Comparison of Prehospital Assessment by Paramedics and In-Hospital Assessment by Physicians in Suspected Stroke Patients: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown if ambulance paramedics adequately assess neurological deficits used for prehospital stroke scales to detect anterior large-vessel occlusions. We aimed to compare prehospital assessment of these stroke-related deficits by paramedics with in-hospital assessment by physicians. METHODS: We used data from 2 prospective cohort studies: the LPSS (Leiden Prehospital Stroke Study) and PRESTO study (Prehospital Triage of Patients With Suspected Stroke). In both studies, paramedics scored 9 neurological deficits in stroke code patients in the field. Trained physicians scored the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at hospital presentation. Patients with transient ischemic attack were excluded because of the transient nature of symptoms. Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs) was used to assess correlation between the total prehospital assessment score, defined as the sum of all prehospital items, and the total NIHSS score. Correlation, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each prehospital item with the corresponding NIHSS item as reference. RESULTS: We included 2850 stroke code patients. Of these, 1528 had ischemic stroke, 243 intracranial hemorrhage, and 1079 stroke mimics. Correlation between the total prehospital assessment score and NIHSS score was strong (rs=0.70 [95% CI, 0.68-0.72]). Concerning individual items, prehospital assessment of arm (rs=0.68) and leg (rs=0.64) motor function correlated strongest with corresponding NIHSS items, and had highest sensitivity (arm 95%, leg 93%) and moderate specificity (arm 71%, leg 70%). Neglect (rs=0.31), abnormal speech (rs=0.50), and gaze deviation (rs=0.51) had weakest correlations. Neglect and gaze deviation had lowest sensitivity (52% and 66%) but high specificity (84% and 89%), while abnormal speech had high sensitivity (85%) but lowest specificity (65%). CONCLUSIONS: The overall prehospital assessment of stroke code patients correlates strongly with in-hospital assessment. Prehospital assessment of neglect, abnormal speech, and gaze deviation differed most from in-hospital assessment. Focused training on these deficits may improve prehospital triage.

Prehospital Stroke Triage: A Modeling Study on the Impact of Triage Tools in Different Regions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Direct transportation to a thrombectomy-capable intervention center is beneficial for patients with ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO), but can delay intravenous thrombolytics (IVT). The aim of this modeling study was to estimate the effect of prehospital triage strategies on treatment delays and overtriage in different regions. METHODS: We used data from two prospective cohort studies in the Netherlands: the Leiden Prehospital Stroke Study and the PRESTO study. We included stroke code patients within 6 h from symptom onset. We modeled outcomes of Rapid Arterial oCclusion Evaluation (RACE) scale triage and triage with a personalized decision tool, using drip-and-ship as reference. Main outcomes were overtriage (stroke code patients incorrectly triaged to an intervention center), reduced delay to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), and delay to IVT. RESULTS: We included 1798 stroke code patients from four ambulance regions. Per region, overtriage ranged from 1-13% (RACE triage) and 3-15% (personalized tool). Reduction of delay to EVT varied by region between 24 ± 5 min (n = 6) to 78 ± 3 (n = 2), while IVT delay increased with 5 (n = 5) to 15 min (n = 21) for non-LVO patients. The personalized tool reduced delay to EVT for more patients (25 ± 4 min [n = 8] to 49 ± 13 [n = 5]), while delaying IVT with 3-14 min (8-24 patients). In region C, most EVT patients were treated faster (reduction of delay to EVT 31 ± 6 min (n = 35), with RACE triage and the personalized tool. CONCLUSIONS: In this modeling study, we showed that prehospital triage reduced time to EVT without disproportionate IVT delay, compared to a drip-and-ship strategy. The effect of triage strategies and the associated overtriage varied between regions. Implementation of prehospital triage should therefore be considered on a regional level.

Evaluating the Diagnostic Performance of Prehospital Stroke Scales Across the Range of Deficit Severity: Analysis of the Prehospital Triage of Patients With Suspected Stroke Study.

