Crowdsourced human-based computational approach for tagging peripheral blood smear sample images from Sickle Cell Disease patients using non-expert users.

In this paper, we present a human-based computation approach for the analysis of peripheral blood smear (PBS) images images in patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). We used the Mechanical Turk microtask market to crowdsource the labeling of PBS images. We then use the expert-tagged erythrocytesIDB dataset to assess the accuracy and reliability of our proposal. Our results showed that when a robust consensus is achieved among the Mechanical Turk workers, probability of error is very low, based on comparison with expert analysis. This suggests that our proposed approach can be used to annotate datasets of PBS images, which can then be used to train automated methods for the diagnosis of SCD. In future work, we plan to explore the potential integration of our findings with outcomes obtained through automated methodologies. This could lead to the development of more accurate and reliable methods for the diagnosis of SCD.

Sources of social support and clinical and functional evolution of people with schizophrenia.

PURPOSE: The impact of social support on comprehensive measures of results (clinical and functional) of the course of schizophrenia was studied, understood and evaluated as a multidimensional construct differentiating sources of support (family vs. nonfamily). METHODS: One hundred fifty-two patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were assessed with the Mannheim Interview on Social Support (MISS) and the Social Functioning Scale (SFS). The hypotheses were explored in a prospective longitudinal design, using a causal correlational analysis for their evaluation by applying structural equation models. RESULTS: The only explanatory factor of social functioning was Nonfamily social support, while the only explanatory factor of clinical result measurements was Family social support, observing a clearly differentiated impact of the different sources of support on the schizophrenia result measurements. It was also found that while Family social support explained 6.8% of the variance in the clinical result measurements, Nonfamily social support explained 13.7% of the variance in social functioning. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed the differential importance of social support variables (family vs. nonfamily) in the clinical and functional result measurements of people with schizophrenia.

Impact of Endometrial Receptivity Analysis on Pregnancy Outcomes In Patients Undergoing Embryo Transfer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To analyze the influence of endometrial receptivity analysis (ERA) on embryo transfer (ET) results in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and BioMed Central databases were searched from inception up to December 2022 for studies comparing pregnancy outcomes in patients undergoing personalized embryo transfer (pET) by ERA versus standard ET. Data were pooled by meta-analysis using a random effects model. We identified twelve studies, including 14,224 patients. No differences were observed between patients undergoing ERA test and those not undergoing ERA test prior to ET in terms of live birth (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.63-1.58, I2 = 92.7%), clinical pregnancy (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.90-1.61, I2 = 86.5%), biochemical pregnancy (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.46-1.49, I2 = 87%), positive pregnancy test (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.80-1.22, I2 = 0%), miscarriage (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.62-1.34, I2 = 67.1%), and implantation rate (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.44-3.14, I2 = 93.2%). pET with ERA is not associated with any significant differences in pregnancy outcomes as compared to standard ET protocols. Therefore, the utility of ERA in patients undergoing IVF should be revisited.

Use of gonadotropins in ovarian stimulation in Spain: Delphi consensus.

Two-round Delphi study carried out in Spain. Three theme-based blocks were set out: 1) Patient profiles: therapeutic goal and parameters to be analysed according to POSEIDON patient profiles; 2) Ovarian stimulation protocols with antagonists: monotherapy (FSH) vs combined therapy (FSH + LH/HMG); 3) Safety and effectiveness of the devices. The antral follicle count and the anti-Müllerian hormone level were considered indicators that can be used to predict ovarian response. More than 80% of the participants agreed that FSH monotherapy is the recommended regimen in normal/hyper-responsive patients of < 35 years of age; that 150-300 IU is the dose to be used in ovarian stimulation in monotherapy depending on clinical parameters; and that FSH monotherapy improves patients' comfort compared to two combined drugs. It was unanimously considered that the type of device used by the patient influences the comfort of the treatment.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? There is currently no consensus on the optimal treatment for controlled ovarian stimulation for patients undergoing IVF which leads to highly variable clinical practices.What the results of this study add? This study's strong point is that, since it is a consensus, it has been possible to include more topics than would normally be dealt with in a systematic review or guidelines, which are generally based on a strict method that restricts the scope of the research. Experts have reached a consensus on most of the statements and based on these they have issued consensus statements that will enable the optimal use of gonadotropins in IVF.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This Delphi consensus provides a real-life clinical perspective on gonadotropin usage in IVF.

