Conception rate according to sire, body condition score and estrus occurrence of suckled Bos taurus beef cows submitted to timed artificial insemination / Taxa de concepção de acordo com o touro, escore de condição corporal e ocorrência de estro em vacas de corte Bos taurus lactantes submetidas à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of estrus expression, body condition score (BCS), different sires and semen batches on the conception rate of suckled Bos taurus beef cows submitted to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Data from 7,737 TAI were obtained from five farms in South Brazil. Cows received an estradiol plus progesterone-based estrous synchronization protocol. Only sires (n = 13) with at least two semen batches and 50 AI in two different lots were included in the study. Conception rate was higher for cows in estrus (66.8% vs. 26.3%) or with BCS ≥ 3 (57.2% vs. 51.6%) than in cows without estrus or BCS < 3, respectively (P≤0.001). Conception rate per sire ranged from 42.6% (Sire L) to 74.3% (Sire K). Conception rate in cows with BCS ≥ 3 and estrus occurrence varied from 47.4% (Sire L) to 86.1% (Sire A) among sires. Conception rate differed among semen batches of the same sire (B1 = 58.5%, B2 = 62.5%, and B3 = 83.2%). In conclusion, there was individual variation in conception rate among AI sires and semen batches within sires. The conception rate was increased by estrus occurrence and greater BCS.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da manifestação de estro, o escore de condição corporal (ECC), os diferentes touros e partidas de sêmen na taxa de concepção de vacas Bos taurus lactantes de corte submetidas à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Dados de 7.737 IATF foram obtidos em cinco fazendas do sul do Brasil. As vacas receberam um protocolo de sincronização de estro à base de estradiol e progesterona. Somente touros (n=13) com no mínimo duas partidas e 50 inseminações em dois lotes diferentes foram incluídos no estudo. A taxa de concepção foi maior nas vacas em estro (66,8% vs. 26,3%) ou com ECC ≥ 3 (57,2% vs. 51,6%) do que em vacas sem estro ou com menor ECC, respectivamente (P≤0,001). A taxa de concepção por touro variou de 42,6% (Touro L) a 74,3% (Touro K). A taxa de concepção em vacas que demonstraram estro e com ECC ≥3 variou de 47,4% (Touro L) a 86,1% (Touro A) entre os touros. A taxa de concepção diferiu entre partidas de um mesmo touro (B1=58,5%, B2=62,5% e B3=83,2%). Em conclusão, houve variação individual na taxa de concepção entre touros e entre as partidas de sêmen de um mesmo touro. A taxa de concepção foi aumentada pela ocorrência de estro e maior ECC.

Effect of plasma separation techniques and sperm selection on sperm recovery and viability of cooled pony stallion semen for 48h at 5°C / [Efeito das técnicas de separação de plasma e de seleção de esperma na recuperação e viabilidade do sêmen de garanhão pônei resfriado por 48h a 5°C]

Separation techniques of seminal plasma [centrifugation (SC) and Sperm Filter® (SF)] and sperm selection [Androcoll-E (SCA) and filtration glass wool (GW)] were used in 24 ejaculates from 6 stallions. In experiment 1, the ejaculates were allocated into control (no spin), centrifugation at 600 g x 10min, SF and GW. In experiment 2, semen was submitted to SC, SGA and filtered through GW. Following the treatments in both experiments, samples were kept chilled at 5°C to 50 x 106 sperm/ml for 48h. The variables measured on fresh and cooling semen were pH, motility, membrane viability function by 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide (CFDA / PI), viability or vitality (eosin / nigrosine) and mitochondrial activity. In experiment 1, centrifugation to remove seminal plasma resulted in greater damage to sperm than separation by sperm filter, and selection by glass wool was more efficient in separating viable cells and maintaining viability during cooling. In experiment 2 Androcoll-E and glass wool treatments resulted in higher (P <0.0001) motility, membrane function, mitochondrial activity, and viability than centrifuged semen. Both selection by Androcoll- E and glass wool improved the quality of semen pony stallions for preservation for up to 48h to 5ºC.(AU)

