A Possible Newly Defined and Treatable Secondary Cause of Early Morning Wake-Up Headaches in an Older Hypermobile Woman: Nutcracker Physiology with Spinal Epidural Venous Congestion.

Introduction: Left renal vein compression (nutcracker physiology) with secondary spinal epidural venous congestion is a newly recognized cause of daily persistent headache. Presently, only women with underlying symptomatic hypermobility issues appear to develop headache from this anatomic issue. The hypothesized etiology is an abnormal reset of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure to an elevated state. Headaches that occur during sleep can have a varied differential diagnosis, one of which is elevated CSF pressure. We present the case of an older woman who began to develop severe wake-up headaches at midnight. She was found to have left renal vein compression and spinal epidural venous congestion on imaging. After treatment with lumbar vein coil embolization, which alleviated the spinal cord venous congestion, her headaches alleviated. Case Report: A 61-year-old woman with a history of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome began to be awakened with severe head pain at midnight at least several times per week. The headache was a holocranial, pressure sensation, which worsened in the supine position. The headaches were mostly eliminated with acetazolamide. Because of her hypermobility issues and pressure-like headache, she was investigated for underlying nutcracker physiology and spinal epidural venous congestion. This was confirmed using magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and conventional venography, and after lumbar vein coil embolization her wake-up headaches ceased. Conclusion: The case report suggests a possible new underlying and treatable cause for early morning, wake-up headaches: nutcracker physiology with secondary spinal epidural venous congestion. The case expands on the clinical headache presentation of nutcracker physiology.

A secondary daily persistent headache from onset with underlying nutcracker physiology and spinal epidural venous congestion: case series with lumbar vein embolization as a therapeutic approach.

The authors have published on a unique subset of patients whose headaches worsened in the Trendelenburg position and who on time-resolved MR angiography demonstrated left renal vein compression (nutcracker physiology) with retrograde left second lumbar vein (L2LV) flow and regional spinal epidural venous plexus (EVP) congestion. We hypothesized that the spinal EVP congestion subsequently causes a secondary congestion of the cerebral venous system, which then leads to an elevation of CSF pressure above that individuals CSF pressure set point. This results in a daily headache from onset. Thus, eliminating the spinal EVP could conceivably improve or eliminate the manifested headache syndrome. We now present a case series of four patients with long-term follow-up utilizing lumbar vein coil embolization as a new therapeutic approach. In each patient, the MR angiography findings were verified by catheter-based venography. Treatment consisted of endovascular embolization of the second lumbar vein. Four patients have had coil embolization of which three are 1 year or longer from their procedure while one is 10 months posttreatment. All patients were women. Duration of daily headache prior to embolization ranged from 4 to 8 years. Post-embolization: Three patients are either headache free or 90-95% improved with substantial pain free time. There were no procedure-related complications. Our results suggest that embolization of L2LV in a specific patient population with nutcracker physiology may substantially improve head pain issues. This is a minimally invasive outpatient technique with no apparent side effects.

Cigarette smoking history (personal and secondary childhood exposure) in non-cluster headache trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias: A clinic based study.

OBJECTIVE: To look at cigarette smoking history (personal and secondary exposure as a child) in non-cluster headache trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias seen at a headache clinic and to determine smoking exposure prevalence utilizing previously published data. METHODS: Retrospective chart review and PubMed/Google Scholar search. RESULTS: Forty-eight clinic patients met ICHD-3 criteria for non-cluster headache trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Four had paroxysmal hemicrania, 75% were smokers and secondary exposure was noted in all. 16 patients had short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) or short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with autonomic symptoms (SUNA), 12.5% were smokers and secondary exposure was noted in 91%. Twenty-eight patients had hemicrania continua, 21% were smokers and secondary exposure was found in 62.5%.Since 1974 there have been 88 paroxysmal hemicrania, 50 SUNCT or SUNA and 89 hemicrania continua patients with a documented smoking exposure history. From current data and previous studies, a smoking history was noted in 60% paroxysmal hemicrania, 18% SUNCT and SUNA and 21% hemicrania continua patients. CONCLUSION: A cigarette smoking history appears to be connected to paroxysmal hemicrania (personal and secondary exposure) and possibly to SUNCT/SUNA (secondary) and hemicrania continua (secondary).