The experience of female oncological patients and fertility preservation: A phenomenology study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyse the experience of fertility preservation among female oncological patients. METHODS: A phenomenological study was conducted in an Assisted Human Reproduction Unit. The sample was composed of 14 females of reproductive age diagnosed with a cancer that may affect reproductive function, who had undergone a fertility preservation procedure. In-depth interviews were carried out, and the transcripts were entred into the Atlas.ti.v.8.2.3 qualitative analysis software package. The steps proposed by Taylor-Bogdan were followed in the analysis of the data. RESULTS: Four thematic categories emerged in relation to the experience with the fertility preservation process: interruption of life plans and changes in the person; knowledge about fertility preservation options, reproductive capacity and impact because of the possible loss; dyadic relationshipsand social representations of fertility. CONCLUSIONS: Patients suffer from difficulties when making decisions about fertility whilst dealing with a cancer diagnosis. They need adequate information and support from health professionals. Despite increasing awareness of fertility preservation, there is a lack of knowledge regarding patients' experiences and needs related to this process.

Testosterone does not improve ovarian response in Bologna poor responders: a randomized controlled trial (TESTOPRIM).

RESEARCH QUESTION: Does testosterone, either in a long or short course, before IVF increase the number of mature oocytes retrieved in poor ovarian response? DESIGN: Single-centre, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Poor ovarian response is defined according to Bologna criteria. Sixty-three participants were included and assigned to three arms: group 1 (long testosterone [n = 17]) 12.5 mg/day testosterone gel for 56 days before ovarian stimulation; group 2 (short testosterone [n = 16]) 12.5 mg/day testosterone gel for 10 days before ovarian stimulation; and group 3 (control, no intervention). Primary outcome was number of mature oocytes retrieved. Secondary outcomes included other cycle parameters (duration of stimulation, antral follicle count, number of follicles >16 mm, total oocytes retrieved and testosterone levels). RESULTS: The number of mature oocytes retrieved did not differ between the three groups (2.16, 2.71 and 2.91, P = 0.719, groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). No other significant differences were found in the remaining cycle parameters, except for testosterone levels at the beginning of ovarian stimulation, which were higher in both testosterone groups and relatively higher in group 2 (1.67 and 3.03, respectively versus 0.14 control group, P = 0.01). A Poisson regression model showed no significant differences for the primary outcome (group 3 versus group 2: 0.925, 95% CI 0.572 to 1.508, P = 0.753; group 3 versus group 1: 0.873, 95% CI 0.534 to 1.426, P = 0.587). CONCLUSIONS: The use of testosterone, even when applied for a prolonged period, does not improve the number of mature oocytes in poor ovarian response.

The Use of Vaginal Lubricants and Ultrasound Gels Can have Deleterious Effects on Sperm Function.

CONTEXT: Some vaginal lubricants and ultrasound gels are known to be detrimental to sperm function and therefore could negatively affect fertility. AIMS: The aim of the current study was to develop a sperm motility index (SMI) to test the sperm toxicity of ultrasound gels and vaginal lubricants used in reproductive medicine. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Two ultrasound gels (Aquasonic® and Kefus®) and five vaginal lubricants (Vaginesil™, Velastisa®, K-Y Jelly®, Control®, and Durex®) were studied. Three different concentrations (1%, 5%, and 10%) of each lubricant were tested. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: SMI was calculated dividing the percentage of progressively motile sperm in each tested gel by that in the control at 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 h of incubation at 5% of CO2 and 37°C. SMI values <0.75 indicate sperm toxicity. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The main outcome measured was SMI for each concentration and time of incubation. RESULTS: Only Durex® did not show any deleterious effect on sperm quality. The rest of lubricants presented different degrees of toxicity. Vaginesil™ resulted in toxic for all concentrations and incubation periods (SMI < 0.12). Control® and Velastisa® presented toxicity at 10% after 2 h, while K-Y Jelly® showed toxicity at 10% from 1 h of incubation. Regarding ultrasound gels, Aquasonic® showed toxic effects after only 0.5 h (SMI = 0.70 ± 0.15), while Kefus® showed slightly toxic effects after 2 h (SMI 0.69 ± 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: SMI is an accurate tool to evaluate sperm toxicity. One of the main strengths of the article is the inclusion of representative semen samples and known products used worldwide. This study has a relevant clinical translation since it highlights the importance of evaluating the possible sperm toxicity of simple products used in reproductive medicine.

