LMO family gene polymorphisms and Wilms tumor susceptibility in Chinese children: a five-center case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Wilms tumor is the most prevalent embryonal kidney malignancy in children worldwide. Previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified that LIM domain only 1 (LMO1) gene polymorphisms affected the susceptibility to develop certain tumor types. Apart from LMO1, the LMO gene family members also include LMO2-4, each of which has oncogenic potential. METHODS: We conducted this five-center case‒control study to assess the correlations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in LMO family genes and Wilms tumor susceptibility. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association. RESULTS: We found LMO1 rs2168101 G > T and rs11603024 C > T as well as LMO2 rs7933499 G > A were significantly associated with Wilms tumor risk. Stratified analysis demonstrated a protective role of rs2168101 GT/TT genotypes against Wilms tumor in the subgroups of age ≤ 18 months, males and clinical stages I/II compared to the rs2168101 GG genotype. Nevertheless, carriers with the rs11603024 TT genotype were more likely to have an increased risk of Wilms tumor than those with rs11603024 CC/CT genotypes in age > 18 months. And the rs11603024 was identified as a protective polymorphism for reducing the risk of Wilms tumor in the sex- and gender- subgroup. Likewise, carriers with the rs7933499 GA/AA genotypes were at significantly elevated risk of Wilms tumor in age ≤ 18 months and clinical stages I/II. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study identified the importance of LMO family gene polymorphisms on Wilms tumor susceptibility in Chinese children. Further investigations are needed to validate our conclusions.

Remarkable Second Harmonic Generation Response in (C5H6NO)+(CH3SO3)-: Unraveling the Role of Hydrogen Bond in Thermal Driven Nonlinear Optical Switch.

Heat-activated second harmonic generation (SHG) switching materials are gaining interest for their ability to switch between SHG on and off states, offering potential in optoelectronic applications. The novel nonlinear optical (NLO) switch, (C5H6NO)+(CH3SO3)- (4-hydroxypyridinium methylsulfonate, 4HPMS), is a near-room-temperature thermal driven material with a strong SHG response (3.3 × KDP), making it one of the most potent heat-stimulated NLO switches. It offers excellent contrast of 13 and a high laser-induced damage threshold (2.5 × KDP), with reversibility > 5 cycles. At 73 °C, 4HPMS transitions from the noncentrosymmetric Pna21 room temperature phase (RTP) to the centrosymmetric P21/c phase, caused by the rotation of the (C5H6NO)+ and (CH3SO3)- due to partially thermal breaking of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The reverse phase change exhibits a large 50 °C thermal hysteresis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that (C5H6NO)+ primarily dictates both the SHG coefficient (dij) and birefringence (∆n(Zeiss) = 0.216 vs ∆n(cal.) = 0.202 at 546 nm; Δn(Immersion) = 0.210 vs ∆n(cal.) = 0.198 at 589.3 nm), while the band gap (Eg) is influenced synergistically by (C5H6NO)+ and (CH3SO3)-. Additionally, 4HPMS-RTP also exhibits mechanochromism upon grinding as well as an aggregation-enhanced emission in a mixture of acetone and water.

Assessment of TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP levels in triple-negative breast cancer patients: clinical and pathological correlations.

OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of this study was to investigate the expressions of TUFT1 (Tuftelin) and Rac1-GTP in the cancerous tissues of individuals with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Additionally, we aimed to explore the correlation between TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP expressions and examine the associations of TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP expressions with the clinical and pathological indicators of the patients. METHODS: Ninety-six patients diagnosed with TNBC, scheduled for surgery between May 2022 and November 2022, were enrolled in this study. Cancerous tissue specimens were collected from these patients, and immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate the levels of TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP expressions in the cancerous tissues. Subsequent to data collection, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP expressions. Furthermore, we sought to assess the associations of TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP expressions with the clinical and pathological indicators of the patients. RESULTS: The TUFT1 protein was expressed in both the membrane and cytoplasm of TNBC cancer cells, with notably higher expression observed in the cytoplasm. Rac1-GTP was primarily expressed in the cytoplasm. There was a positive correlation between the levels of TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP expressions (χ2 = 9.816, P < 0.05). The levels of TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP protein expressions showed no correlation with patient age (χ2 = 2.590, 2.565, P > 0.05); however, they demonstrated a positive correlation with tumor size (χ2 = 5.592,5.118), histological grading (χ2 = 6.730, 5.443), and lymph node metastasis (χ2 = 8.221, 5.180) (all with a significance level of P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A significant correlation was identified between the levels of TUFT1 and Rac1-GTP expressions in the cancerous tissues of patients with TNBC, suggesting a close association with the progression of TNBC. The two molecules play significant roles in facilitating an early diagnosis and treatment of TNBC.

[Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water of Changshou Lake Reservoir, Chongqing].

To understand the water pollution status and environmental risks of Changshou Lake, the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in the water were collected and analyzed during different seasons. The study investigated temporal and spatial variations, distribution characteristics, pollution levels, and health risks associated with heavy metals in Changshou Lake. The results showed that all six heavy metals were below than the Class Ⅰ standard of the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB 3838-2002), but recent years have witnessed an increasing trend, with Cu, As, and Pb showing a significant increase (P<0.05). The temporal and spatial distributions of these heavy metals were different. Temporally, Cr and Cd concentrations in surface water were higher in summer, As and Zn were higher in spring, and Pb and Cu were higher in autumn and winter. Spatially, the concentrations of Cr, As, Cu, Zn, and Pb showed higher concentrations in the southern outlet of the reservoir, the northwestern Longxi River inlet, and the central part of the reservoir, whereas Cd was higher in the northern stagnant area. The overall levels of heavy metals in the water body of Changshou Lake were low, with Cr and Cu slightly polluted, while other heavy metals were identified as having an insignificant pollution level. Drinking water was the primary exposure pathway to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metals in surface water bodies. The health risk values of Cr and As in water bodies were high, ranging from 6.2×10-10 to 3.0×10-4 and 5.1×10-8 to 3.9×10-5, respectively. The corresponding contribution rates for children and adults to the total health risk were high, with Cr accounting for 87.18% and 87.20%, respectively, while As accounted for 12.73% and 12.71%, respectively. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize environmental risks associated with Cr and Cu, as well as the health risks associated with Cr and As in Changshou Lake These findings provide a scientific foundation for water pollution control and environmental quality improvement in Changshou Lake, and rational development and utilization of water resources.

Prediction of mechanical ventilation outcome by early abdominal-visceral-blood-flow-and-function score in critically ill patients after cardiopulmonary bypass in the ICU: A prospective observational study.

Background: Abdominal organs are important organs that sense and respond to ischemia and hypoxia, but there are few evaluation methods.We use ultrasonography to evaluate abdominal organ function and blood flow in patients with mechanical ventilation (MV) after cardiopulmonary bypass and to obtain a semiquantitative score for abdominal organ function and blood flow. Methods: Patients with cardiopulmonary bypass in the Critical Care Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital in China from March to July 2021 were enrolled in this prospective observational study. The correlation of the abdominal-visceral-blood-flow-and-function score (AVBFS) with the duration of MV, number of days spent in the intensive care unit (ICU), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE-II), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), lactate, epinephrine, and norepinephrine use was analyzed, and the results were used to assess the predictive value of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) regression analysis score for the duration of MV. Results: Of the 92 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass, 41 were finally included. The AVBFS were significantly correlated with the duration of MV, number of days spent in the ICU, APACHE-II score, SOFA score, and norepinephrine use time. The AVBFS in a group of patients using ventilators ≥36 h were significantly higher than those obtained for a group of patients using ventilators <36 h (P <0.05). The evaluation results for the AVBFS at 0-12 h after ICU admission were as follows: area under the ROC curve (AUC)=0.876 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.767 to 0.984), cut-off value=2.5, specificity=0.842, and sensitivity=0.773. Conclusions: Abdominal visceral organ function and blood perfusion can be used to evaluate gastrointestinal function. It is related to early and late extubation after cardiac surgery.

Research status of facial nerve repair.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, is critical in controlling the movement of the facial muscles. It is responsible for all facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and moving the eyebrows. However, damage to this nerve can occur for a variety of reasons, including maxillofacial surgery, trauma, tumors, and infections. Facial nerve injuries can cause severe functional impairment and can lead to different degrees of facial paralysis, significantly affecting the quality of life of patients. Over the past ten years, significant progress has been made in the field of facial nerve repair. Different approaches, including direct suture, autologous nerve grafts, and tissue engineering, have been utilized for the repair of facial nerve injury. This article mainly summarizes the clinical methods and basic research progress of facial nerve repair in the past ten years.