As técnicas de separação do plasma seminal (centrifugação, SpermFilter) e de seleção espermática (Androcoll-E e filtração por lã de vidro) foram aplicadas em 24 ejaculados de seis garanhões da raça Pônei Brasileiro. Após coleta e separação da fração gel, os ejaculados foram diluídos 1:1 com diluente à base de leite em pó. No experimento 1, os ejaculados foram distribuídos em controle (sem centrifugação), centrifugação a 600g x 10min, SpermFilter e filtração por lã de vidro. No experimento 2, o sêmen foi submetido aos procedimentos: centrifugado (SC), centrifugado com Androcoll-E e filtrado por lã de vidro. Após os procedimentos de ambos os experimentos, as amostras foram mantidas refrigeradas a 5ºC, com 50 x 106 espermatozoides/mL, por 48h. As variáveis mensuradas a fresco, 24h e 48h foram: pH, motilidade, funcionalidade de membrana, viabilidade por diacetato de carboxifluoresceína e iodeto de propídio (CFDA/PI, vitalidade (eosina/nigrosina) e atividade mitocondrial. Já osmolaridade e morfologia espermática foram avaliadas somente imediatamente após a coleta. No experimento 1, a centrifugação para retirada do plasma seminal resultou em maiores danos aos espermatozoides do que a separação por SpermFilter. A filtração por lã de vidro mostrou-se mais eficiente em separar células viáveis e manter a viabilidade durante o resfriamento. No experimento 2, os tratamentos com Androcoll-E e filtrado por lã de vidro foram superiores (P<0,0001) ao sêmen centrifugado quanto à motilidade, à funcionalidade de membrana, à atividade mitocondrial e à viabilidade, tanto nas amostras de sêmen fresco como de sêmen refrigerado. O Androcoll-E e a lã de vidro permitiram manter por 48h, a 5ºC, o sêmen de garanhões pôneis utilizando-se diluente à base de leite.(AU)

Response to cooling of pony stallion semen selected by glass wool filtration.

The aim of this study was to compare the sperm separation technique using filtration through glass wool compared with just diluted cooled semen. Eighteen ejaculates were collected from 6 pony stallions of the Brazilian pony breed. Evaluations were done on pH, osmolarity, total motility, membrane functionality (HOST), membrane integrity (CFDA/PI), morphology and mitochondrial viability (MTT) in fresh, 24 and 48 h of cooled semen at 5°C. After dilution, the half of the extended semen was cooled (control group). The other half was cooled after filtration trough glass wool (filtered group). Retained semen was considered the portion of cells that did not transpose glass wool barrier. Total motility from the control, filtered and retained groups after 24 h of cooling was 35.5%, 43.3% and 10% (p < .0001) respectively. Sperm membrane integrity percentage at the CFDA/PI test was 37.9%, 44.8% and 14.8% (p < .0001), on the control, filtered and retained groups respectively. The results confirmed that the passage of spermatozoa through glass wool increased the selection of spermatozoa from pony stallions with higher motility, mitochondrial viability and membrane integrity for cooling in milk extender up to 24 h. Moreover, it was not obtained higher sperm parameters to control after cooling 48 h under the conditions that the study was conducted.

Different doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin on ovarian follicular growth and pregnancy rate of suckled Bos taurus beef cows subjected to timed artificial insemination protocol.

This study evaluated the effect of different doses of eCG (control, 300 or 400 IU) administered at progesterone (P4) device removal in suckled Bos taurus beef cows undergoing a timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol. A total of 966 cows received a P4 insert and 2.0 mg intramuscular estradiol benzoate at the onset of the synchronization. After 9 days, P4 insert was removed, and 12.5 mg of dinoprost tromethamine and 1 mg of estradiol cypionate were administered, followed by TAI 48 hours later. Then, the cows received one of three treatments as follows: control (n = 323), 300 (n = 326), or 400 IU of eCG (n = 317). A subset (n = 435) of cows in anestrus had their ovaries evaluated using ultrasound at the time of P4 removal and at TAI. Data were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts (C): C1 (eCG effect) and C2 (eCG dose effect). Estrous occurrence (control = 53.7%, 300 IU = 70.6%, and 400 IU = 77.0%) and pregnancy per artificial insemination (control = 29.7%, 300 IU = 44.8%, and 400 IU = 47.6%) were improved by eCG treatment (C1; P = 0.0004 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, the cows receiving eCG presented larger follicles at TAI (control = 13.5 ± 0.3 mm, 300 IU = 14.0 ± 0.2 mm, and 400 IU = 15.1 ± 0.3 mm; P < 0.0001; C1). However, there was no effect of eCG dose on any response variables studied (C2; P > 0.15). In conclusion, the eCG treatment administered at the time of P4 removal increased the occurrence of estrus, the larger follicles at TAI, and pregnancy per artificial insemination of suckled B taurus beef cows. Despite the greater occurrence of estrus in noncyclic cows receiving 400 IU of eCG, both eCG doses (300 and 400 IU) were equally efficient to improve pregnancy to artificial insemination.

