[Regularities of the refractive genesis of school myopia and criteria for its prediction].

The paper provides the data of a 2-year monitoring of ocular refraction in 327 consecutive 10-14-year-old schoolchildren (654 eyes) unrandomized under natural conditions and cycloplegia. The authors studied whether there was an association of refraction and its changes with absolute and relative accommodation, habitual accommodation tonicity, the length of the anteroposterior optic axis, and the presence of pseudomyopathy and astigmatism. Over 2 years, myopia occurred in 15.4% of the eyes, its degree increased from -0.88 (-1.37/-0.50) to -1.25 (-2.31/-0.62) diopters. Criteria for myopia prediction were identified. These included a relative accommodation reserve of less than 2.5 diopters, an anteroposterior optic axis length of more than 24.33 mm, a habitual accommodation tonicity of less than + 0.41 diopters, the presence of pseudomyopia (77.8% of cases), reversed astigmatism and underlying emmetropia. A mathematical model was constructed for prediction of myopia, the proportion of its correct prediction being 90.4%, which makes it possible to recommend for clinical application.

[Accommodation in the young age. Norm and pathology]. / Akkomodatsiia v molodom vozraste. Norma i patologiia.

The review describes the main provisions of theories and understanding related with the physiology and pathology of accommodation from the time of Helmholtz up to the present-day; besides, methods of therapy and prophylaxis in accommodation disturbances in young people are summarized.

[Possibilities of special correction in restoration of reading capacity in poorly sighted patients]. / Vozmozhnosti spetsial'noi korrektsii v vosstanovlenii sposobnosti k chteniiu slabovidiashchikh.

A total of 1012 patients aged 6-94 years (31.9% aged under 19 years, 25.2% aged 20-60 years, and 42.9% aged over 60) with poor sight, 83% of whom could not read book type, were examined. Corrected far visual acuity was 0.03-0.35, in 52.7% of these 0.1-0.2 and in 38.2% less than 0.1. The most incident diseases were retinal and optic nerve disease (40.6%), complicated myopia (15%), congenital ocular diseases (17.3%), aphakia (9.8%), and glaucoma (7.9%). In order to select correction, near visual acuity, reading acuity, and reading speed were evaluated. Optic magnifiers, such as hyperocular eyeglasses, magnifying glasses of different types (supporting, applied, special, manual, and telescopic) were used for correction. Four-fold magnifiers were prescribed most often (67.3%). Optic magnifiers allowed reading in 78% cases. The decisive factors of the device efficiency were reading acuity (no more than 48 points) and reading speed (at least 200 signs/min). Ocular disease, visual field status, patient's age and psychosomatic state, and technological characteristics of the device are also important factors.

[Changes in the objective accommodation indices in myopia and the assessment of the results of accommodation training]. / Izmenenie ob''ektivnykh pokazatelei akkomodatsii pri miopii i otsenka rezul'tatov akkomodatsionnykh trenirovok.

Objective parameters of accommodation (amplitude, time of response, and stability) were evaluated in patients with myopia aged 7-22 years on an AA-2000 Nidek accommodographer. A decrease in accommodation response depended on age and degree of myopia. Rapid accommodation parameters were in high correlation with the relative accommodation reserve. Three groups of patients with different efficiency of accommodation training were distinguished: with positive effect (77.1%), no effect, and paradoxical effect.

[Clinical picture and treatment of diplopia]. / K klinike i lecheniiu stoikoi diplopii.

A total of 203 patients with stable binocular diplopia were observed. Examinations included coordimetry, analysis of double images, and investigation of the doubling field in the gaze field. All examinations were performed using an original method with a serial computer. The treatment included therapy of the underlying disease, choice of correcting prisms, exercises aimed at extension of separate vision field, and operation on the oculomotor muscles. Three main forms of diplopia were distinguished: 1) muscular; 2) sensory; and 3) mixed. The first form includes diplopias in paresis of n.III and n.IV, n.VI, late development of convergent squint, orbital injuries, endocrine ophthalmopathy, and myasthenia. The second form includes diplopias developing after delayed operations for convergent squint, and the third form are diplopias after operations for detachment of the retina and implantation of intraocular lenses. The treatment led to complete neutralization of doubling in 18.7% cases, neutralization in the main part of the gaze field in 53.7%, the same with prism correction in 12.8% cases; in 14.8% patients adaptation to diplopia was attained after suppression of the second image. Diplopia in late squint is prognostically the most favorable, and the following conditions are listed in the order of more or less good prognosis: paresis of n.VI, n.IV, orbital injuries, endocrine ophthalmopathy, and artiphakia. The least favorable prognoses are for patients after delayed operation for squint and detachment of the retina. A new operation, plastic repair of the external m. rectus, was used in 96 patients with pareses of n.VI; no compensation was attained in only 2 patients.

[Table for assessing visual acuity in children]. / Tablitsa dlia issledovaniia ostroty zreniia u detei.