Association Between Telomere Length and Risk of Lung Cancer in an Asian Population: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Background: Several traditional observational studies and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have indicated an association between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and the risk of lung cancer in the European population. However, the results in the Asian population are still unclear. The objective was to reveal the genetic causal association between LTL and the risk of lung cancer in the Asian population. Methods: We conducted a two-sample MR analysis using summary statistics. Instrumental variables (IVs) were obtained from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of LTL (n = 23,096) and lung cancer (n = 212,453) of Asian ancestry. We applied the random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) model as the main method. As well, several other models were performed as complementary methods to assess the impact of potential MR assumption violations, including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode models. Results: We included eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as IVs for LTL and found that LTL was significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer in the IVW model (odds ratio (OR): 1.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31 - 1.97; P = 5.96 × 10-6), which was in line with the results in the weighted median and weighted mode models. However, the relationship was not statistically significant in the MR-Egger regression model (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 0.92 - 2.26; P = 0.160). Sensitivity analyses indicated the robustness of the results. Conclusions: This two-sample MR study confirmed that longer telomere length significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in the Asian population, which was in accord with findings in the Western population.

TRMT6 gene rs236110 C > A polymorphism increases the risk of Wilms tumor.

tRNA methyltransferase 6 (TRMT6)is an enzyme catalyzing N1-methyladenosine, a reversible modification in RNA, including tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, and lncRNA. Increasing evidence has shown the implications of this post-transcriptional modification and its regulators in carcinogenesis. However, its roles in Wilms tumor haven't been reported. In this study, four TRMT6 gene polymorphisms (rs236170 A > G, rs451571 T > C, rs236188 G > A, and rs236110 C > A) were tested for association with susceptibility to Wilms tumor, the most frequently diagnosed pediatric renal tumor. TaqMan method was adopted to analyze the genotypes of these polymorphisms in 414 cases and 1199 controls. Among the four TRMT6 gene polymorphisms, only the rs236110 C > A displayed a significant association with the risk of Wilms tumor [AA vs. CC, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.93, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-3.27, P = 0.015]. This association was confirmed under the recessive models (AA vs. CC/CA, OR = 1.92, 95 % CI = 1.14-3.23, P = 0.015). Furthermore, after stratifying by age, gender, and clinical stage, we mainly detected significant associations for the rs236110 C > A in children older than 18 months, boys, and those with stage IV or III + IV diseases. The rs236110 A allele was significantly associated with decreased expression of MCM8. In conclusion, we identified the rs236110 C > A in the TRMT6 gene as a Wilms tumor susceptibility locus, and this polymorphism warrants more validation studies to be translated into individualized risk prediction strategies for children.

SIRS, SOFA, qSOFA, and NEWS in the diagnosis of sepsis and prediction of adverse outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: We compared Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA), and National Early Warning Score (NEWS) for sepsis diagnosis and adverse outcomes prediction. METHODS: Clinical studies that used SIRS, SOFA, qSOFA, and NEWS for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis assessment were included. Data were extracted, and meta-analysis was performed for outcome measures, including sepsis diagnosis, in-hospital mortality, 7/10/14-day mortality, 28/30-day mortality, and ICU admission. RESULTS: Fifty-seven included studies showed good overall quality. Regarding sepsis prediction, SIRS demonstrated high sensitivity (0.85) but low specificity (0.41), qSOFA showed low sensitivity (0.42) but high specificity (0.98), and NEWS exhibited high sensitivity (0.71) and specificity (0.85). For predicting in-hospital mortality, SOFA demonstrated the highest sensitivity (0.89) and specificity (0.69). In terms of predicting 7/10/14-day mortality, SIRS exhibited high sensitivity (0.87), while qSOFA had high specificity (0.75). For predicting 28/30-day mortality, SOFA showed high sensitivity (0.97) but low specificity (0.14), whereas qSOFA displayed low sensitivity (0.41) but high specificity (0.88). CONCLUSIONS: NEWS independently demonstrates good diagnostic capability for sepsis, especially in high-income countries. SOFA emerges as the optimal choice for predicting in-hospital mortality and can be employed as a screening tool for 28/30-day mortality in low-income countries.

WDR4 gene polymorphisms and Wilms tumor susceptibility in Chinese children: A five-center case-control study.