High overlap in patients diagnosed with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or hypermobile spectrum disorders with fibromyalgia and 40 self-reported symptoms and comorbidities.

Background: Joint pain is a common symptom in patients with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS), hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD) and fibromyalgia. The goal of this study was to determine whether symptoms and comorbidities overlap in patients diagnosed with hEDS/HSD and/or fibromyalgia. Methods: We retrospectively examined self-reported data from an EDS Clinic intake questionnaire in patients diagnosed with hEDS/HSD, fibromyalgia, or both vs. controls with an emphasis on joint issues. Results: From 733 patients seen at the EDS Clinic, 56.5% (n = 414) were diagnosed with hEDS/HSD and fibromyalgia (Fibro), 23.8% (n = 167) hEDS/HSD, 13.3% (n = 98) fibromyalgia, or 7.4% (n = 54) none of these diagnoses. More patients were diagnosed with HSD (76.6%) than hEDS (23.4%). Patients were primarily White (95%) and female (90%) with a median age in their 30s (controls 36.7 [18.0, 70.0], fibromyalgia 39.7 [18.0, 75.0], hEDS/HSD 35.0 [18.0, 71.0], hEDS/HSD&Fibro 31.0 [18.0, 63.0]). There was high overlap in all 40 symptoms/comorbidities that we examined in patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia only or hEDS/HSD&Fibro, regardless of whether they had hEDS or HSD. Patients that only had hEDS/HSD without fibromyalgia had far fewer symptoms/comorbidities than patients with hEDS/HSD&Fibro. The top self-reported issues in patients that only had fibromyalgia were joint pain, hand pain when writing or typing, brain fog, joint pain keeping from daily activities, allergy/atopy and headache. Five issues that significantly and uniquely characterized patients diagnosed with hEDS/HSD&Fibro were subluxations (dislocations in hEDS patients), joint issues like sprains, the need to stop sports due to injuries, poor wound healing, and migraine. Conclusion: The majority of patients seen at the EDS Clinic had a diagnosis of hEDS/HSD plus fibromyalgia that was associated with more severe disease. Our findings indicate that fibromyalgia should be routinely assessed in patients with hEDS/HSD and vis-a-versa to improve patient care.

Comparison of Migraine Characteristics in Patients With and Without Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Survey studies have found an increased prevalence of migraine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the clinical characteristics of migraines in this population are unknown. We conducted a retrospective medical record review study to characterize migraines in the IBD population. METHODS: Six hundred seventy-five migraine patients (280 with IBD, 395 without IBD) who were evaluated at Mayo Clinic Rochester, Mayo Clinic Arizona, or Mayo Clinic Florida between July 2009 and March 2021 were included. Patients with ICD codes for migraine and either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were selected. Electronic health care records were reviewed. Patients confirmed to have IBD and migraine were included. Demographic, IBD, and migraine characteristics were collected. Statistical analysis was completed using SAS. RESULTS: Patients with IBD were less often male (8.6% vs 21.3%, P < .001) and had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (>2: 24.6% vs 15.7%, P = .003); 54.6% had CD and 39.3% had UC. Patients with IBD had migraine with aura and without aura more frequently ( OR 2.20, P < .001 and OR 2.79, P < .001, respectively) than non-IBD patients. Additionally, those with IBD less commonly had chronic migraine (OR 0.23, P < .001) and less commonly had chronic migraine or treatment for migraine (ORs 0.23-0.55, P ≤ .002). CONCLUSIONS: Migraine with and without aura have increased prevalence in IBD patients. Further study of this topic will be helpful to clarify the prevalence of migraine, establish this population's response to treatment, and better understand the reason(s) for a low rate of treatment.

Update in the understanding of new daily persistent headache.

