Rationale for catheter-based therapies in acute pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common disease resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. High-risk features of PE are hypotension or shock, and early reperfusion is warranted to unload the strained right ventricle and improve clinical outcomes. Currently, systemic thrombolysis (ST) is the standard of care but is associated with bleeding complications. Catheter-based therapies (CDT) have emerged as a promising alternative having demonstrated to be equally effective while having a lower risk of bleeding. Several CDT are currently available, some combining mechanical properties with low-dose thrombolytics. Recent guidelines suggest that CDT may be considered in patients with high-risk PE who have high bleeding risk, after failed ST, or in patients with rapid haemodynamic deterioration as bail-out before ST can be effective, depending on local availability and expertise. In haemodynamically stable patients with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (intermediate-risk PE), CDT may be considered if clinical deterioration occurs after starting anticoagulation and relative contraindications for ST due to bleeding risk exist. Decision on treatment modality should follow a risk-benefit analysis on a case by case base, weighing the risk of PE-related complications; i.e. haemodynamic deterioration vs. bleeding. As timely initiation of treatment is warranted to prevent early mortality, bleeding risk factors should be assessed at an early stage in all patients with acute PE and signs of RV dysfunction. To ensure optimal management of complex cases of PE and assess a potential CDT strategy, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended. A dedicated Pulmonary Embolism Response Team may optimize this process.

[Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: recognition, diagnosis and treatment]. / Chronische trombo-embolische pulmonale hypertensie.

- Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), characterised by pulmonary hypertension and persistent perfusion defects despite adequate anticoagulation, causes significant morbidity and mortality.- Persistent dyspnoea after acute pulmonary embolism is frequent and an indication for additional diagnostics. Only a minority of these patients develop CTEPH.- Echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy are the cornerstone of diagnostics when suspecting CTEPH. Right-heart catheterisation and pulmonary angiography should confirm the diagnosis.- The diagnostic phase is preferably carried out in an expert centre in order to optimise the diagnosis and choose the optimal treatment for each individual patient.- Treatment of patients with CTEPH is a multidisciplinary team effort.- Pulmonary endarterectomy is the only potentially curative treatment; perioperative mortality is less than 5% in experienced centres. Inoperable patients can be treated with medication that specifically targets pulmonary arterial hypertension, but a survival benefit has not yet been shown for this medication.- Balloon pulmonary angioplasty has recently become available in the Netherlands as a treatment option, but the exact role of this new technique in the treatment of patients with CTEPH still needs to be investigated.