Wilms tumor is the most common embryonal renal malignancy in children. WDR4 is an indispensable noncatalytic subunit of the RNA N7-methylguanosine (m7G) methyltransferase complex and plays an essential role in tumorigenesis. However, the relationship between polymorphisms in the WDR4 gene and susceptibility to Wilms tumor remains to be fully investigated. We performed a large case-control study involving 414 patients and 1199 cancer-free controls to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the WDR4 gene are associated with Wilms tumor susceptibility. WDR4 gene polymorphisms (rs2156315 C > T, rs2156316 C > G, rs6586250 C > T, rs15736 G > A, and rs2248490 C > G) were genotyped using the TaqMan assay. In addition, unconditioned logistic regression analysis was performed, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association between WDR4 gene SNPs and Wilms tumor susceptibility as well as the strength of the associations. We found that only the rs6586250 C>T polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor (adjusted OR=2.99, 95% CI = 1.28-6.97, P = 0.011 for the rs6586250 TT genotype; adjusted OR=3.08, 95% CI = 1.33-7.17, P = 0.009 for the rs6586250 CC/CT genotype). Furthermore, the stratification analysis revealed that patients with the rs6586250 TT genotype and carriers with 1-5 risk genotypes exhibited statistically significant associations with increased Wilms tumor risk in specific subgroups. However, the rs2156315 CT/TT genotype was identified as having a protective effect against Wilms tumor in the age >18 months subgroup compared with the rs2156315 CC genotype. In brief, our study demonstrated that the rs6586250 C > T polymorphism of the WDR4 gene was significantly associated with Wilms tumor. This finding may contribute to the understanding of the genetic mechanism of Wilms tumor.

Development of subdural empyema from subdural effusion after suppurative encephalitis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Chronic subdural effusion is very common in the cranial imaging of middle-aged and older people. Herein, we report a patient misdiagnosed with subdural effusion, who was eventually diagnosed with chronic subdural empyema (SDE) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. CASE SUMMARY: A 63-year-old man was brought to our emergency room with a headache, vomiting, and disturbed consciousness. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a bilateral subdural effusion at the top left side of the frontal lobe. Cerebrospinal fluid examination after lumbar puncture indicated suppurative meningitis, which improved after anti-infective therapy. However, the patient then presented with acute cognitive dysfunction and right limb paralysis. Repeat CT showed an increase in left frontoparietal subdural effusion, disappearance of the left lateral ventricle, and a shift of the midline to the right. Urgent burr hole drainage showed SDE that was culture-positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. His condition improved after adequate drainage and antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION: Patients with unexplained subdural effusion, especially asymmetric subdural effusion with intracranial infection, should be assessed for chronic SDE. Early surgical treatment may be beneficial.

Silencing LCN2 suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma progression by reducing EGFR signal activation and recycling.

BACKGROUND: EGFR is an important signal involved in tumor growth that can induce tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Exploring targets for effective EGFR regulation is an important topic in current research and drug development. Inhibiting EGFR can effectively inhibit the progression and lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) because OSCC is a type of cancer with high EGFR expression. However, the problem of EGFR drug resistance is particularly prominent, and identifying a new target for EGFR regulation could reveal an effective strategy. METHODS: We sequenced wild type or EGFR-resistant OSCC cells and samples from OSCC patients with or without lymph node metastasis to find new targets for EGFR regulation to effectively replace the strategy of directly inhibiting EGFR and exert an antitumor effect. We then investigated the effect of LCN2 on OSCC biological abilities in vitro and in vivo through protein expression regulation. Subsequently, we elucidated the regulatory mechanism of LCN2 through mass spectrometry, protein interaction, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence analyses. As a proof of concept, a reduction-responsive nanoparticle (NP) platform was engineered for effective LCN2 siRNA (siLCN2) delivery, and a tongue orthotopic xenograft model as well as an EGFR-positive patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model were applied to investigate the curative effect of siLCN2. RESULTS: We identified lipocalin-2 (LCN2), which is upregulated in OSCC metastasis and EGFR resistance. Inhibition of LCN2 expression can effectively inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of OSCC in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation and downstream signal activation. Mechanistically, LCN2 binds EGFR and enhances the recycling of EGFR, thereby activating the EGFR-MEK-ERK cascade. Inhibition of LCN2 effectively inhibited the activation of EGFR. We translated this finding by systemic delivery of siLCN2 by NPs, which effectively downregulated LCN2 in the tumor tissues, thereby leading to a significant inhibition of the growth and metastasis of xenografts. CONCLUSIONS: This research indicated that targeting LCN2 could be a promising strategy for the treatment of OSCC.

Proteomic and metabolomic approaches elucidate the molecular mechanism of emodin against neuropathic pain through modulating the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic pathway and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway.