Background Accumulating evidence suggests various specific triggers may lead to new daily persistent headache (NDPH)-like presentations, suggesting that new daily persistent headache is a heterogenous syndrome, and challenging the concept that new daily persistent headache is a primary headache disorder.Method We searched the PubMed database up to August 2022 for keywords including persistent daily headache with both primary and secondary etiologies. We summarized the literature and provided a narrative review of the clinical presentation, diagnostic work-ups, possible pathophysiology, treatment response, and clinical outcomes.Results and conclusion New daily persistent headache is a controversial but clinically important topic. New daily persistent headache is likely not a single entity but a syndrome with different etiologies. The issue with past studies of new daily persistent headache is that patients with different etiologies/subtypes were pooled together. Different studies may investigate distinct subsets of patients, which renders the inter-study comparison, both positive and negative results, difficult. The identification (and removal) of a specific trigger might provide the opportunity for clinical improvement in certain patients, even when the disease has lasted for months or years. Nonetheless, if there is a specific trigger, it remains unknown or unidentified for a great proportion of the patients. We need to continue to study this unique headache population to better understand underlying pathogenesis and, most importantly, to establish effective treatment strategies that hopefully resolve the continuous cycle of pain.

Transvenous embolization of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas: Independent validation and feasibility of upper-extremity approach and using dual-microcatheter and balloon pressure cooker technique.

BACKGROUND: Transvenous embolization is emerging as a promising treatment for cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas (CVF) associated with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). OBJECTIVE: To perform an independent validation of the efficacy and safety of the procedure and describe the procedural techniques used at our institution. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed including consecutive patients with SIH who had undergone CVF embolization with 3-month clinical and imaging follow-up. Clinical evaluation included the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Scale and six-item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). Bern SIH score was used for imaging evaluation on brain MRI. Post-treatment changes in scores were assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Procedural technical details, including use of upper-extremity access and dual-microcatheter pressure cooker technique, were recorded. RESULTS: 18 patients (13 female, median age 60 years) were included. 17 (94%) procedures were performed with upper-extremity access and 12 (67%) using dual-microcatheter pressure cooker technique. After embolization, 16 (89%) patients reported much or very much improved at follow-up PGIC; median (IQR) HIT-6 score improved from 68 (62-72) to 36 (36-38) and Bern SIH score improved from 8 (6-8) to 3 (1.5-3.5), p values <0.001. Side effects were transient embolization site back pain in 15 (83%) and rebound intracranial hypertension requiring medical management in 9 (50%) patients. HIT-6 and Bern SIH score changes were similar between conventional and pressure cooker techniques (p values >0.05). CONCLUSION: Transvenous embolization is independently validated as a highly effective and safe treatment for CVF and is feasible using upper-extremity venous access. Dual-microcatheter and balloon/coil pressure cooker techniques may be used to optimize distribution of embolic material and potentially, treatment efficacy.

Lateral Decubitus Dynamic CT Myelography with Real-Time Bolus Tracking (dCTM-BT) for Evaluation of CSF-Venous Fistulas: Diagnostic Yield Stratified by Brain Imaging Findings.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CSF-venous fistulas (CVFs) associated with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) may have a transient appearance, relative to contrast arrival, which may influence the diagnostic performance of lateral decubitus CT myelography (CTM). We developed a dynamic CTM protocol using real-time bolus-tracking (dCTM-BT) to improve the temporal resolution and standardize the timing of CTM acquisitions post-intrathecal contrast administration. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the feasibility of the dCTM-BT technique and evaluate its diagnostic yield for CVF detection, stratified by brain MRI SIH findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with suspected SIH without extradural fluid collection on spine MRI who underwent dCTM-BT were retrospectively reviewed. CT bolus monitoring was performed at the upper thoracic level. Following the visualization of dense intrathecal contrast, at least 3 CTM acquisitions of the spine were obtained and reviewed by 2 neuroradiologists. The Bern SIH score was calculated on the brain MRI. The diagnostic yield for CVF detection was evaluated, stratified by Bern score categories and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: Out of 48 patients, 23 (48%) had a CVF on dCTM-BT, located at T1-5 (n = 4), T6-12 (n = 18), L1 (n = 1), with 70% on the right. CVF was identified in 22/22 (100%) of patients who had a high Bern score, 1/7 (14%) of those who had an intermediate score, and 0/19 (0%) of those who had a low score. The area under the ROC curve was 0.99 (95% CI, 0.98-1.00). The optimal cutoff was a Bern score of ≥5 (96% sensitivity, 100% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: dCTM-BT is feasible and has excellent diagnostic performance for CVF identification/localization. The Bern score is strongly associated with CVF detection and may help inform who will benefit from dCTM-BT.