Impact of ABVD chemotherapy on ovarian reserve after fertility preservation in reproductive-aged women with Hodgkin lymphoma.

RESEARCH QUESTION: How is ovarian reserve affected by chemotherapy in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) who undergo fertility preservation (FP)? METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing medical records of 105 HL patients referred to the FP unit before starting adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy. Ovarian reserve was evaluated before chemotherapy and at the last follow-up using anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) measurements. The decrease in AMH was compared with that expected from normograms. AMH was compared between patients who underwent cryopreservation of ovarian tissue and those who underwent cryopreservation of mature oocytes. RESULTS: After ABVD, 15% of patients required hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. At a median follow-up of 33 months, the median decrease in AMH was 0.88 ng/mL, which was significantly greater than that of the general population of this age group (p < 0.001). Of the 82 women who only had ABVD, 38 underwent FP by cryopreservation of mature oocytes and 44 underwent cryopreservation of the ovarian cortex. There was no significant difference in AMH or AFC at the last follow-up between FP techniques. CONCLUSION: Although ABVD is considered to be of low gonadotoxic risk, the decrease in AMH was greater than expected for patients' age, and 15% of patients needed more aggressive therapy during follow-up. Type of FP was not associated with decline in ovarian reserve. Reproductive-aged women with HL should have the opportunity for FP counseling before starting treatment.

Regresión de pseudopólipo gigante en paciente con enfermedad de Crohn del colon tras tratamiento con infliximab / Regression of a giant pseudopolyp in a patient with colonic Crohn's disease after therapy with infliximab

Los pseudopólipos inflamatorios gigantes (> 15 mm) son una complicación infrecuente de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII). Es difícil el diagnóstico diferencial con adenomas y carcinomas. Aunque suelen ser asintomáticos, debido a su tamaño pueden ocasionar obstrucción o invaginación intestinal. El manejo habitual se realiza con biopsias de la lesión y extirpación endoscópica de la misma en casos seleccionados, reservando la cirugía para complicaciones inherentes a su tamaño o bien ante la duda anatomopatológica. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 43 años con enfermedad de Crohn (EC) de colon en remisión clínica y sin tratamiento específico para la enfermedad en la que en una colonoscopia de cribado se identificó un pseudopólipo gigante (40 mm). Se inició tratamiento con infliximab y azatioprina para intentar reducir tamaño y permitir resección endoscópica posteriormente. Tras dosis de inducción, en las semanas 0, 2 y 6 se realizó una nueva colonoscopia que evidenció una clara reducción de tamaño de la lesión. Se intentó resección mucosa pero no fue posible por la intensa fibrosis que impedía elevación de la lesión tras inyección en su base. Una nueva colonoscopia de control a los tres meses confirmó, sin embargo, la desaparición completa de la lesión. Los datos en la literatura respecto al manejo terapéutico de los pseudopólipos gigantes son escasos, pero se ha publicado que es poco frecuente que desaparezcan con tratamiento médico, requiriendo resección quirúrgica o endoscópica

Giant inflammatory pseudopolyps (> 15 mm) are an uncommon complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and a differential diagnosis with adenomas and carcinomas is challenging. Although usually asymptomatic, they may result in intestinal obstruction or intussusception due to their size. The standard management involves lesion biopsies and endoscopic excision for selected cases; surgery is usually reserved for size-associated complications or an uncertain pathology. We report the case of a 43-year-old female patient with Crohn's disease (CD) in clinical remission, with no specific treatment at the time. A giant pseudopolyp of 40-mm was found during a screening colonoscopy. Therapy was initiated with infliximab and azathioprine in an attempt to reduce the size of the polyp and allow an endoscopic resection. Additional colonoscopies were performed following induction doses at weeks 0, 2, and 6, which revealed a reduced lesion size. Mucosal resection was attempted but failed due to severe fibrosis, which prevented base injections from lifting up the polyp. However, a follow-up colonoscopy three months later showed that the lesion had completely disappeared. The evidence in the literature regarding giant pseudopolyp management is scarce, but reports indicate that they rarely disappear with medical therapy alone and usually require surgery or endoscopic resection

Validation of a spanish version of the brief experiential avoidance questionnaire (beaq) in clinical population / Validación de la versión española del Cuestionario Breve de Evitación Experiencial (BEAQ) en población clínica