Neuropathic pain (NeP) is a major health concern. Due to the complex pathological mechanisms, management of NeP is challenging. Emodin, a natural anthraquinone derivative, exerts excellent analgesic effects. However, its mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying pain-relief effects of emodin in the cerebral cortex using proteomic and metabolomic approaches. After 15 days of emodin administration, the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) values in the emodin groups were significantly higher than those in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) group (p < .05), suggesting emodin treatment could reverse CCI-induced hyperalgesia. Emodin treatment evoked the expression alteration of 402 proteins (153 up-regulated and 249 down-regulated) in the CCI models, which were primarily involved in PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor signaling, complement and coagulation cascades, cGMP/PKG signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and calcium signaling pathway. In parallel, emodin intervention regulated the abundance alteration of 27 brain metabolites (20 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated) in the CCI rats, which were primarily implicated in carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, pentose phosphate pathway, and glucagon signaling pathway. After a comprehensive analysis and western blot validation, we demonstrated that emodin alleviated NeP mainly through regulating GABAergic pathway and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Reduces Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Inhibiting Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) in Hemorrhagic Shock (HS).

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is the most common cause of potentially preventable death after traumatic injury. Acute liver injury is an important manifestation of HS. Apoptosis plays an important role in liver injury. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) can alleviate liver injury. This study aimed to examine the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on hepatocyte apoptosis in HS and its relationship with the FXR pathway. METHODS: Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham group, HS group, HS + UDCA group, and FXR (-) + HS + UDCA group. There were 6 mice in each group. As to the model of HS, MAP of 40 ± 5 mmHg was maintained for 1 hour. As to UDCA intervention, UDCA (300mg/kg) was given nasally. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect changes in the expression level of Caspase-3, Bax, LC3Ⅰ, LC3Ⅱ, Bcl-2, and Beclin-1 in the liver. TUNEL assay was used to detect changes in hepatocyte apoptosis. RESULTS: The expression level of Caspase-3 and Bax in the liver decreased significantly after treatment with UDCA under HS conditions. The expression level of LC3Ⅰ, LC3Ⅱ, Bcl-2, and Beclin-1 in the liver increased significantly after treatment with UDCA under HS conditions. TUNEL positive percentage of liver decreased significantly after treatment with UDCA under HS conditions. In the case of FXR (-), the influence of UDCA was inhibited. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that UDCA could reduce hepatocyte apoptosis during HS through the FXR pathway.

Clinical Analysis of Autologous Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells Mobilization and Collection in Lymphoma Patients / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the factors influencing collection of autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells in lymphoma patients.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of 74 patients who received autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells mobilization and collection in the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA from April 2009 to April 2021 were collected. The effects of gender, age, disease type, stage, course of disease, chemotherapy cycle number, relapse, radiotherapy, disease status and blood routine indexes on the day of collection on peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell collection were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The success rate of collection was 95.9%(71/74), and the excellent rate of collection was 71.6%(53/74). There was a significantly statistical differentce in the number of CD34+ cells in grafts collected from patients with chemotherapy cycle ≤6 and >6 ［(9.1±5.2)×106/kg vs (6.4±3.7)×106/kg, P=0.031］. The number of CD34+ cells in the first collection was positively correlated with WBC count, hemoglobin, platelet count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count and hematocrit value on the day of collection ( r value was 0.424,0.486,0.306,0.289,0.353,0.428,0.528, respectively). WBC count, hemoglobin, monocyte count and hematocrit value have higher predictive value for the first collection of CD34+ cells. The area under the receiver operating characteristic was 0.7061,0.7845,0.7319,0.7848, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Low dose CTX and VP16 chemotherapy combined with G-CSF can effectively mobilize autologous peripheral blood stem cells. The cycle number of chemotherapy relates to the collection of autologous peripheral blood stem cells. After mobilization, the success of the first collection can be better predicted by the blood routine indexes.

Research progress of microparticles in traditional Chinese medicine decoction / 药学学报

Decoction is a classical dosage form of traditional Chinese medicines. In the process of decocting, various complex components produce physical interactions and chemical reactions, among which physical interactions include van der Waals force, hydrogen bond, electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking, etc., and chemical reactions include Maillard reaction, oxidation reaction, hydrolysis reaction, degradation reaction, polymerization reaction, etc. New substances and original ingredients from chemical reactions can be further activated. These effects form the basis of particle formation in the broth. The sizes of the particles in decoctions range from nanoscale to micron scale, mostly composed of polysaccharide, protein matrix, wrapped in water insoluble molecules, can increase the dispersion of insoluble components and the stability of unstable components, as well as reduce the volatile components and toxic components of volatile components, and ultimately achieve the purpose of efficient absorption and toxicity reduction. From the angle of physical change and chemical reaction in the process of decoction, this paper expounds the formation mechanism of particles in decoction, expounds the research method of particles, analyzes the components in particles and the interaction between components, and then explains the pharmacodynamic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine decoction, which provides the foundation for the modernization of Chinese decoction.