BACKGROUND: The usefulness of prehospital scales for identifying anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (aLVO) in patients with suspected stroke may vary depending on the severity of their presentation. The performance of these scales across the spectrum of deficit severity is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of 8 prehospital scales for identifying aLVO across the spectrum of deficit severity. METHODS: We used data from the PRESTO study (Prehospital Triage of Patients With Suspected Stroke Symptoms), a prospective observational study comparing prehospital stroke scales in detecting aLVO in suspected stroke patients. We used the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, assessed in-hospital, as a proxy for the Clinical Global Impression of stroke severity during prehospital assessment by paramedics. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the difference in aLVO probabilities with a positive or negative prehospital scale test (ΔPaLVO) for each scale for mild (NIHSS 0-4), intermediate (NIHSS 5-9), moderate (NIHSS 10-14), and severe deficits (NIHSS≥15). RESULTS: Among 1033 patients with suspected stroke, 119 (11.5%) had an aLVO, of whom 19 (16.0%) had mild, 25 (21.0%) had intermediate, 30 (25.2%) had moderate, and 45 (37.8%) had severe deficits. The scales had low sensitivity and positive predictive value in patients with mild-intermediate deficits, and poor specificity, negative predictive value, and accuracy with moderate-severe deficits. Positive results achieved the highest ΔPaLVO in patients with mild deficits. Negative results achieved the highest ΔPaLVO with severe deficits, but the probability of aLVO with a negative result in the severe range was higher than with a positive test in the mild range. CONCLUSIONS: Commonly-used prehospital stroke scales show variable performance across the range of deficit severity. Probability of aLVO remains high with a negative test in severely affected patients. Studies reporting prehospital stroke scale performance should be appraised in the context of the NIHSS distribution of their samples.

Circle of Willis variation and outcome after intra-arterial treatment.

Background: Intra-arterial treatment (IAT) improves outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke. Presence of collaterals increases likelihood of good outcome. We investigated whether variations in the circle of Willis (CoW) and contributing carotid arteries influence outcome in patients who had a stroke treated with IAT. Methods: CT angiography data on patients who had an acute stroke treated with IAT were retrospectively collected. CoW was regarded complete if the contralateral A1 segment, anterior communicating artery and ipsilateral posterior communicating artery were fully developed, and the P1 segment was visible. Carotid artery contribution was studied with a self-developed carotid artery score ranging from 0 to 2 depending on the number of arteries supplying the occluded side of the CoW. Good clinical outcome was defined as modified Rankin Score ≤2 and measured at discharge and 3 months. We calculated risk ratios for the relation between completeness of the CoW, carotid score and good outcome, and performed a trend analysis for good outcome according to the carotid score. Results: 126 patients were included for analysis. Patients with a complete and incomplete CoW had a comparable risk for good outcome at discharge and 3 months. A higher carotid score was associated with a higher likelihood of good clinical outcome (p for trend 0.24 at discharge and 0.05 at 3 months). Conclusion: In patients with acute ischaemic stroke treated with IAT, chances of good clinical outcome tended to improve with number of carotid arteries supplying the cerebral circulation. Completeness of the CoW was not related to clinical outcome.

Medical attention seeking by suspected stroke patients: Emergency medical services or general practitioner?

OBJECTIVE: Awareness campaigns advise the public to call emergency medical services (EMS) directly in case of suspected stroke. We aimed to explore patient and notification characteristics that influence direct EMS notification, the time to alert, and the time to treatment. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis with data from the PRESTO study, a multi-center prospective observational cohort study that included patients with suspected stroke. We used multivariable binary logistic regression analyses to assess the association with direct EMS notification and multivariable linear regression analyses to assess the association with the onset-to-alert time, onset-to-needle time and onset-to-groin time. RESULTS: Of 436 included patients, 208 patients (48%) contacted EMS directly. FAST scores (aOR 1.45 for every point increase, 95%CI: 1.14-1.86), alert outside office hours (aOR 1.64 [1.05-2.55]), and onset-to-alert time (aOR for every minute less [≤55 min]: 0.96 [0.95-0.97]) were independently associated with direct EMS notification. Direct EMS call was independently associated with shorter onset-to-alert times (27 min [54-0.84]) and with shorter onset-to-needle times (-30 min [-51 to -10]). The association between direct EMS call and the onset-to-groin time was almost similar to the association with onset-to-needle time, though not statistically significant (univariable analysis: 23.7 min decrease [-103.7 to 56.2]). CONCLUSION: More than half of all patients with suspected stroke do not call EMS directly but call their GP instead. Patients with higher FAST scores, alert outside office hours, and a rapid alert, more often call EMS directly. Patients who call EMS directly are treated with IVT 30 min faster than patients who call the GP first. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Netherlands Trial Register: NL7387, (www.trialregister.nl).