The use of PGF2α as ovulatory stimulus for timed artificial insemination in cattle.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a PGF2α-analogue (PGF) on ovulation and pregnancy rates after timed artificial insemination (TAI) in cattle. In experiment 1, crossbred dual-purpose heifers, in a crossover design (3 × 3), were given an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (controlled internal drug release [CIDR]) plus 1 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) intramuscularly (im) and 250 µg of a PGF-analogue im on Day 0. The CIDR inserts were removed 5 days after follicular wave emergence, and the heifers were randomly divided into three treatment groups to receive the following treatments: (1) 1 mg of EB im (EB group, n = 13); (2) 500 µg of PGF im (PG group, n = 13); or (3) saline (control group, n = 13), 24 hours after CIDR removal. Ovulation occurred earlier in EB (69.81 ± 3.23 hours) and PG groups (73.09 ± 3.23 hours) compared with control (83.07 ± 4.6 hours; P = 0.01) after CIDR removal. In experiment 2, pubertal beef heifers (n = 444), 12 to 14 months of age were used. On Day 0, the heifers were given a CIDR insert plus 2 mg EB im. On Day 9, the CIDR was removed and the heifers were given 500 µg of PGF im. Heifers were randomly assigned into one of three treatment groups: (1) 1 mg of EB (EB group; n = 145); (2) 500 µg of PGF (PG group; n = 149), both 24 hours after CIDR removal; or (3) 600 µg of estradiol cypionate (ECP group; n = 150) at CIDR removal. Timed artificial insemination occurred 48 hours after CIDR removal in the ECP group and 54 hours in the PG and EB groups. The percentage of heifers ovulating was higher in the PG group compared with the other groups (P = 0.08). However, the pregnancy rates did not differ among groups (47.6%, 45%, and 46.6%, for EB, PG, and ECP, respectively; P = 0.9). In experiment 3, 224 lactating beef cows, 40 to 50 days postpartum with 2.5 to 3.5 of body condition score were treated similarly as described in experiment 2, except for the ECP group, which was excluded. The treatments were as follows: 1 mg EB (EB group; n = 117) or 500 µg PGF (PG group; n = 107), 24 hours after CIDR removal. The calves were temporarily separated from their dams from Days 9 to 11. No difference was detected on the pregnancy rate between the EB and PG groups (58.1% vs. 47.6%, respectively; P = 0.11). Taken together, the combined results suggested that PGF2α could be successfully used to induce and synchronize ovulation in cattle undergoing TAI, with similar pregnancy rates when compared with other ovulatory stimuli (ECP and EB).

Prostaglandin F2α promotes ovulation in prepubertal heifers.

The objective was to determine the effects of exogenous prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF), with or without progesterone treatment, on first ovulation in prepubertal heifers. We tested the hypothesis that PGF has a luteolysis-independent ovulatory effect in cattle. Crossbred Angus heifers (12 to 14 mo old, 250 kg body weight, and an average body condition score of 3 out of 5) were examined by transrectal ultrasonography on two occasions, 11 days apart. Heifers in which a CL was not detected at either examination were considered prepubertal. Heifers were assigned randomly to three experimental groups: (1) PG group (N = 14); heifers were treated with a PGF analog (500 µg cloprostenol im) 5 days after the emergence of a spontaneous (i.e., naturally occurring, noninduced) follicular wave; (2) PPG group (N = 12); heifers were given an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; Pfizer Animal Health, Montreal, QC, Canada), and a follicular wave was induced with 50 mg of progesterone + 2 mg of estradiol benzoate im, and a PGF analog was given at the time of CIDR removal, on day 5 of the follicular wave (on average, 8.6 ± 0.5 days after CIDR insertion); and (3) control group heifers were given no treatment (N = 14). Heifers were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography from the start of the experiment to confirmation that ovulation had occurred, or to 5 days after PGF injection (PG and PPG groups) or until dominant follicles of the next follicular wave reached 8 mm (control group). The percentage of heifers that ovulated within 10 days after wave emergence was higher in PPG (10/12; 83.3%) and PG (11/14; 78.5%) groups than in control (1/14; 7.1%; P < 0.0001). Ovulations occurred 69.6 ± 6 h and 93.8 ± 5 h after PGF treatment in PPG and in PG groups, respectively, whereas only one heifer in the control group ovulated 96 h after day 5 of follicular wave (P = 0.13). In summary, PGF treatment was associated with ovulation in prepubertal heifers whether or not exogenous progesterone was used as a pretreatment. The hypothesis that PGF will induce ovulation by a luteolysis-independent mechanism was supported.

Progesterone production in mares and echographic evaluation of the corpora lutea formed after follicular aspiration.

Ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration was performed in 26 Criollo crossbred mares, followed by the evaluation of ultrasonographic images of the Corpus luteum (CL) that was formed after puncture of follicles of different diameters (Group 25-29 mm; Group 30-35 mm and Group >35 mm). Serum progesterone (P(4) ) concentrations were measured to determine CL function. The size of the CL was measured and the CL was classified based on the following echoscore: 1- anechoic tissue; 2- poorly defined luteal structure with low echogenicity; 3- echogenicity analogous to a luteal structure. The proportion of aspirated follicles that formed a functional CL (based on P(4) concentration) 8 days after aspiration was 57.1% (4/7; CL size 25-29 mm), 75.0% (6/8; CL size 30-35 mm) and 72.7% (8/11; CL size >35 mm), respectively (p > 0.05). The echographic scores of aspirated follicles (indicating the presence or absence of a CL) were consistent with serum P(4) concentrations (p < 0.0001). Of 26 aspirations, 18 resulted in luteal function confirmed by increased progesterone concentrations ([P(4) ] > 1.0 ng/ml); 17 of these mares (94.4%) had an echoscore (2-3) compatible with luteinization (p = 0.0372). Eight days after aspiration, serum [P(4) ] > 2.0 ng/ml was associated with high (p = 0.0056) CL echoscore (3) in 15 of 17 mares (88.2%). The echoscore used in this study was valuable as a screening test to detect the presence of a functional CL after aspiration. An echoscore of 3 served as a practical and efficient method to confirm luteinization.

Qualidade do leite em amostras individuais e de tanque de vacas leiteiras

Bovine milk samples were collected from milk tanks (n = 69) and from individual cows (n = 3,517) on specialized (S, n = 3), partially specialized (PS, n = 5) and nonspecialized (NS, n = 7) production systems. Compositions, somatic cell count (SCC) and urea nitrogen content were analyzed for the different production systems and all the four seasons. Data were compared to the ranges allowed by the Federal Normative Instruction 51/2002 (IN51) for South Brazil from May 2009 to June 2010. Forty-two percent (n = 29/69) of all milk samples obtained from tanks and 11% of the individual samples in the three production systems met IN51 standards. Of the collected tank samples, 70% (n = 14/20), 39% (n = 9/23) and 23% (n = 6/26) of the S, PS and NS systems, respectively, met IN51 criteria. These data indicate that evaluation of individual samples yields a lower percent of conformity with IN51 standards than tank samples. This implies that the milk from healthy cows may dilute the higher SCC of diseased cows, suggesting that tank samples are not accurate for a confident milk quality indicator. The fat, protein and total solids content in the tank samples were similar among the three production systems. Average lactose and urea nitrogen content in tank samples were similar between seasons. In contrast, the average SCC was above the IN51 standard in the tank and individual samples during the fall. Urea nitrogen content average was highest (P 0.001) in the specialized production system, both in the tank and individual samples. The evaluation of individual samples may improve nutritional support of the specialized system.

Amostras de leite foram coletadas de tanques de expansão (n = 69) e das vacas individualmente (n = 3517), em propriedades com sistema de produção especializado (ES, n = 3), semiespecializado (SE, n = 5) e não especializado (NE, n = 7). A composição, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e teor de nitrogênio ureico (NU) foram avaliados nos diferentes sistemas e estações do ano. Os dados foram comparados aos parâmetros da Instrução Normativa 51/2002 (IN51) para a região Sul do Brasil, de maio/2009 a junho/2010. Analisando os três sistemas de produção, 42% (n = 29/69) das amostras de leite dos tanques de expansão e 11% (n = 375/3517) das individuais atenderam a IN51. Amostras de leite de tanque do sistema ES 70% (n = 14/20), SE 39% (n = 9/23) e NE 23% (n = 6/26) atenderam os critérios da IN51. Amostras de leite individuais apresentaram menor percentual com parâmetros mínimos da IN51 comparada ao tanque. O leite de vacas sadias dilui a CCS de vacas doentes, indicando que a CCS do tanque não é um indicador confiável para qualidade do leite. Os teores médios de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais em amostras de tanque foram semelhantes entre os sistemas de produção. A lactose e NU nas amostras do tanque foram similares entre as estações do ano. Em contraste, a CCS do tanque e individual não alcançaram os parâmetros da IN51. O teor médio de NU foi maior (P 0,001) nas amostras de leite de tanque e individual do sistema especializado. A análise de amostras de leite de cada vaca permitiu melhoria nutricional do rebanho especializado.

Estimate of the population of preantral follicles in the ovaries of Bos taurus indicus and Bos taurus taurus cattle.