Rare leptin in non-alcoholic fatty liver cirrhosis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related cirrhosis is mainly caused by NAFLD by causing inflammation which leads to fibrosis. The role of leptin in NAFLD-related cirrhosis has been rarely reported. CASE SUMMARY: This study presents the case of a 65-year-old male patient who was referred to The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, China, for diagnosis and treatment for liver cirrhosis. Initially, the cause of liver cirrhosis was unknown. After radiology, laboratory examination, pathological results and analysis of the patient's signs and symptoms, the case was finally diagnosed with final NAFLD-related cirrhosis. Although this study reports a single case, the findings might expand the understanding of leptin's role in NAFLD-related cirrhosis and might provide a basis for the clinical diagnostic criteria, pathological features and treatment of NAFLD-related cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: Although the occurrence of marasmus NAFLD-related cirrhosis is rare, it needs to be distinguished from other liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver disease, Wilson's disease and autoimmune liver disease. Aggressive treatment is needed to prevent the progression of NAFLD-related cirrhosis.

[Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon Components and Their Correlation with Other Soil Physical and Chemical Factors in Cotton Fields with Different Continuous Cropping Years in the Oasis on the Northern Edge of Tarim Basin].

The study of soil organic carbon components in continuous cropping cotton fields in oases is helpful to reveal the change characteristics of the soil organic carbon stability mechanism in arid areas under the effects of man-land relationships. In this study, the contents of soil organic carbon, easily oxidized organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon in cotton fields with different continuous cropping years (2 a, 5 a, 12 a, 20 a, and 35 a) were collected and analyzed by using space instead of the time series method. Through redundancy analysis, the relationship between soil organic carbon components and other soil physical and chemical factors was discussed. The results showed that:① continuous cropping for different years had a significant impact on the content of soil organic carbon components in the study area. The contents of soil organic carbon, easily oxidized organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon in continuous cropping cotton fields for 12 a, 20 a, and 35 a were higher than those in continuous cropping cotton fields and wasteland for 2 a and 5 a. ω(soil organic carbon) reached the peak value (7.06 g·kg-1) in the cotton field in 20 a, which was 76.91% higher than that in the wasteland. The content of soil organic carbon decreased with the deepening of the soil layer. ② Based on the redundancy analysis of soil organic carbon content and soil environmental factors, the results showed that the content of soil organic carbon was positively correlated with total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and water content and negatively correlated with pH value and bulk density. The importance of soil environmental factors on the interpretation of soil organic carbon content was as follows:total N>available P>pH value>bulk density>water content>available K>total salt.

Exosomes in osteoarthritis: Updated insights on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

Osteoarthritis (OA) has remained a prevalent public health problem worldwide over the past decades. OA is a global challenge because its specific pathogenesis is unclear, and no effective disease-modifying drugs are currently available. Exosomes are small and single-membrane vesicles secreted via the formation of endocytic vesicles and multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which are eventually released when MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane. Exosomes contain various integral surface proteins derived from cells, intercellular proteins, DNAs, RNAs, amino acids, and metabolites. By transferring complex constituents and promoting macrophages to generate chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, exosomes function in pathophysiological processes in OA, including local inflammation, cartilage calcification and degradation of osteoarthritic joints. Exosomes are also detected in synovial fluid and plasma, and their levels continuously change with OA progression. Thus, exosomes, specifically exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs, potentially represent multicomponent diagnostic biomarkers for OA. Exosomes derived from various types of mesenchymal stem cells and other cell or tissue types affect angiogenesis, inflammation, and bone remodeling. These exosomes exhibit promising capabilities to restore OA cartilage, attenuate inflammation, and balance cartilage matrix formation and degradation, thus demonstrating therapeutic potential in OA. In combination with biocompatible and highly adhesive materials, such as hydrogels and cryogels, exosomes may facilitate cartilage tissue engineering therapies for OA. Based on numerous recent studies, we summarized the latent mechanisms and clinical value of exosomes in OA in this review.