Safety and efficacy of aspirin, unfractionated heparin, both, or neither during endovascular stroke treatment (MR CLEAN-MED): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Aspirin and unfractionated heparin are often used during endovascular stroke treatment to improve reperfusion and outcomes. However, the effects and risks of anti-thrombotics for this indication are unknown. We therefore aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous aspirin, unfractionated heparin, both, or neither started during endovascular treatment in patients with ischaemic stroke. METHODS: We did an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial with a 2 × 3 factorial design in 15 centres in the Netherlands. We enrolled adult patients (ie, ≥18 years) with ischaemic stroke due to an intracranial large-vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation in whom endovascular treatment could be initiated within 6 h of symptom onset. Eligible patients had a score of 2 or more on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and a CT or MRI ruling out intracranial haemorrhage. Randomisation was done using a web-based procedure with permuted blocks and stratified by centre. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either periprocedural intravenous aspirin (300 mg bolus) or no aspirin, and randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive moderate-dose unfractionated heparin (5000 IU bolus followed by 1250 IU/h for 6 h), low-dose unfractionated heparin (5000 IU bolus followed by 500 IU/h for 6 h), or no unfractionated heparin. The primary outcome was the score on the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days. Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage was the main safety outcome. Analyses were based on intention to treat, and treatment effects were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) or common ORs, with adjustment for baseline prognostic factors. This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number, ISRCTN76741621. FINDINGS: Between Jan 22, 2018, and Jan 27, 2021, we randomly assigned 663 patients; of whom, 628 (95%) provided deferred consent or died before consent could be asked and were included in the modified intention-to-treat population. On Feb 4, 2021, after unblinding and analysis of the data, the trial steering committee permanently stopped patient recruitment and the trial was stopped for safety concerns. The risk of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage was higher in patients allocated to receive aspirin than in those not receiving aspirin (43 [14%] of 310 vs 23 [7%] of 318; adjusted OR 1·95 [95% CI 1·13-3·35]) as well as in patients allocated to receive unfractionated heparin than in those not receiving unfractionated heparin (44 [13%] of 332 vs 22 [7%] of 296; 1·98 [1·14-3·46]). Both aspirin (adjusted common OR 0·91 [95% CI 0·69-1·21]) and unfractionated heparin (0·81 [0·61-1·08]) led to a non-significant shift towards worse modified Rankin Scale scores. INTERPRETATION: Periprocedural intravenous aspirin and unfractionated heparin during endovascular stroke treatment are both associated with an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage without evidence for a beneficial effect on functional outcome. FUNDING: The Collaboration for New Treatments of Acute Stroke consortium, the Brain Foundation Netherlands, the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Stryker, Medtronic, Cerenovus, and the Dutch Heart Foundation.