Background: The Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) has been suggested as the most appropriate instrument for measuring experiential avoidance. However, no Spanish validation has been published. The aim of this study was to validate a Spanish version of the BEAQ in a clinical sample treated at a community mental health unit. Methods: Participants (N = 332) completed the BEAQ as well as other self-report measures of experiential avoidance and psychopathology. Results: Internal consistency was satisfactory (α = .82). No statistically significant gender differences were found in the BEAQ scores. The data also showed high test-retest reliability after four to six weeks, acceptable concurrent validity with another experiential avoidance measure and acceptable convergent validity with the psychopathology measure. The principal component analysis, forcing the one factor solution proposed in the original scale, produced indicators similar to the English version of the BEAQ. Conclusions: These results firmly support the reliability and validity of this Spanish validation, stressing its usefulness as a measure of experiential avoidance in clinical populations

Antecedentes: el Cuestionario Breve de Evitación Experiencial (BEAQ) ha sido propuesto como el instrumento más adecuado para medir la evitación experiencial. Sin embargo, todavía no ha sido publicada ninguna validación en español. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio ha sido la validación de una versión española del BEAQ, en una muestra clínica atendida en un Centro de Salud Mental Comunitario. Método: los participantes (N = 332) completaron el BEAQ, así como otras medidas de autoinforme de evitación experiencial y psicopatología. Resultados: la consistencia interna fue satisfactoria (α = .82). No se encontraron diferencias de género estadísticamente significativas en las puntuaciones del BEAQ. Los datos también mostraron una alta fiabilidad test-retest en un intervalo de cuatro a seis semanas, validez concurrente aceptable con otra medida de evitación experiencial y validez convergente aceptable con la medida de psicopatología. El análisis de componentes principales forzando a la solución de un factor, como se propuso en la escala original, obtuvo unos indicadores similares a los obtenidos en dicha versión inglesa. Conclusiones: los resultados confirman la adecuada fiabilidad y validez de la presente versión española del BEAQ, destacando su utilidad como medida de la evitación experiencial en población clínica

Regression of a giant pseudopolyp in a patient with colonic Crohn's disease after therapy with infliximab.

Giant inflammatory pseudopolyps (> 15 mm) are an uncommon complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and a differential diagnosis with adenomas and carcinomas is challenging. Although usually asymptomatic, they may result in intestinal obstruction or intussusception due to their size. The standard management involves lesion biopsies and endoscopic excision for selected cases; surgery is usually reserved for size-associated complications or an uncertain pathology. We report the case of a 43-year-old female patient with Crohn's disease (CD) in clinical remission, with no specific treatment at the time. A giant pseudopolyp of 40-mm was found during a screening colonoscopy. Therapy was initiated with infliximab and azathioprine in an attempt to reduce the size of the polyp and allow an endoscopic resection. Additional colonoscopies were performed following induction doses at weeks 0, 2, and 6, which revealed a reduced lesion size. Mucosal resection was attempted but failed due to severe fibrosis, which prevented base injections from lifting up the polyp. However, a follow-up colonoscopy three months later showed that the lesion had completely disappeared. The evidence in the literature regarding giant pseudopolyp management is scarce, but reports indicate that they rarely disappear with medical therapy alone and usually require surgery or endoscopic resection.

Antral Follicle Priming Before Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Previously Diagnosed Low Responders: A Randomized Controlled Trial (FOLLPRIM).