Daily persistent headache with nutcracker physiology and spinal epidural venous congestion: Treatment with lumbar vein embolization.

Nutcracker phenomenon (NCP) can cause various congestion syndromes secondary to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) compressing the left renal vein (LRV) resulting in venous reflux. It has recently been suggested that reflux into the lumbar vein (LV) and epidural venous plexus (EVP) may cause headaches in some patients with NCP. This report illustrates an example of a patient with refractory headaches and imaging findings suggestive of NCP that underwent treatment with percutaneous LV embolization. The patient is a 60-year-old female with daily persistent headaches for 5 years that failed numerous headache preventative medications. Time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated NCP with reflux and congestion of the LV and EVP. Catheter-based venography confirmed these findings and the patient was treated with percutaneous embolization of the LV. This case report demonstrates the use of LV embolization to prevent EVP reflux and treat daily headaches due to NCP. The patient's headache resolved the next day. She has been headache-free for 5 months post-treatment. These findings support prior data suggesting that NCP can cause retrograde LV flow, EVP congestion, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressures leading to daily persistent headaches. Percutaneous embolization of the LV may be a minimally invasive treatment option for refractory headaches in patients with NCP, retrograde LV flow, and EVP congestion.

Sex differences in comorbidities associated with Sjögren's disease.

Background: Little is known about the association of comorbidities with sex and age at diagnosis in Sjögren's disease. We tested the hypothesis that sex differences occur in comorbidities in patients with Sjögren's disease. Methods: Patients with Sjögren's disease were identified from 11/1974 to 7/2018 in the Mayo Clinic electronic medical record and assessed for 22 comorbidities according to sex and age at diagnosis. Results: Of the 13,849 patients identified with Sjögren's disease, 11,969 (86%) were women and 1,880 (14%) men, primarily white (88%) with a sex ratio of 6.4:1 women to men. The mean age at diagnosis was 57 years for women and 59.7 years for men, and 5.6% had a diagnosis of fibromyalgia at Sjögren's diagnosis. Men with Sjögren's disease were more likely than women to be a current or past smoker. The average time to diagnosis of comorbidities after diagnosis of Sjögren's disease was 2.6 years. The top comorbidities in patients with Sjögren's disease were fibromyalgia (25%), depression (21.2%) and pain (16.4%). Comorbidities that occurred more often in women were hypermobile syndromes (31:1), CREST (29:1), migraine (23:1), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) (22:1), Raynaud's syndrome (15:1), SLE (13:1), systemic sclerosis (SSc) (13:1), and fibromyalgia (12:1). Women with Sjögren's disease were at increased risk of developing hypermobile syndromes (RR 7.27, CI 1.00-52.71, p = 0.05), EDS (RR 4.43, CI 1.08-18.14, p = 0.039), CREST (RR 4.24, CI 1.56-11.50, p = 0.005), migraine (RR 3.67, CI 2.39-5.62, p < 0.001), fibromyalgia (RR 2.26, CI 1.92-2.66, p < 0.001), Raynaud's syndrome (RR 2.29, CI 1.77-2.96, p < 0.001), SLE (RR 2.13, CI 1.64-2.76, p < 0.001), and SSc (RR 2.05 CI 1.44-2.92; p < 0.001). In contrast, men with Sjögren's were at increased risk for developing myocardial infarction (RR 0.44, CI 0.35-0.55, p < 0.001), atherosclerosis/CAD (RR 0.44, CI 0.39-0.49, p < 0.001), cardiomyopathy (RR 0.63, CI 0.46-0.86, p = 0.003), stroke (RR 0.66 CI 0.51-0.85, p = 0.001), and congestive heart failure (RR 0.70, CI 0.57-0.85, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The top comorbidities in Sjögren's disease were fibromyalgia, depression, and pain. Women with Sjögren's disease had a higher relative risk of developing fibromyalgia, depression, pain, migraine, hypermobile syndrome, EDS and other rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Men with Sjögren's disease had higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Establishing an Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Clinic: Lessons Learned.