Impact of the lockdown on acute stroke treatments during the first surge of the COVID-19 outbreak in the Netherlands.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the impact of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the resulting lockdown on reperfusion treatments and door-to-treatment times during the first surge in Dutch comprehensive stroke centers. Furthermore, we studied the association between COVID-19-status and treatment times. METHODS: We included all patients receiving reperfusion treatment in 17 Dutch stroke centers from May 11th, 2017, until May 11th, 2020. We collected baseline characteristics, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission, onset-to-door time (ODT), door-to-needle time (DNT), door-to-groin time (DGT) and COVID-19-status at admission. Parameters during the lockdown (March 15th, 2020 until May 11th, 2020) were compared with those in the same period in 2019, and between groups stratified by COVID-19-status. We used nationwide data and extrapolated our findings to the increasing trend of EVT numbers since May 2017. RESULTS: A decline of 14% was seen in reperfusion treatments during lockdown, with a decline in both IVT and EVT delivery. DGT increased by 12 min (50 to 62 min, p-value of < 0.001). Furthermore, median NIHSS-scores were higher in COVID-19 - suspected or positive patients (7 to 11, p-value of 0.004), door-to-treatment times did not differ significantly when stratified for COVID-19-status. CONCLUSIONS: During the first surge of the COVID-19 pandemic, a decline in acute reperfusion treatments and a delay in DGT was seen, which indicates a target for attention. It also appeared that COVID-19-positive or -suspected patients had more severe neurologic symptoms, whereas their EVT-workflow was not affected.

A Randomized Trial of Intravenous Alteplase before Endovascular Treatment for Stroke.

BACKGROUND: The value of administering intravenous alteplase before endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke has not been studied extensively, particularly in non-Asian populations. METHODS: We performed an open-label, multicenter, randomized trial in Europe involving patients with stroke who presented directly to a hospital that was capable of providing EVT and who were eligible for intravenous alteplase and EVT. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive EVT alone or intravenous alteplase followed by EVT (the standard of care). The primary end point was functional outcome on the modified Rankin scale (range, 0 [no disability] to 6 [death]) at 90 days. We assessed the superiority of EVT alone over alteplase plus EVT, as well as noninferiority by a margin of 0.8 for the lower boundary of the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio of the two trial groups. Death from any cause and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were the main safety end points. RESULTS: The analysis included 539 patients. The median score on the modified Rankin scale at 90 days was 3 (interquartile range, 2 to 5) with EVT alone and 2 (interquartile range, 2 to 5) with alteplase plus EVT. The adjusted common odds ratio was 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62 to 1.15; P = 0.28), which showed neither superiority nor noninferiority of EVT alone. Mortality was 20.5% with EVT alone and 15.8% with alteplase plus EVT (adjusted odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.84 to 2.30). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 5.9% and 5.3% of the patients in the respective groups (adjusted odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.60 to 2.81). CONCLUSIONS: In a randomized trial involving European patients, EVT alone was neither superior nor noninferior to intravenous alteplase followed by EVT with regard to disability outcome at 90 days after stroke. The incidence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was similar in the two groups. (Funded by the Collaboration for New Treatments of Acute Stroke consortium and others; MR CLEAN-NO IV ISRCTN number, ISRCTN80619088.).