The number of oocytes recovered from Bos taurus indicus females subjected to ovum pick-up averaged two to four times greater compared to Bos taurus taurus females. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that this difference in oocyte yield was due to more preantral follicles in the ovaries of Bos indicus females. Ovaries (n = 64) from Nelore (Bos indicus) fetuses (n = 10), heifers (n = 12), and cows (n = 10), and Aberdeen Angus (Bos taurus) fetuses (n = 10), heifers (n = 12), and cows (n = 10) were cut longitudinally into halves, fixed, and processed for histological evaluation. The number of preantral follicles was estimated by counting them in each histological section, using the oocyte nucleus as a marker and employing a correction factor. The average number of preantral follicles in the ovaries of Bos indicus vs Bos taurus was (mean ± SD) 143,929 ± 64,028 vs 285,155 ± 325,195 for fetuses, 76,851 ± 78,605 vs 109,673 ± 86,078 for heifers, and 39,438 ± 31,017 vs 89,577 ± 86,315 for cows (P > 0.05). The number of preantral follicles varied greatly among individual animals within the same category, as well as between breeds. In conclusion, we inferred that the higher oocyte yield from Bos indicus females was not due to a greater ovarian reserve of preantral follicles. Therefore, mechanisms controlling follicle development after the preantral stage likely accounted for differences between Bos indicus and Bos taurus females in number of oocytes retrieved at ovum pick-up.

Fetal calf serum enhances in vitro production of Bos taurus indicus embryos.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fetal calf serum (FCS) on the quality of in vitro produced bovine embryos. Cumulus oocyte-complexes (COCs, n = 2 449) recovered by ovum pick-up from Bos taurus indicus donors were randomly assigned to experimental groups. Sperm selected by Percoll gradient was used for in vitro fertilization (insemination = Day 0). In Experiment 1 (n = 1 745 COCs), zygotes were cultured in vitro in Synthetic Oviduct Fluid + 4 mg/mL of bovine serum albumin (BSA), or BSA + 2% FCS (BSA+FCS). In Experiment 2 (n = 704 COCs), the COCs were cultured in SOF + BSA, BSA + 2% FCS, or BSA + 2% FCS on D4 (BSA + FCSD4). In Experiment 1, blastocyst yield (51%) and Quality I blastocysts (41%) at Day 7 were higher (P < 0.05) in the BSA + FCS treatment than in BSA (42 and 30%, respectively). In Experiment 2, blastocyst yield was higher (P < 0.05) in the BSA+FCS (47%) treatment. Quality I blastocyst yield was higher (P < 0.05) for BSA + FCS (34%) and BSA+FCSD4 (32%) compared to the BSA treatment (20%). A total of 820 embryos were transferred, with no significant differences among groups in pregnancy rates. In conclusion, in vitro culture in SOFaaci + BSA + FCS enhanced blastocyst yield and Quality I blastocysts; adding FCS to the culture medium increased the efficiency of IVP of bovine embryos.

Influence of climatic conditions on in vitro production of bovine embryos / Influência do clima na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos

Temperature and rainfall were analyzed daily during six years to evaluate their influence on in vitro production of bovine embryos. Weekly replications (n=480) were performed on 14,778 ovaries collected at slaughterhouses. Cumulus oocyte complexes (n=19,180) were fertilized with a pool of Bos taurus taurus semen in one incubator with 5 percent CO2. Presumable zygotes were cultured in gasified plastic bags with 5 percent CO2, 5 percent O2, and 90 percent N2. In the first year, cleavage and embryo yield were 60.3 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively, being lower (P<0.05) than in the following years. Average cleavage rates were always lower in winter (P<0.0001), thus producing less embryos. Winter climatic conditions had a negative influence on in vitro production, when cleavage and embryo yield declined, possibly because of reduced availability and growth of native pasture.

A temperatura e a precipitação pluviométrica foram analisadas diariamente, durante seis anos, para avaliar sua influência sobre a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos. As repetições semanais (n=480) foram realizadas com 14.778 ovários coletados em matadouros. Os oócitos (n=19.180) foram maturados em estufa com atmosfera com controle de temperatura e umidade saturada com 5 por cento de CO2 e, após 20h, foram fecundados com sêmen de Bos taurus taurus e mantidos sob as mesmas condições de atmosfera da maturação. Os zigotos foram cultivados em placas de quatro poços em bolsas gaseificadas com 5 por cento de CO2, 5 por cento de O2 e 90 por cento de N2, à temperatura de 39ºC e umidade saturada. No primeiro ano, a taxa clivagem (60,3 por cento) e a produção de embriões (15,6 por cento) foram inferiores (P<0,05) aos demais anos. As taxas de clivagem foram sempre menores no inverno (P<0,0001). As condições climáticas no inverno tiveram influência negativa sobre a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos e houve diminuição nos índices de clivagem e produção de blastocistos, possivelmente devido à reduzida disponibilidade e crescimento da pastagem nativa.