CONTEXT: A low response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation implies a reduced number of embryos and impaired pregnancy rate. Follicular priming with steroids before controlled ovarian hyperstimulation has been suggested to improve the subsequent ovarian response. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the best follicular priming protocol in low responders and to investigate the intrafollicular mechanisms triggered by steroid hormone priming. DESIGN: This was a single-center, randomized, parallel, open-label, controlled trial, in two phases. SETTING: The setting was a university-based in vitro fertilization unit. PATIENTS: Potential low responders (n = 99) underwent a first intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle. Confirmed low responders (n = 66) were randomized to different priming protocols before a new intracytoplasmic sperm injection. INTERVENTIONS: Randomized patients underwent one of the following priming strategies: transdermal testosterone (20 µg/kg/d), transdermal estradiol (200 µg/d), or combined estrogens and oral contraceptive pills (30 µg of ethinyl estradiol plus 150 µg of desogestrel administered during the luteal phase of two consecutive cycles) and 4 mg/d of estradiol valerate during the follicular phase between them. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Metaphase II (MII) oocytes were retrieved. Gene expression levels in the granulosa cells of steroidogenesis enzymes and FSH, LH, and androgen receptors were measured. RESULTS: The number of retrieved MII oocytes did not differ between the interventional groups (testosterone, 2.2 ± 2.0; estrogen, 2.7 ± 1.7; and combined estrogens and oral contraceptive pills, 2.0 ± 1.3; not significant). Compared with those in nonprimed cycles, estradiol pretreatment yielded more MII oocytes (primed, 2.7 ± 1.7; nonprimed, 1.6 ± 1.2; P = .029) although the clinical pregnancy rate was higher in patients treated with testosterone (P = .003). Testosterone pretreatment increased androgen receptor expression (P = .028) compared with that for the previous cycle without priming. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present trial do not support the superiority of one priming strategy over the others.

Sujeciones mecánicas y farmacológicas en servicios y centros geriátricos y gerontológicos / Physical and pharmacological restraints in geriatric and gerontology services and centers

Las sujeciones mecánicas y las farmacológicas constituyen un tema controvertido en la asistencia geriátrica por sus repercusiones morales, éticas, sociales y jurídicas y, pese a ello, no existe legislación específica a nivel estatal. El uso de las sujeciones se cuestiona cada vez más, ya que existen estudios que demuestran que no disminuyen las caídas ni sus consecuencias, sino que pueden aumentarlas, producir complicaciones, lesiones y accidentes potencialmente mortales. No siempre se utilizan racionalmente pese a comprometer un derecho fundamental de las personas, como la libertad, constitucionalmente protegido, además de afectar a valores y principios como la dignidad y la autoestima personal: hay centros en los se utilizan en más del 50 % de sus usuarios, y para las que en algunos casos, no cuentan con el consentimiento de sus representantes. En ocasiones, se utilizan para conseguir objetivos organizativos o ambientales, como el cumplimiento de horarios ajustados, y para disminuir o evitar la supervisión de personas que deambulan erráticamente; y a veces se usan indefinidamente. Mayor confusión aún existe con respecto al emergente concepto de las sujeciones químicas o farmacológicas, ya que no existe un marco conceptual basado en evidencia científica, suficientemente consensuado para los profesionales. En este contexto la Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología (SEGG), consciente de la importancia y trascendencia del tema e intentando, por un lado, preservar y garantizar las máximas libertad, dignidad y autoestima y, por otro, velar por las máximas integridad, seguridad legal y jurídica de las personas atendidas en servicios y centros geriátricos y gerontológicos, decidió crear un Comité Interdisciplinar de Sujeciones constituido por socios de diferentes disciplinas y miembros de algunos grupos de trabajo o comités de la SEGG, por profesionales externos de grupos, de entidades y asociaciones expertos en sujeciones e integrar en él a los principales movimientos «antisujeciones». Fruto de ello es el Documento de consenso sobre sujeciones mecánicas y farmacológicas, así como el Consenso sobre sujeciones mecánicas y farmacológicas, publicado por la SEGG, que debe suponer un salto cualitativo en la atención de los mayores, y servir como guía de buena práctica para los profesionales (AU)

Physical and pharmacological restraints are a controversial issue in the context of geriatric care due to their moral, ethical, social and legal repercussions and, despite this fact, no specific legislation exists at a national level. The use of restraints is being questioned with growing frequency, as there are studies that demonstrate that restraints do not reduce the number of falls or their consequences, but rather can increase them, cause complications, injuries and potentially fatal accidents. Restraints are not always used rationally, despite compromising a fundamental human right, that is, freedom, protected in the Constitution, as well as values and principles, such as dignity and personal self-esteem. There are centers where restraints are applied to more than 50 % of patients, and in some cases without the consent of their legal representatives. On some occasions, restraints are used for attaining organizational or environmental objectives, such as complying with tight schedules, and for reducing or avoiding the supervision of patients who walk erratically and, at times, are used indefinitely. Even greater confusion exists with respect to the emerging concept of chemical or pharmacological restraints, since no conceptual framework exists based on scientific evidence, and with sufficient consensus for guiding healthcare workers. In this context, the Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología (SEGG - Spanish Geriatrics and Gerontology Society), aware of the significance and transcendence of the issue, and in an attempt to preserve and guarantee maximum freedom, dignity and self-esteem, on the one hand, and to ensure the maximum integrity and legal certainty of the persons cared for in geriatric and gerontology services and centers, on the other, decided to create an «Interdisciplinary Committee on Restraints» made up by members from different disciplines and members of SEGG Working Groups or Committees, external health care workers, groups, organizations, and associations, who are experts in restraints, as well as the main «anti-restraint» movements. An outcome of this decision is the Consensus document on physical and pharmacological restraints, together with the Consensus on physical and pharmacological restraints, published by the SEGG, which should signify a qualitative leap forward in care for the elderly, and serving as a best practice guide for healthcare workers (AU)