In a large academic medical center, patient requests from the community and internal referrals for evaluation of suspected hypermobility conditions were being denied consultation because services specific to this condition were not available. We identified this gap and developed a comprehensive evaluation for this unique patient population. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a solution for improving outcomes in a neglected patient population by establishing an innovative outpatient clinic specifically tailored for patients with EDS. We describe the lessons learned on establishing a specialty clinic for treating patients with hypermobility syndromes including hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobile syndrome disorder (HSD). Findings were collected from a patient focus group that was instrumental in understanding common care gaps. We document the firsthand perspective of three patients presenting with hypermobility accompanied by joint pain and denote the complicated state of healthcare in recognizing and treating this condition. A summary of patient demographics and characteristics was collected from patients seen in the clinic from November 14, 2019 to April 13, 2021. The firsthand accounts illustrate the challenges faced in treating this condition and the need for, and success of, this clinic using a coordinated care model. Demographics reveal a primarily white female population under the age of 50 with many comorbidities. Genetic testing was largely negative, with more patients diagnosed with HSD than hEDS. Our shared experience of launching a successful EDS clinic may assist other clinicians in establishing similar care models.

Oxygen Therapy in Cluster Headache, Migraine, and Other Headache Disorders.

Oxygen therapy (OT) can relieve head pain in certain primary headache disorders, including cluster headache (CH). The exact underlying mechanism is currently uncertain, but suggested mechanisms include inhibition of the trigeminoautonomic reflex, modulation of neurotransmitters, and cerebral vasoconstriction. OT is the standard for acute treatment of CH, but patients with CH often experience considerable difficulties accessing home OT due to problems with insurance coverage. Inhalation of 100% oxygen at 6-12 L/min for 15-30 min using a non-rebreather face mask is one of the most effective acute therapies for CH, but several trials have indicated the superiority of higher oxygen flow rates of up to 15 L/min and/or using a demand-valve oxygen mask that can produce very high flow rates. Two randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of OT in migraine, but obtaining reliable evidence is considered difficult because of different inhalation protocols, varying outcome measures, and small samples. There are some reports on the efficacy of OT as an adjuvant therapy in hypnic headache, primary headache in the emergency department, and even postdural puncture headache. The goal of this review article is to expand the knowledge regarding the use of oxygen in the treatment of headache disorders.

Nutcracker phenomenon with a daily persistent headache as the primary symptom: Case series and a proposed pathogenesis model based on a novel MRI technique to evaluate for spinal epidural venous congestion.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a specific population of patients with a daily persistent headache from onset have underlying nutcracker physiology and to propose a pathogenesis model for their headaches utilizing a novel MRI protocol. BACKGROUND: A single case report of a daily persistent headache associated with nutcracker syndrome was recently published. As the left renal vein has a connection to the spinal lumbar veins and secondarily to the spinal epidural venous plexus, one could hypothesize that renal vein compression could lead to persistent headache by altering spinal and cerebral venous pressure with secondary alterations in CSF pressure. The authors have published on a series of patients with a unique subtype of daily persistent headache from onset that appears to be caused by an abnormal reset of CSF pressure to an elevated state. The goal of the present study was to look for the presence of nutcracker physiology in this unique patient subgroup and to propose a pathogenesis model utilizing a novel MRI protocol to evaluate for retrograde lumbar vein flow and regional spinal epidural venous plexus congestion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case series of patients with a daily persistent headache from onset, head pressure, and whose headaches worsened in the Trendelenburg position. Patients were imaged with a 3 T MRI in the supine position from the lower diaphragm to the top of the pelvis with a dynamic angiogram centered over the left L2 lumbar vein. RESULTS: 12 patients were studied of which 8 were positive for left renal vein compression, lumbar vein dilation and early spinal epidural venous plexus enhancement. All were women. Mean age of headache onset was 39 years. Six of the 8 patients had a lumbar puncture, and all had a normal opening pressure. All improved with CSF volume removal although pain resolution lasted from hours to 6 months. The patient's headaches were marked by holocranial pressure and the majority displayed migrainous associated symptoms although none had a prior headache history. They did not complain of typical symptoms or signs of nutcracker syndrome. CONCLUSION: We suggest that patients with a daily persistent headache from onset who worsen in the Trendelenburg position may have underlying nutcracker physiology. From our imaging findings, it can be hypothesized that left renal vein compression leads to retrograde flow through the valveless lumbar vein which then leads to spinal epidural venous congestion and subsequently causes congestion of the cerebral venous system leading to an elevation of CSF pressure and to a daily headache. What appears to be unique about these patients is that a daily headache is their only manifestation of nutcracker physiology.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome developing after an erenumab injection for migraine prevention.