Influence of climatic conditions on in vitro production of bovine embryos / Influência do clima na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos

Temperature and rainfall were analyzed daily during six years to evaluate their influence on in vitro production of bovine embryos. Weekly replications (n=480) were performed on 14,778 ovaries collected at slaughterhouses. Cumulus oocyte complexes (n=19,180) were fertilized with a pool of Bos taurus taurus semen in one incubator with 5 percent CO2. Presumable zygotes were cultured in gasified plastic bags with 5 percent CO2, 5 percent O2, and 90 percent N2. In the first year, cleavage and embryo yield were 60.3 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively, being lower (P<0.05) than in the following years. Average cleavage rates were always lower in winter (P<0.0001), thus producing less embryos. Winter climatic conditions had a negative influence on in vitro production, when cleavage and embryo yield declined, possibly because of reduced availability and growth of native pasture.(AU)

A temperatura e a precipitação pluviométrica foram analisadas diariamente, durante seis anos, para avaliar sua influência sobre a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos. As repetições semanais (n=480) foram realizadas com 14.778 ovários coletados em matadouros. Os oócitos (n=19.180) foram maturados em estufa com atmosfera com controle de temperatura e umidade saturada com 5 por cento de CO2 e, após 20h, foram fecundados com sêmen de Bos taurus taurus e mantidos sob as mesmas condições de atmosfera da maturação. Os zigotos foram cultivados em placas de quatro poços em bolsas gaseificadas com 5 por cento de CO2, 5 por cento de O2 e 90 por cento de N2, à temperatura de 39ºC e umidade saturada. No primeiro ano, a taxa clivagem (60,3 por cento) e a produção de embriões (15,6 por cento) foram inferiores (P<0,05) aos demais anos. As taxas de clivagem foram sempre menores no inverno (P<0,0001). As condições climáticas no inverno tiveram influência negativa sobre a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos e houve diminuição nos índices de clivagem e produção de blastocistos, possivelmente devido à reduzida disponibilidade e crescimento da pastagem nativa.(AU)

Luteal function induced by transvaginal ultrasonic-guided follicular aspiration in mares.

Ultrasonic-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration was performed in 58 crossbreed mares in order to determine whether aspiration of various dominant follicle diameters resulted in luteal tissue capable of producing progesterone (P(4)). The mares were randomly assigned to three groups according to follicular diameter (25-29 mm; 30-35 mm and >35 mm). Mares that had ovulations naturally served as controls. The serum progesterone (P(4)) concentrations in the aspirated mares were greater (P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.6687; CV = 21.52) in mares with natural ovulation compared to mares with aspirated follicles regardless of groups. Serum P(4) concentration in aspired mares with follicular diameter of 25-29 mm declined 0.365 ng/ml/day (P = 0.0065) from the day of aspiration (D0) up to D8. In mares with follicle diameter of 30-35 mm, serum P(4) concentration increased (0.258 ng/ml/day; P = 0.001), as well as in the mares with follicles >35 mm diameter (0.481 ng/ml/day; P < 0.0001), and in mares with natural ovulation (1.236 ng/ml/day; P < 0.0001). Out of the 25 mares with follicular aspirations that formed Corpora hemorragica (P(4) >1 ng/ml), 23 (92%) had greater (>2 ng/ml) serum P(4) concentrations on Day 8 after aspiration. Of these 23 mares, 75% were in the 25-29 mm group, 9/10 (90%) in the 30-35 mm group, and 11/11 (100%) of the mares in the >35 mm follicular diameter group had luteinization (P(4) >2 ng/ml). These results suggest that a functional Corpus luteum can be induced in mares using follicular aspiration and that a minimum 35 mm follicular diameter is needed to reach a progesterone serum concentration compatible with that of a Corpus luteum produced by natural ovulation.

In vitro production of Bos taurus indicus embryos with cysteamine

Advanced reproductive techniques use three phases of bovine embryos in in vitro production (IVP), i.e. in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) for a variety of studies. This study assessed the effect of cysteamine, a thiol component, on the embryonic development during IVP. Bos taurus indicus cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) from ovaries collected at an abattoir were randomly distributed in four groups: control-group (n = 544; without cysteamine), cysteamine in maturation (n = 543), cysteamine in fertilization (n = 540) and cysteamine in the culture medium (n = 557). All COC were matured for 24 h in TCM-199 + 0.01 IU r-hFSH/ml + 0.05 mg LH/ml + 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 38.5ºC in 5% CO2 in humidified air. In the cysteamine-maturation group, the TCM-199 medium was supplemented with 150 µm cysteamine (CYS). The IVF (day 0 = fertilization day) was performed for 18-22 h in Fert-Talp medium + heparin + penicillamine, hypotaurine and epinephrine (PHE). The medium of the cysteamine-fertilization group was supplemented with 150 µm CYS. Bos taurus indicus frozen semen was selected by Percoll gradient, and incubated with the oocytes for 18 h. Presumed zygotes were cultured in 400 µl SOFaaci medium + 5% FCS. In the cysteamine-culture group the SOFaaci was supplemented with 150 µm CYS. Embryos were cultured at 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 and saturated humidity for 8 days. Cleavage rates were 86, 90, 88, and 91%respectively, for control, maturation, fertilization and culture groups. The blastocyst yield at day 7 was 29, 29, 38 and, 36% (P < 0.05) hatched blastocyst yield at day 9 was 21, 25, 27, and 29% (P < 0.05) in the control group and treatments, respectively. Results demonstrated that the addition of cysteamine to the fertilization or culture medium improved blastocyst production.