Single site laparoscopy for fertility preservation: a cohort study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare operative and postoperative results of ovarian cortex retrieval by conventional laparoscopy (1cm umbilical site and 3 accessory 5-mm-reusable working ports) (HASS) versus single site laparoscopy (SSL). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Fertility Preservation Programme at La Fe University Hospital-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, 2011 to 2012. Fertility Preservation Programme at La Fe University Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. PATIENTS: Twenty-one patients with cancer (breast cancer: n = 17; Hodgkin's lymphoma: n = 3; and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: n = 1). INTERVENTION: Ovarian cortex retrieval either by conventional laparoscopy using an umbilical Hasson port and 3 accessory ports (HASS group: n = 11) or by SSL (SSL group: n = 10). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Operative length, blood loss, postoperative pain (visual analog scale for pain at 6, 24, and 48 hours), need of additional analgesia, quality of life (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions), cosmesis of the scar, and patient's self-perception were assessed at 24 and 48 hours and 3 months after surgery. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Estimated blood loss, operative length, and postoperative pain did not differ between groups. The start of chemotherapy was not delayed in either group, and cosmesis and image self-perception were also similar. CONCLUSION: The SSL approach can be considered a safe option compared with the classic multisite approach.

[Physical and pharmacological restraints in geriatric and gerontology services and centers]. / Sujeciones mecánicas y farmacológicas en servicios y centros geriátricos y gerontológicos.

Physical and pharmacological restraints are a controversial issue in the context of geriatric care due to their moral, ethical, social and legal repercussions and, despite this fact, no specific legislation exists at a national level. The use of restraints is being questioned with growing frequency, as there are studies that demonstrate that restraints do not reduce the number of falls or their consequences, but rather can increase them, cause complications, injuries and potentially fatal accidents. Restraints are not always used rationally, despite compromising a fundamental human right, that is, freedom, protected in the Constitution, as well as values and principles, such as dignity and personal self-esteem. There are centers where restraints are applied to more than 50% of patients, and in some cases without the consent of their legal representatives. On some occasions, restraints are used for attaining organizational or environmental objectives, such as complying with tight schedules, and for reducing or avoiding the supervision of patients who walk erratically and, at times, are used indefinitely. Even greater confusion exists with respect to the emerging concept of chemical or pharmacological restraints, since no conceptual framework exists based on scientific evidence, and with sufficient consensus for guiding healthcare workers. In this context, the Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología (SEGG--Spanish Geriatrics and Gerontology Society), aware of the significance and transcendence of the issue, and in an attempt to preserve and guarantee maximum freedom, dignity and self-esteem, on the one hand, and to ensure the maximum integrity and legal certainty of the persons cared for in geriatric and gerontology services and centers, on the other, decided to create an "Interdisciplinary Committee on Restraints" made up by members from different disciplines and members of SEGG Working Groups or Committees, external health care workers, groups, organizations, and associations, who are experts in restraints, as well as the main "anti-restraint" movements. An outcome of this decision is the Consensus document on physical and pharmacological restraints, together with the Consensus on physical and pharmacological restraints, published by the SEGG, which should signify a qualitative leap forward in care for the elderly, and serving as a best practice guide for healthcare workers.

Serum selenium levels and oxidative balance as differential markers in hepatic damage caused by alcohol.