Comparison of eight prehospital stroke scales to detect intracranial large-vessel occlusion in suspected stroke (PRESTO): a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Due to the time-sensitive effect of endovascular treatment, rapid prehospital identification of large-vessel occlusion in individuals with suspected stroke is essential to optimise outcome. Interhospital transfers are an important cause of delay of endovascular treatment. Prehospital stroke scales have been proposed to select patients with large-vessel occlusion for direct transport to an endovascular-capable intervention centre. We aimed to prospectively validate eight prehospital stroke scales in the field. METHODS: We did a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study of adults with suspected stroke (aged ≥18 years) who were transported by ambulance to one of eight hospitals in southwest Netherlands. Suspected stroke was defined by a positive Face-Arm-Speech-Time (FAST) test. We included individuals with blood glucose of at least 2·5 mmol/L. People who presented more than 6 h after symptom onset were excluded from the analysis. After structured training, paramedics used a mobile app to assess items from eight prehospital stroke scales: Rapid Arterial oCclusion Evaluation (RACE), Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS), Cincinnati Stroke Triage Assessment Tool (C-STAT), Gaze-Face-Arm-Speech-Time (G-FAST), Prehospital Acute Stroke Severity (PASS), Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS), Conveniently-Grasped Field Assessment Stroke Triage (CG-FAST), and the FAST-PLUS (Face-Arm-Speech-Time plus severe arm or leg motor deficit) test. The primary outcome was the clinical diagnosis of ischaemic stroke with a proximal intracranial large-vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation (aLVO) on CT angiography. Baseline neuroimaging was centrally assessed by neuroradiologists to validate the true occlusion status. Prehospital stroke scale performance was expressed as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and was compared with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores assessed by clinicians at the emergency department. This study was registered at the Netherlands Trial Register, NL7387. FINDINGS: Between Aug 13, 2018, and Sept 2, 2019, 1039 people (median age 72 years [IQR 61-81]) with suspected stroke were identified by paramedics, of whom 120 (12%) were diagnosed with aLVO. Of all prehospital stroke scales, the AUC for RACE was highest (0·83, 95% CI 0·79-0·86), followed by the AUC for G-FAST (0·80, 0·76-0·84), CG-FAST (0·80, 0·76-0·84), LAMS (0·79, 0·75-0·83), CPSS (0·79, 0·75-0·83), PASS (0·76, 0·72-0·80), C-STAT (0·75, 0·71-0·80), and FAST-PLUS (0·72, 0·67-0·76). The NIHSS as assessed by a clinician in the emergency department did somewhat better than the prehospital stroke scales with an AUC of 0·86 (95% CI 0·83-0·89). INTERPRETATION: Prehospital stroke scales detect aLVO with acceptable-to-good accuracy. RACE, G-FAST, and CG-FAST are the best performing prehospital stroke scales out of the eight scales tested and approach the performance of the clinician-assessed NIHSS. Further studies are needed to investigate whether use of these scales in regional transportation strategies can optimise outcomes of patients with ischaemic stroke. FUNDING: BeterKeten Collaboration and Theia Foundation (Zilveren Kruis).

Accuracy of CTA evaluations in daily clinical practice for large and medium vessel occlusion detection in suspected stroke patients.

INTRODUCTION: Early detection of large vessel occlusion (LVO) is essential to facilitate fast endovascular treatment. CT angiography (CTA) is used to detect LVO in suspected stroke patients. We aimed to assess the accuracy of CTA evaluations in daily clinical practice in a large cohort of suspected stroke patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used data from the PRESTO study, a multicenter prospective observational cohort study that included suspected stroke patients between August 2018 and September 2019. Baseline CTAs were re-evaluated by an imaging core laboratory and compared to the local assessment. LVO was defined as an occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery, M1 segment, or basilar artery. Medium vessel occlusion (MeVO) was defined as an A1, A2, or M2 occlusion. We calculated the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity to detect LVO and LVO+MeVO, using the core laboratory evaluation as reference standard. RESULTS: We included 656 patients. The core laboratory detected 89 LVOs and 74 MeVOs in 155 patients. Local observers missed 6 LVOs (7%) and 28 MeVOs (38%), of which 23 M2 occlusions. Accuracy of LVO detection was 99% (95% CI: 98-100%), sensitivity 93% (95% CI: 86-97%), and specificity 100% (95% CI: 99-100%). Accuracy of LVO+MeVO detection was 95% (95% CI: 93-96%), sensitivity 79% (95% CI: 72-85%), and specificity 99% (95% CI: 98-100%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: CTA evaluations in daily clinical practice are highly accurate and LVOs are adequately recognized. The detection of MeVOs seems more challenging. The evolving EVT possibilities emphasize the need to improve CTA evaluations in the acute setting.

Prehospital triage of patients with suspected stroke symptoms (PRESTO): protocol of a prospective observational study.

INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of both intravenous treatment (IVT) and endovascular treatment (EVT) for patients with acute ischaemic stroke strongly declines over time. Only a subset of patients with ischaemic stroke caused by an intracranial large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the anterior circulation can benefit from EVT. Several prehospital stroke scales were developed to identify patients that are likely to have an LVO, which could allow for direct transportation of EVT eligible patients to an endovascular-capable centre without delaying IVT for the other patients. We aim to prospectively validate these prehospital stroke scales simultaneously to assess their accuracy in predicting LVO in the prehospital setting. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Prehospital triage of patients with suspected stroke symptoms (PRESTO) is a prospective multicentre observational cohort study in the southwest of the Netherlands including adult patients with suspected stroke in the ambulance. The paramedic will assess a combination of items from five prehospital stroke scales, without changing the normal workflow. Primary outcome is the clinical diagnosis of an acute ischaemic stroke with an intracranial LVO in the anterior circulation. Additional hospital data concerning the diagnosis and provided treatment will be collected by chart review. Logistic regression analysis will be performed, and performance of the prehospital stroke scales will be expressed as sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operator curve. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Institutional Review Board of the Erasmus MC University Medical Centre has reviewed the study protocol and confirmed that the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO) is not applicable. The findings of this study will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. The best performing scale, or the simplest scale in case of clinical equipoise, will be integrated in a decision model with other clinical characteristics and real-life driving times to improve prehospital triage of suspected stroke patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NTR7595.

Duplex ultrasonography for the detection of vertebral artery stenosis: A comparison with CT angiography.

OBJECTIVES: Vertebrobasilar stenosis is frequent in patients with posterior circulation stroke and it increases risk of recurrence. We investigated feasibility of duplex ultrasonography (DUS) for screening for extracranial vertebral artery stenosis and compared it with CT angiography (CTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We gathered data on 337 consecutive patients who had DUS because of posterior circulation stroke or TIA. Matching CTA studies were retrieved and used as reference. Stenosis on CTA was considered "significant" if >50%, at DUS if Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) > 140 cm/s for the V1 segment and PSV > 125 cm/s for the V2 segment. We determined the area under the ROC curve (AUROC). In addition, we calculated which PSV cut-off value resulted in highest sensitivity with acceptable specificity. RESULTS: DUS was able to make an adequate measurement in 378 of 674 V1 segments and 673 of 674 V2 segments. DUS detected a significant stenosis in 52 of 378 V1 segments; 12 were confirmed by CTA (AUROC 0.73, 95% Confidence Interval 0.63-0.83). The optimal DUS PSV cut-off value for this segment was 90 cm/s. For the V2 segment there were too few stenoses to allow reliable assessment of diagnostic characteristics of DUS. CONCLUSIONS: Although DUS has a fair AUROC for detecting significant stenosis, adequate assessment of the V1 segment is often not possible due to anatomic difficulties. Assessment of the V2 segment is feasible but yielded few stenoses. Hence, we consider usefulness of DUS for screening of extracranial vertebral artery stenosis limited.

The effect of age on outcome after intra-arterial treatment in acute ischemic stroke: a MR CLEAN pretrial study.

BACKGROUND: In recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) intra-arterial treatment (IAT) has been proven effective and safe for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). So far, there seemed to be no interaction between older age (>80) and main treatment effect. We studied the association of older age with outcome and adverse events after IAT in a cohort of intra arterially treated patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Data from all AIS patients with proven proximal anterior circulation cerebral artery occlusion who were intra arterially treated between 2002 until the start of the MR CLEAN trial were studied retrospectively. Duration of the procedure, recanalization (Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction score (TICI)), early neurological recovery (i.e. decrease on NIHSS of ≥ 8 points) after one week or at discharge, good functional outcome at discharge by modified Rankin Scale (mRS ≤ 2) and the occurrence of neurological and non-neurological adverse events were assessed and the association with age was investigated. In total 315 patients met our inclusion criteria. Median age was 63 years (range 22-93) and 17 patients (5.4%) were over 80. Age was inversely associated with good functional outcome (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66-0.98) for every 10 years increase of age. Age was not associated with longer duration of the procedure, lower recanalization rate or less early neurological recovery. The risk of all adverse events (aOR 1.27; 95% CI: 1.08-1.50) and non-neurological adverse events (aOR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.11-1.61) increased, but that of peri-procedural adverse events (aOR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66-0.94) decreased with age. CONCLUSION: Higher age is inversely associated with good functional outcome after IAT in patients with AIS. However, treatment related adverse events are not related to age. These findings may help decision making when considering treatment of older patients with AIS.

Evolution of Intra-arterial Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke in The Netherlands: MR CLEAN Pretrial Experience.