BACKGROUND: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is normally triggered by vasoactive compounds or illicit drugs. A new type of migraine preventive medication blocks calcitonin gene-related peptide utilizing monoclonal antibodies. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator for the cerebrovascular system. Could blocking calcitonin gene-related peptide be a trigger for cerebral artery vasospasm in patients susceptible to developing reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (migraine patients) or in individuals using vasoactive compounds? We present a case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome occurring after calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody treatment. CASE REPORT: A 43-year -old woman with a history of episodic migraine developed an acute headache with orgasm two days after taking her second injection of erenumab. Ten days after erenumab injection she developed a thunderclap headache while completing a high intensity workout. These new headaches were only left sided. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated mild to moderate areas of narrowing involving the left middle and anterior cerebral arteries, concerning for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. She denied exposure to any known reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome precipitant medication or illicit drugs. She did endorse recent exposure to high altitude prior to erenumab therapy. She was started on verapamil 40 mg three times per day and her headache ceased within 24 h of initiating treatment. A repeat CT angiogram completed 4 weeks after the initial study noted resolution of the areas of vessel stenosis. CONCLUSION: A case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome developing after treatment with a calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody is presented. The timing of the new type of headache occurring 2 days post erenumab injection suggests a possible cause and effect relationship. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome as a possible treatment-related complication to the usage of calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies needs to be studied further.

A Case-Control Study of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is known through referral center databases that may be affected by referral, misclassification, and other biases. We sought to determine the community-based incidence and natural history of PPCM using the Rochester Epidemiology Project. METHODS AND RESULTS: Incident cases of PPCM occurring between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 2014, were identified in Olmsted County, Minnesota. A total of 15 PPCM cases were confirmed yielding an incidence of 20.3 cases per 100,000 live births in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clinical information, disease characteristics, and outcomes were extracted from medical records in a 27-county region of the Rochester Epidemiology Project including Olmsted County and matched in a 1:2 ratio with pregnant women without PPCM. A total of 48 women were identified with PPCM in the expanded 27-county region. There was 1 death and no transplants over a median of 7.3 years of follow-up. Six of the 23 women with subsequent pregnancies developed recurrent PPCM, all of whom recovered. Migraine and anxiety were identified as novel possible risk factors for PPCM. CONCLUSIONS: The population-based incidence of PPCM was 20.3 cases per 100,000 live births in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Cardiovascular outcomes were generally excellent in this community cohort.

A Reversible Cytotoxic Lesion of the Corpus Callosum Developing after a Rapid Alteration in Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure/Volume in a Patient with New Daily Persistent Headache.

A case is presented of a woman with a history of daily persistent head pressure and dizziness who developed a cytotoxic lesion of the splenium of the corpus callosum after an acute withdrawal of chronic acetazolamide treatment and then, in quick succession, a CSF pressure/volume drop with a lumbar puncture. This is the first documentation that rapid alterations of CSF pressure/volume may trigger cytotoxic lesions in the central nervous system.

Daily persistent headache after a viral illness during a worldwide pandemic may not be a new occurrence: Lessons from the 1890 Russian/Asiatic flu.