A table of silhouette patterns meeting the requirements of ISO standard is developed in Russia. The aim of this work was to assess by ISO method the correspondence of visual acuity evaluated by the pattern table to visual acuity evaluated by Landolt rings and select the patterns the recognition of which is most of all similar to recognition of Landolt's rings. Visual acuity was examined by the ISO method in 10 subjects with visual acuity of 1.0. Visual acuity assessed by patterns corresponded to that assessed by Landolt's rings if the examinee was acquainted with all tests. Recognition of patterns was assessed in 22 children aged 3.5-5.5 years. Patterns which were identified in less than 50% cases were excluded from the tables. The proposed table can be used in practical ophthalmology, because the results of visometry using this table are compatible with the results of examination by means of Landolt's rings.

[Prevention of visual fatigue in computer users by eyeglasses with spectral filters]. / Profilaktika zritel'nogo utomleniia u pol'zovatelei komp'iuterami s pomoshch'iu ochkov so spektral'nym fil'trom.

Color-contrast optic filters are developed for improving the color discriminating capacity of eyes exposed to video display terminals. These filters are applied as a coating on correcting or common glasses. Effects of such eyeglasses on visual functions accommodation, frequency-contrast sensitivity, and critical frequency of flashes fusion (CFFF) were studied in 23 PC users with visual acuity of 1.0 with correction. Wearing of eyeglasses with filters promoted shifting of the most distant point of clear vision further and increased the accommodation volume, contrast sensitivity at the low and decreased it at the medium and high frequencies. CFFF was not changed. Wearing of eyeglasses with filters for 4 h of working at a display caused shifting of the nearest and most distant points of clear vision in comparison with the control group with the accommodation volume unchanged and preserved the high contrast sensitivity at the mean and low frequencies during the entire period of work. No changes in CFFF were noted. After 4 weeks of using eyeglasses with spectral filters, 86.9% of volunteers noted an improvement of visual working capacity and 13.1% considered there was no difference. Hence, eyeglasses with spectral filters are recommended as an ophthalmological measure preventing visual fatigue during long work with video displays.

[Ophthalmologic causes of traffic accidents]. / Oftal'mologicheskie prichiny dorozhno-transportnykh proisshestvii.

The review deals with association of traffic accidents and visual state of drivers. The study in healthy professional drivers covered influence of visual defect patterns (short sight, lower visual acuity, unilateral amblyopia and single eye) on quality of car driving. The driving quality appeared to be influenced by factor causing lower visual acuity (changes in refraction and opacity of transparent eye structures). Binocular vision plays insignificant role in driving and maneuvering. Lower quality of maneuvering results mainly from diplopia, but not from loss of stereoscopic vision.

[Spectral filters as a method of therapeutic correction]. / Spektral'nye fil'try kak vid lechebnoi korrektsii.

Spectral filters were used for additional correction of vision in 67 patients: in 15 adults with initial cataracts (intensive yellow filter), 26 children with albinism (yellow-brown filter), 14 children with macular hypoplasia (orange filter), and 12 children with aphakia after removal of congenital cataracts (yellow filter). Selection of the filter density is carried out using a special method including visocontrastometry, examination of sensitivity to lateral light, and study of color perception thresholds. Use of filters resulted in improvement of the vision acuity by 43.5% in patients with initial cataracts, by 10% in those with albinism, by 20% in those with macular hypoplasia, and by 22% in those with aphakia; moreover, an improvement of the frequency-contrast characteristics was observed, as well as a reduction of photophobia, and a reduction of vision amplitude in patients with nystagmus. The possible applications of spectral correction are discussed.

[Occupational ophthalmopathy]. / Professional'naia oftal'mopatiia.

The authors describe a syndrome diagnosed in workers who perform tasks requiring visual strain. The syndrome comprises worse visual control, discomfort in orbital area and characteristic changes of refraction and accommodation. The young people having emmetropia and myopia demonstrate temporary and later consistent increase of refraction, and the elderly ones--decreased refraction and early development of presbyopia. In both cases marked fall of accommodation was shown. The article suggests also a possible scheme describing pathogenesis of the syndrome.

[The clinical trial of a prototype of the new LAR-2 serially produced laser optometer]. / Klinicheskaia aprobatsiia obraztsa novogo seriinogo lazernogo optometra LAR-2.

Based on results of clinical trials of a new commercial laser optometer LAR-2, the authors suggest methodologic recommendations for ametropia diagnosis making use of this apparatus. The new device can adequately solve the major refraction problems: express diagnosis of ametropia, specification of the optimal vision correction in selection of eyeglasses, assessment of dynamic refraction. LAR-2 was found useful in the treatment of vision fatigue and amblyopia. A conclusion is made about diagnostic and clinical fitness of LAR-2 laser optometer; some minor shortcomings of the device are to be eliminated.

[Ophthalmopathy caused by precision work of sorters of precious stones]. / Oftal'mopatiia pri pretsizionnoi rabote u sortirovshchits dragotsennykh kamnei.

A total of 440 female workers aged 17 to 50, whose work records ranged from 1 to 29 years, engaged in grading the diamonds by the color, shape, size, and quality (a total of 24 to 33 positions) were examined. A random sample of 110 subjects was singled out; this sample was divided into 2 equal groups with or without asthenopic complaints. The refraction, absolute accommodation volume, and relative accommodation reserves were under study. Comparison of these two groups of workers has shown that subjects with precision ophthalmopathy show a trend to a higher incidence of myopia, reduction of the absolute accommodation volume by 1.6 diopters and of the relative accommodation reserves by 1.3 diopters.