INTRODUCTION: The Multicenter Randomized Clinical trial of Endovascular treatment for Acute ischemic stroke in the Netherlands (MR CLEAN) trial showed efficacy of intra-arterial (IA) treatment in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We studied the evolution of IA treatment for AIS and its effects on clinical outcome and recanalization in The Netherlands in the pre-MR CLEAN era. METHODS: Data on 517 patients with AIS treated with IA therapy were collected retrospectively from all intervention centers in The Netherlands from 2002 to the start of participation in the MR CLEAN trial. Clinical outcome was measured by means of the modified Rankin Scale score and recanalization with the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Scale. RESULTS: IA therapy was first used in patients with basilar artery occlusion. Over the years, there was a gradual increase in the number of anterior circulation strokes treated. There was a shift in applied therapies from primary IA therapy to combined intravenous and IA therapy and from IA thrombolysis to mechanical thrombectomy. Time from symptom onset to treatment decreased. Recanalization rates gradually increased. At the same time, there was a trend toward more favorable outcomes after 3 months and fewer deceased patients both at discharge and after 3 months. However, none of these changes reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The treatment approach used in the MR CLEAN trial was the result of an evolution of practise in the preceding years, with gradual improvement in technical and clinical outcomes.

Type of anesthesia and differences in clinical outcome after intra-arterial treatment for ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intra-arterial treatment (IAT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) can be performed with or without general anesthesia (GA). Previous studies suggested that IAT without the use of GA (non-GA) is associated with better clinical outcome. Nevertheless, no consensus exists about the anesthetic management during IAT of AIS patients. This study investigates the association between type of anesthesia and clinical outcome in a large cohort of patients with AIS treated with IAT. METHODS: All consecutive patients with AIS of the anterior circulation who received IAT between 2002 and 2013 in 16 Dutch hospitals were included in the study. Primary outcome was functional outcome on the modified Rankin Scale at discharge. Difference in primary outcome between GA and non-GA was estimated using multiple ordinal regression analysis, adjusting for age, stroke severity, occlusion of the internal carotid artery terminus, previous stroke, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-eight patients were included in the analysis; 70 patients received GA and 278 patients did not receive GA. Non-GA was significantly associated with good clinical outcome (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.02-4.31). After adjusting for prespecified prognostic factors, the point estimate remained similar; statistical significance, however, was lost (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 0.89-4.24). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that patients with AIS of the anterior circulation undergoing IAT without GA have a higher probability of good clinical outcome compared with patients treated with general anesthesia.

Effect of sensory stimuli on restless legs syndrome: a randomized crossover study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: A variety of sensory stimuli relieve restless legs syndrome symptoms. Because systematic evaluations of sensory stimulation in restless legs syndrome are largely lacking, we performed a randomized crossover study to evaluate the effect of external sensory stimulation on restless legs syndrome symptoms. METHODS: Eighteen patients underwent 3 consecutive suggestive immobilization tests with the order of the following 3 conditions randomly assigned: no electrical stimulation (condition 1), tactile and proprioceptive sensory stimulation (condition 2), and tactile sensory stimulation only (condition 3). Restless legs syndrome symptoms were quantified by visual analog scales, and periodic leg movements during wake were measured. RESULTS: Baseline visual analogue scale score was 4.5 (range 0-60) in condition 1, 10.5 (range 0-96) in condition 2, and 8.5 in condition 3 (p = 0.21). There was a tendency towards a higher maximum visual analogue scale score and visual analogue scale score at the end of the suggested immobilization test in the conditions with tactile sensory stimulation, though not significant (p = 0.74 and p = 0.29, respectively). Fifteen patients suffered from periodic leg movements during wake. Median indices were 18 (range 0-145) in condition 1, 26 (range 0-190) in condition 2, and 49 (range 0-228) in condition 3 (p = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: We found a tendency towards less leg discomfort in the conditions in which an external sensory input was applied. This potential benefit of sensory stimuli on restless legs syndrome severity merits further investigation as this could open new ways towards a better pathophysiological understanding and non-pharmacological treatments.