In vitro production of Bos taurus indicus embryos with cysteamine

Advanced reproductive techniques use three phases of bovine embryos in in vitro production (IVP), i.e. in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) for a variety of studies. This study assessed the effect of cysteamine, a thiol component, on the embryonic development during IVP. Bos taurus indicus cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) from ovaries collected at an abattoir were randomly distributed in four groups: control-group (n = 544; without cysteamine), cysteamine in maturation (n = 543), cysteamine in fertilization (n = 540) and cysteamine in the culture medium (n = 557). All COC were matured for 24 h in TCM-199 + 0.01 IU r-hFSH/ml + 0.05 mg LH/ml + 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 38.5ºC in 5% CO2 in humidified air. In the cysteamine-maturation group, the TCM-199 medium was supplemented with 150 µm cysteamine (CYS). The IVF (day 0 = fertilization day) was performed for 18-22 h in Fert-Talp medium + heparin + penicillamine, hypotaurine and epinephrine (PHE). The medium of the cysteamine-fertilization group was supplemented with 150 µm CYS. Bos taurus indicus frozen semen was selected by Percoll gradient, and incubated with the oocytes for 18 h. Presumed zygotes were cultured in 400 µl SOFaaci medium + 5% FCS. In the cysteamine-culture group the SOFaaci was supplemented with 150 µm CYS. Embryos were cultured at 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 and saturated humidity for 8 days. Cleavage rates were 86, 90, 88, and 91%respectively, for control, maturation, fertilization and culture groups. The blastocyst yield at day 7 was 29, 29, 38 and, 36% (P < 0.05) hatched blastocyst yield at day 9 was 21, 25, 27, and 29% (P < 0.05) in the control group and treatments, respectively. Results demonstrated that the addition of cysteamine to the fertilization or culture medium improved blastocyst production.(AU)

Addition of recombinant human growth hormone to in vitro maturation medium of bovine oocytes.

The aim of this study was to increase the bovine embryonic development rate, adding recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to maturation medium of bovine oocytes. Oocytes were matured for 24 h in TCM 199 Earle's salts and five treatments were developed: T1, 0.01 IU/ml of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (rhFSH); T2, 0.01 IU/ml of rhFSH + 100 ng/ml of rhGH; T3, 0.01 IU/ml of rhFSH + 1000 ng/ml of rhGH; T4, 100 ng/ml of rhGH; and T5, 1000 ng/ml of rhGH at 39 degrees C and 5% of CO(2) in air and saturated humidity. In vitro fertilization from cumulus-oocyte complexes was conducted in TALP-Fert medium (18-22 h) and spermatozoa were selected by Percoll gradient. Zygotes were incubated in SOFaaci medium in 5% of CO(2) in air, 5% of O(2) at 39 degrees C and saturated humidity for 11 days. There was no statistical difference in cleavage rate and embryo production on day 7 and day 9 among treatments. However, the hatching rate increased significantly in the T4 and T5 treatments (11.0 and 12.8%, respectively), compared with the T1 treatment (4.6%) (p < 0.05). Therefore, the rhGH addition to the oocyte maturation medium showed beneficial effects on the hatching rate of in vitro-produced bovine embryos.

Calves born after open pulled straw vitrification of immature bovine oocytes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the developmental capacity of immature bovine oocytes after vitrification with 20% ethylene glycol (EG)+20% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) and 0.5M sucrose (SUC), by open pulled straw (OPS) technology. The effect of treatment with cytochalasin D before vitrification was also examined. No differences were observed in cleavage and blastocyst rates among the group vitrified without cytochalasin D treatment (Vitri) (49.0% and 6.1%) and that with cytochalasin D treatment before vitrification (CDVitri) (46.4% and 3.6%), but both were lower (P<0.05) than the unvitrified control group (85.1 and 45.9%). Calves were obtained after transfer of fresh and vitrified blastocysts from the Vitri group and after transfer of vitrified blastocysts from the CDVitri group. Cytochalasin D treatment does not improve the development of immature bovine vitrified oocytes. The results show that a small proportion of immature oocytes vitrified with this technology are fully competent to produce blastocysts, which may be transferred immediately or vitrified before transfer, and go on to develop healthy offspring.

