High-Voltage and Wide-Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Ultrathin MOF-Derived Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Modulated Ion Transport.

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) of superior ionic conductivity, long-term cycling stability, and good interface compatibility are regarded as promising candidates to enable the practical applications of solid lithium metal batteries (SLMBs). Here, a mixed-matrix SPE (MMSE) with incorporated metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and ionic liquid is prepared. The dissociation of Li salt in MMSE can be promoted effectively due to the introduction of MOF via the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, density functional theory calculation, and molecular dynamics simulation. The as-formed MMSE exhibits an ultralow thickness of 20 µm with a satisfactory ionic conductivity and lithium-ion transference number (1.1 mS cm-1 at 30 °C, 0.72). The optimized SLMBs with high-voltage LiMn0.75Fe0.25PO4 (LMFP) exhibit an excellent cyclability at 4.2 V under room temperature. Moreover, Li/MMSE/LiFePO4 cells have desirable cycle performance from -20 to 100 °C, and their capacity remains 143.3 mA h g-1 after being cycled 300 times at 10 C at 100 °C. The Li/LiFePO4 pouch cells also show excellent safety under extreme conditions. The Li symmetric cells can work steadily even at a supreme current density of 4 mA cm-2 at 100 °C. From the above analysis, these MMSEs present new opportunities for the development of SLMBs with good electrochemical properties.

One-dimensional CdS@Cd0.5Zn0.5S@ZnS-Ni(OH)2 nano-hybrids with epitaxial heterointerfaces and spatially separated photo-redox sites enabling highly-efficient visible-light-driven H2 evolution.

Photocatalytic solar-to-fuel conversion has been of great interest in recent years. Nevertheless, the rational structural manipulation of photocatalysts toward an efficient H2 evolution reaction (HER) is still under-developed. In this work, by employing CdS nanowires as the growth substrate, unique one-dimensional (1D) CdS@Cd0.5Zn0.5S@ZnS-Ni(OH)2 heterostructures were first synthesized through the ultrasonic water-bath reaction combined with subsequent hydrothermal and in situ photo-deposition processes. Under the optimized conditions, CS@30CZ0.5S@40ZS-3N with 30 wt% Cd0.5Zn0.5S, 40 wt% ZnS, and 3 wt% Ni(OH)2 achieves a visible-light-driven HER activity as high as 86.79 mmol h-1 g-1 (corresponding to an apparent quantum yield of 22.8% at 420 nm), which is 4 and 119 times higher than that of Pt-decorated CS@30CZ0.5S@40ZS and CdS, respectively. In addition, CdS@Cd0.5Zn0.5S@ZnS-Ni(OH)2 is also endowed with a good stability for H2 production under long-term irradiation. The spatial separation of photo-redox sites and epitaxial heterointerfaces in CdS@Cd0.5Zn0.5S@ZnS-Ni(OH)2 nanowires facilitate the charge transfer and separation effectively, accounting well for their superior photocatalytic capability. The results indicated in this work could benefit the exploitation of high-performance nanostructures for promising photocatalytic applications.

Accelerated charge transfer of Cd0.5Zn0.5S@ZnS core-shell nano-spheres via decoration of Ni2P and g-C3N4 toward efficient visible-light-driven H2 production.

Development of noble-metal-free photocatalysts for efficient H2 production from sunlight-driven water-splitting has aroused great interest in recent years. Herein, unique Cd0.5Zn0.5S@ZnS core-shell nano-spheres decorated with Ni2P and g-C3N4 cocatalysts were prepared for the first time, and they are highly active and stable toward the visible-light-driven (λ > 420 nm) H2 evolution reaction (HER). Noticeably, the optimized Cd0.5Zn0.5S@ZnS-Ni2P/g-C3N4 with 50 wt% ZnS, 3 wt% Ni2P, and 8 wt% g-C3N4 (CZ0.5S@50ZS-3N/8CN) exhibits a superior HER activity of 55.43 mmol·g-1·h-1, approximately 25 and 18 times higher than those of CZ0.5S@50ZS and Pt-decorated CZ0.5S@50ZS (CZ0.5S@50ZS-Pt), respectively. Meanwhile, the corresponding apparent quantum yield (AQY) at 420 nm is as high as 21%. It is revealed that the protective ZnS shell on the CZ0.5S core enhances the photo-stability of the hybrid significantly. Moreover, the synergistic effect of the Ni2P and g-C3N4 cocatalysts leads to the effective transfer and separation of charge carriers. The results presented in this work may pave the way for the ingenious design and fabrication of highly active nano-structures for sufficient solar utilization.

Unique 1D Cd1- x Znx S@O-MoS2 /NiOx Nanohybrids: Highly Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution via Integrated Structural Regulation.

Development of noble-metal-free photocatalysts for highly efficient sunlight-driven water splitting is of great interest. Nevertheless, for the photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER), the integrated regulation study on morphology, electronic band structures, and surface active sites of catalyst is still minimal up to now. Herein, well-defined 1D Cd1- x Znx S@O-MoS2 /NiOx hybrid nanostructures with enhanced activity and stability for photocatalytic HER are prepared. Interestingly, the band alignments, exposure of active sites, and interfacial charge separation of Cd1- x Znx S@O-MoS2 /NiOx are optimized by tuning the Zn-doping content as well as the growth of defect-rich O-MoS2 layer and NiOx nanoparticles, which endow the hybrids with excellent HER performances. Specifically, the visible-light-driven (>420 nm) HER activity of Cd1- x Znx S@O-MoS2 /NiOx with 15% Zn-doping and 0.2 wt% O-MoS2 (CZ0.15 S-0.2M-NiOx ) in lactic acid solution (66.08 mmol h-1 g-1 ) is about 25 times that of Pt loaded CZ0.15 S, which is further increased to 223.17 mmol h-1 g-1 when using Na2 S/Na2 SO3 as the sacrificial agent. Meanwhile, in Na2 S/Na2 SO3 solution, the CZ0.15 S-0.2M-NiOx sample demonstrates an apparent quantum yield of 64.1% at 420 nm and a good stability for HER under long-time illumination. The results presented in this work can be valuable inspirations for the exploitation of advanced materials for energy-related applications.

Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans: a literature assimilation.

Available literature data on five typical groups of emerging contaminants (EMCs), i.e., chlorinated paraffins (CPs), dechlorane plus and related compounds (DPs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), phthalate esters, and pyrethroids, accumulated between 2003 and 2013 were assimilated. Research efforts were categorized by environmental compartments and countries, so that global trends of research on EMCs and data gaps can be identified. The number of articles on the target EMCs ranged from 126 to 1,379 between 2003 and 2013. The numbers of articles on CPs, DPs, HBCDs, and pyrethroids largely followed the sequence of biota > sediment ≥ air > water ≥ soil > human tissue, whereas the sequence for phthalate esters was water > sediment > soil > human tissue ≥ biota ≥ air. Comprehensive studies on the target EMCs in biological samples and human tissues have been conducted worldwide. However, investigations into the occurrence of the target EMCs in soil of background areas and water are still scarce. Finally, developed and moderately developed countries, such as the USA, China, Canada, Japan, and Germany, were the main contributors to the global research efforts on EMCs, suggesting that economic prosperity may be one of the main factors propelling scientific research on EMCs.