AIMS: Antioxidant system abnormalities have been associated with ethanol consumption. This study examines the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on oxidative balance, including selenium (Se) levels in alcoholic patients with or without liver disease, and if these measurements could be indicative of liver disease. MAIN METHODS: Serum Se levels, antioxidant enzymes' activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) were determined in three groups of patients: alcoholics without liver disease, alcoholics with liver disease, and non-alcoholics with liver disease; and in healthy volunteers. KEY FINDINGS: Serum Se levels were lower in alcoholic patients and in patients affected by liver disease and especially lower in the alcoholic liver disease group. These values were correlated with the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the antioxidant selenoprotein. The antioxidant activities of the glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also lower in the three non-healthy groups. However, GR activity decreased and SOD activity increased in the non-alcoholic liver disease group versus alcoholic groups. Higher concentrations of PC in serum were found in non-healthy groups and were higher in alcoholic patients who also showed higher MDA levels. The highest MDA and PC levels were found in the alcoholic liver disease group. SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that serum Se levels are drastically decreased in alcoholic liver disease patients, showing that this element has a direct correlation with GPx activity, and lipid oxidation, suggesting that the serum Se/MDA ratio could be an indicator of hepatic damage caused by alcohol consumption, and pointing to Se as a possible antioxidant therapy.

Entrenamiento en habilidades sociales y responsabilidad social corporativa: estudio de un caso / Corte Social Skills Training and Corporate Social Responsibility: A case study

Este artículo evalúa la eficacia de un entrenamiento en habilidades sociales para la adquisición y mejora de destrezas de comunicación requeridas en la implantación y desarrollo de estrategias de responsabilidad social corporativa en una PYME (Pequeña y Mediana Empresa). Se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental con medidas pre-post de un entrenamiento en el que participaron 56 directivos y mandos intermedios de la mencionada empresa, mientras que el grupo de comparación estuvo conformado por 28 trabajadores de igual empleo en otra empresa del mismo sector productivo y composición demográfica similar. Los resultados demostraron que después del entrenamiento los participantes obtuvieron puntuaciones medias más altas que antes del mismo en una escala de adopción de la perspectiva del “otro” y en una de interés empático. Asimismo obtuvieron promedios más elevados después del entrenamiento que los obtenidos por el grupo de comparación en ambas variables así como en una medida de heteroevaluación mediante un diferencial semántico sobre empatía. Se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas para la implantación y desarrollo de estrategias de responsabilidad social (AU)

This paper addresses the effectiveness of social skills training for the acquisition and improvement of communication skills required in the implementation and development of corporate social responsibility strategies in a SME (Small and Medium Enterprise). A quasi-experimental pre-post design was used, in which 56 senior and middle managers of such enterprise were trained (experimental group), while the comparison group was composed by 28 workers in the same job position at another company in the same productive sector and similar demographic composition. Results showed that scores of trained participants in both adoption of the other-party perspective and empathetic interest scales were higher after than before training. Their scores after training were also higher than those obtained by the comparison group in both variables as well as on an empathy heteroevaluation measure based on semantic differential. Findings and its practical implications for implementing and developing social responsibility strategies are discussed (AU)

[Tumor markers in colorectal cancer]. / Marcadores tumorales en el cáncer colorrectal.

INTRODUCTION: In 2008, colorectal cancer represented the third most commonly diagnosed tumor in Spain, and the second tumor with more deaths. Despite the new potential biomarkers in colorectal cancer, there are many challenges that need to be overcome, resulting in a need for the standardization of its determinations. DISCUSSION: The continuous advance in tumor disease knowledge makes this review a summary of the current accepted, recommended and studied tumor markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of colorectal cancer, such as fecal markers, tissue markers and serological markers, and various prognostic markers on which there are different lines of treatment in colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Oncological guidelines recommend only a minority of tumor markers for routine use, such as the study of fecal occult blood, CEA determination in the postoperative followup, microsatellite instability to identify people susceptible to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cáncer, and mutation of APC in the diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis.

Agenesia congénita de endometrio. Una etiologia inusual de amenorrea primaria / Congenital absence of the endometrium: an unusual cause of primary amenorrhea

Se describe el caso de una paciente de 25 años que presenta amenorrea primaria y esterilidad como consecuencia de la agenesia congénita de endometrio, sin otro tipo de alteraciones fenotípicas, cromosómicas o endocrinológicas asociadas. Se discuten aspectos de la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y las posibilidades terapéuticas en la actualidad (AU)

We report a case of primary amenorrhea and infertility due to congenital absence of the endometrium in a 25 year-old woman. There were no other malformations or endocrinological or chromosomal alterations. The physiopathological features, diagnosis and current therapeutic options in this malformation are discussed (AU)