Avaliaçäo de diferentes concentraçöes de glicerol e sacarose no congelamento ultra-rápido de mórulas Mus musculus / Ultrarapid freezing of Mus musculus morulae with different concentrations of glycerol and sucrose

Mórulas Mus musculus da cepa nCF1 Suiço Albina, colhidas 76 a 78h após a administraçäo de hCG, foram congeladas em PBS modificado, contendo glicerol 3,0 ou 4,0 M, associado a sacarose 0,25 ou 0,5 M. Cento e sessenta e quatro mórulas excelentes (Grau I) ou boas (Grau II) foram colocadas em 0,05 ml da soluçäo de congelamento, em grupos de 5 a 11, para um período de desidrataçäo de 5 minutos, à temperatura ambiente (20 - 23§C), durante o qual foi processado o envase em palhetas de 0,25 ml. As palhetas contendo os embriöes foram mantidas em vapor de nitrogênio (N2) durante 2 minutos, antes da imersäo em N2 líquido. Após o descongelamento em banho-maria, a 37§C, por 20 segundos, a diluiçäo do crioprotetor foi efetuada em 0,5 ml de uma soluçäo de sacarose 0,5 M, durante 5 minutos, à temperatura ambiente. Os embriöes viáveis foram cultivados a 37§C, em PBS modificado + 20 SFB e avaliados 24 e 48 h após o início do cultivo. Os índices de sobrevivência foram semelhantes (P>0,05) com a utilizaçäo de glicerol 3,0 a 4,0 M, nos três momentos de avaliaçäo. Na avaliaçäo efetuada logo após a diluiçäo dos crioprotetor, näo foram observadas diferenças entre as concentraçöes 0,25 e 0,5 M (P>0,05), embora os índices de sobrevivência o//btidos com sacarose 0,25 M tenham sido superiores aos verificados com sacarose 0,5 M, após (P<0,05) e 48 h de cultivo (P<0,01). Uma diminuiçäo da viabilidade foi verificada a partir do tempo zero de avaliaçäo, até 24 h de cultivo, embora os índices de sobrevivência tenham se mantido constantes, entre 24 e 48h de cultivo

Avaliaçäo de diferentes concentraçöes de sacarose e lactose associadas a glicerol 2.0 M no congelamento ultra-rápido de mórulas Mus musculus / Ultra-rapid freezing of Mus musculus morulae with different concentrations of sucrose and lactose associated to 2.0 M glycerol

Seiscentos e vinte e oito (628) mórulas Mus musculus da cepa CF1 Suiço Albina, colhidas 76 a 78 h após a administraçäo de HCG, foram congeladas em soluçäo de PBS modificado contendo glicerol 2,0 M associado a três níveis crescentes de sacarose e lactose (0,125, 0,25 e 0,5 M). Mórulas excelentes (Grau I) e boas (Grau II) foram colocadas em 0,05 ml da soluçäo de congelamento, em grupos de 4 a 11, para um período de desidrataçäo de 5 minutos, a temperatura ambiente (20-23§C), durante o qual foi processado o envase em palhetas de 0,25 ml. Depois de seladas, as palhetas foram mantidas em vapor de nitrogênio (N2) durante 2 minutos, e logo após imersas em N2 líquido. O descongelamento foi efetuado em banho-maria a 37§C, por 20 segundos, sendo a remoçäo do crioprotetor efetuada em 0,5 ml de uma soluçäo contendo o mesmo açucar utilizado no congelamento, nas concentraçöes 0,25 e 0,5 M, durante 5 minutos, a temperatura ambiente. Os embriöes viáveis foram cultivados em PBS modificado + 20//SFB, a 37§C, sendo avaliados 24 e 48 h após o início do cultivo. Foi observada uma reduçäo dos índices de sobrevivência com a utilizaçäo de sacarose e lactose 0,5 M, sendo mais acentuada entre 24 e 48 h de cultivo. No entanto, os índices de sobrevivência se mantiveram praticamente constantes, neste mesmo intervalo, com as concentraçöes 0,125 e 0,25 M de sacarose e lactose. O índice médio de sobrevivência obtido com lactose foi superior ao obtido com sacarose, após 48 h de cultivo (P<0,05). As concentraçöes 0,25 e 0,5 M de sacarose e de lactose foram igualmente efetivas (P>0,05) no processo de remoçäo do crioprotetor. Após a transferência in vivo de mórulas congeladas em glicerol 2,0 M + sacarose 0,25 M, foi obtido um percentual de 50//de implantaçöes e 10//de fetos. Devido ao baixo índice de desenvolvimento fetal observado, a mistura de glicerol 2,0 M + sacarose 0,25 M foi considerada inadequada para o congelamento ultra-rápido de mórulas de camundongos, nas condiçöes deste experimento