New daily persistent headache was first documented in the medical literature in the 1980s. The leading trigger is a viral illness. As we navigate our way thru the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, looking back at past viral epidemics may help guide us for what to expect in the near future in regard to headaches as a persistent manifestation of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The 1890 viral pandemic known as the "Russian or Asiatic flu", has extensive documentation about the neurologic sequelae that presented months to years after the pandemic ended. One of the complications was daily persistent headache. There are actually many similarities between the viral presentation of the 1890 pandemic and the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which may then suggest that not only will NDPH be part of the neurological sequelae but a possible key consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

COVID-19 and Headache Medicine: A Narrative Review of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) and Corticosteroid Use.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current literature on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and corticosteroid use during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, recognizing that these are commonly used treatments in the field of headache medicine. BACKGROUND: The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids in patients during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a controversial topic within the medical community and international and national health organizations. Lay press and social media outlets have circulated opinions on this topic despite the fact that the evidence for or against the use of these medications is sparse. In the field of headache medicine, these medications are used commonly and both patients and clinicians may have questions or hesitations pertaining to their use during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A detailed search of the scientific and popular literature was performed. RESULTS: There is limited literature pertaining to the safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids during the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, there are no clear scientific data that preclude the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the general population who may acquire COVID-19 or in those acutely infected with the virus. Several health organizations have concluded that treatment with corticosteroids during active infection should be avoided due to concerns of prolonged viral shedding in the respiratory tract and the lack of survival benefit based on the data from past coronaviruses and influenza virus; specific exceptions exist including treatment for underlying asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, septic shock, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSION: Scientific information regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is constantly evolving, and limited or contradictory information can lead to confusion for both patients and clinicians. It is recommended that prior to prescribing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids for the treatment of headache, clinicians have open discussions with their patients about the potential risks and benefits of using these medications during the COVID-19 pandemic. This manuscript summarizes the currently available evidence and understanding about these risks and benefits to help clinicians navigate such discussions.

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Migraine-Related Disability in CADASIL: A Mayo Clinic Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is inherited microangiopathy characterized by recurrent subcortical infarcts. A majority of those with CADASIL report coexistent migraine with aura. The authors aim to quantitatively describe migraine-related disability within a CADASIL cohort. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed in a cohort of CADASIL. The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) quantified migraine-related disability. Further metrics obtained include first and last migraine, aura semiology, and therapeutic measures. RESULTS: Twenty-four individuals were included [63% (15/24) female individuals; mean age, 56 y; range, 34 to 81 y]. Fifty-four percent (13/24) reported migraine, whereas 46% (11/24) reporting varying degrees of migraine-related disability. MIDAS Questionnaire scores appeared bimodal: 58% (14/24) scored 0 to 5, 7% (1/24) scored 6 to 10, 7% (1/24) scored 11 to 20 and 33% (8/24) scored over 20. Severe disability was associated with the multiplicity of aura semiologies and poor response to pharmacologic prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: A bimodal distribution of migraine-related disability was observed. A third of individuals had a severe disability and appeared medically refractory to medical migraine prophylactic measures. This study may serve as a reference point for future trials quantitatively gauging response of novel migraine treatment strategies within this unique population.

A sleep modulated Channelopathy: a novel CACNA1A pathogenic variant identified in episodic Ataxia type 2 and a potential link to sleep alleviated migraine.

BACKGROUND: To describe a patient with sleep alleviated episodic ataxia type 2 with a novel CACNA1A pathogenic variant and provide a possible link to sleep responsive migraine. CASE PRESENTATION: A 26-year-old woman with recurrent attacks of dizziness, nausea, vomiting, ataxia and dysarthria presented for a possible diagnosis of vestibular migraine. Unique to her attacks was if she could fall asleep for as little as 15 min the spells would subside. If however she remained awake the attacks would continue unabated. A presumed diagnosis of episodic ataxia type 2 was made and she became attack free on acetazolamide without recurrence. Genetic testing demonstrated a novel pathogenic variant in CACNA1A on chromosome 19. This pathogenic variant has not been previously reported in the literature and is suggested to truncate the CACNA1A polypeptide by introducing a premature stop codon. CONCLUSION: A case of episodic ataxia type 2 with a novel pathogenic variant in CACNA1A is described. Interestingly, the patient's symptoms would completely alleviate with sleep which suggests a sleep modulated channelopathy. The mechanisms by which sleep could potentially alter this pathogenic variant are hypothesized. A potential link to sleep alleviated migraine is suggested. Further study of this novel pathogenic variant may help us understand not only how sleep can modulate episodic ataxia type 2, but also migraine.