination. We found differences in the ultrasound pattern between nodular and plaque lesions, in both B-mode and color Doppler. We believe that skin ultrasound imaging could be a useful technique for studying cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma, providing additional information on the structural and vascular characteristics of the lesion.

Ecotomografía Doppler color de cuero cabelludo y pelo / Color Doppler ultrasound of the scalp and hair

La ecotomografía Doppler color cutánea es una técnica que permite estudiar patologías frecuentes que afectan al cuero cabelludo y pelo. Esta técnica provee de información anatómica y funcional en tiempo real y permite revelar en forma no invasiva la extensión, actividad o gravedad de una patología, así como también monitorear su tratamiento (AU)

Color Doppler ultrasound is an imaging technique that allows the study of frequent diseases of the scalp and hair. This examination provides anatomical and functional information in real time that can reveal the extent, activity or severity of common diseases in a non-invasive way, and allows monitoring of their treatment (AU)

[Color Doppler ultrasound of the scalp and hair]. / Ecotomografía Doppler color de cuero cabelludo y pelo.

Color Doppler ultrasound is an imaging technique that allows the study of frequent diseases of the scalp and hair. This examination provides anatomical and functional information in real time that can reveal the extent, activity or severity of common diseases in a non-invasive way, and allows monitoring of their treatment.

Influence of KIR gene diversity on the course of HSV-1 infection: resistance to the disease is associated with the absence of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes lifelong latent infections in most humans. Periodical virus reactivations from latency in the neurons of sensitive ganglia lead to transport to mucocutaneous regions and productive replication, which results in recurrent inflammatory herpetic lesions or in asymptomatic virus shedding. The medical consequences of such lesions and the frequency of recurrences vary greatly in different subjects. Furthermore, many infected individuals never suffer manifestations of the disease, even when exposed to stimuli that trigger clinical recurrences in other humans. The origin of the variability in the clinical course of HSV-1 infection remains unexplained. Herpesviruses and other pathogens sabotage the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by infected cells, thus subverting T-cell-mediated immunity. Subversion of antigen presentation is counteracted by natural killer cells, which survey the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression by specific receptors. These include the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), which are encoded by a complex of extremely diverse and rapidly evolving genes. Here, we analyze the contribution of KIR gene diversity to the variable clinical course of HSV-1 infection by comparing the distribution of these genes in humans with clinical manifestations of the disease with that in asymptomatically infected donors. This study provides preliminary evidence that the receptors KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 predispose to symptomatic HSV-1 infection and favor the frequently recurring forms of the disease. Possible contribution of the 'HLA-C1' ligand to HSV-1 disease was not statistically supported. Because of an absolute genetic linkage between KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2, we could not determine which receptor was primarily responsible for the observed association, but our results suggest that presence in the genome of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 hinders an effective cellular response to HSV-1.