Suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica transperitoneal / Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

Objetivos: Presentar nuestros resultados en suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica transperitoneal tras haber realizado 70 procedimientos. Material y métodos: Entre julio de 2002 y diciembre de 2010, 70 pacientes fueron sometidos a suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica transperitoneal con los siguientes diagnósticos: 22 de síndrome de Conn, 18 adenomas no funcionantes, 10 casos de síndrome de Cushing, 7 feocromocitomas, 4 mielolipomas, 6 casos de metástasis tras tratamiento de neoplasia primaria no adrenal, un ganglioneuroma, un hematoma de glándula suprarrenal y un carcinoma suprarrenal. Describimos el tamaño, el tiempo quirúrgico y de hospitalización, la pérdida sanguínea y la necesidad de transfusión, las complicaciones quirúrgicas y la tasa de conversión a cirugía abierta. Resultados: De los 70 pacientes 35 fueron hombres y otras 35 mujeres (1:1) con una edad media de 58,2 años (82,2 - 29,1). La localización predominante fue la izquierda (58%) frente a la derecha (42%). Con un tamaño medio de la pieza quirúrgica de 5,11cm, el tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 119,2 minutos (50 - 240) y el sangrado operatorio medio de 140,6 cc (30 - 800), precisando tan sólo en tres pacientes transfusión sanguínea. El período promedio para alimentación oral fue de 17 horas y la estancia media hospitalaria fue de 4,3 días (15 - 2). Como complicaciones observamos dos casos de infecciones quirúrgicas, un íleo paralítico prolongado, un caso de laceración esplénica y otro de perforación intestinal; ambos precisaron reconversión a cirugía abierta (4,28%). Conclusiones: La suprarrenalectomía por vía laparoscópica es una técnica quirúrgica segura, con un bajo porcentaje de complicaciones y que precisa breve estancia hospitalaria. La elección de esta vía de acceso dependerá de la experiencia individual del cirujano, teniendo en cuenta tanto la etiología como el tamaño de la lesión en cada caso (AU)

Objectives: To present our results with transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy after completion of 70 procedures. Material and Methods: Between July 2002 and December 2010, transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed in 70 patients with the following diagnoses: Conn syndrome (22 cases), nonfunctioning adenomas (18), Cushing syndrome (10), pheochromocytomas (7), myelolipomas (4), metastasis after treatment of primary nonadrenal tumors (6), ganglioneuroma (1), adrenal gland hematoma (1) and adrenal carcinoma (1). We describe the size, surgical and hospitalization times, blood loss, need for transfusion, surgical complications and rate of conversion to open surgery. Results: Of 70 patients, 35 were men and 35 women (1:1) with a mean age of 58.2 years (range, 82.2- 29.1). The most common site was left (58%) compared to right (42%). The mean size of the surgical specimen was 5.11cm, mean surgical time was 119.2minutes (50-240) and mean operative bleeding was 140.6 (30-800) cc. Only 3 patients required blood transfusion. The mean time until oral feeding was 17hours, and the mean hospital stay was 4.3 (2-15) days. Complications included 2 cases of surgical infections, 1 of prolonged paralytic ileus, and 1 of splenic laceration and 1 of intestinal perforation which both which required reconversion to open surgery (4.28%). Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe procedure, with a low percentage of complications and a short hospital stay. The choice of this approach will depend on the surgeon's experience with the lesion etiology and size in each case (AU)

[Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy]. / Suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica transperitoneal.

OBJECTIVES: To present our results with transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy after completion of 70 procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between July 2002 and December 2010, transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed in 70 patients with the following diagnoses: Conn syndrome (22 cases), nonfunctioning adenomas (18), Cushing syndrome (10), pheochromocytomas (7), myelolipomas (4), metastasis after treatment of primary nonadrenal tumors (6), ganglioneuroma (1), adrenal gland hematoma (1) and adrenal carcinoma (1). We describe the size, surgical and hospitalization times, blood loss, need for transfusion, surgical complications and rate of conversion to open surgery. RESULTS: Of 70 patients, 35 were men and 35 women (1:1) with a mean age of 58.2 years (range, 82.2- 29.1). The most common site was left (58%) compared to right (42%). The mean size of the surgical specimen was 5.11 cm, mean surgical time was 119.2 minutes (50-240) and mean operative bleeding was 140.6 (30-800) cc. Only 3 patients required blood transfusion. The mean time until oral feeding was 17 hours, and the mean hospital stay was 4.3 (2-15) days. Complications included 2 cases of surgical infections, 1 of prolonged paralytic ileus, and 1 of splenic laceration and 1 of intestinal perforation which both which required reconversion to open surgery (4.28%). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe procedure, with a low percentage of complications and a short hospital stay. The choice of this approach will depend on the surgeon's experience with the lesion etiology and size in each case.

Myelolipomatous adrenal masses causing Cushing's syndrome.

Adrenal myelolipomas are uncommon benign tumors, composed of mature adipose tissue and haematopoietic elements in varying proportions. They are usually asymptomatic, non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas, but there have been a few reports of myelolipomatous masses associated with adrenocortical hypersecretion. We report two cases of large mixed adrenal tumors, with heterogeneous appearance and areas of fat density in imaging techniques, and with autonomous cortisol production leading to Cushing's syndrome. Both underwent adrenalectomy and the histological study showed an adrenocortical adenoma with widespread myelolipomatous metaplasia. Hypercortisolism resolved in the one patient that could be evaluated after surgery. We review all the previous reported cases of hypercortisolism associated with adrenal myelolipomas. We also discuss the recommended diagnostic approach and therapeutic management of adrenal masses of lipomatous appearance.

Cirugía ambulatoria en un Servicio de Urología. Análisis del período 2003-2006 / Ambulatory surgery in a urology department. Analysis of the period 2003-2006

Objetivo: En la cirugía sin ingreso deberemos distinguir entre el concepto de cirugía menor ambulatoria y cirugía mayor ambulatoria. La cirugía ambulatoria, permite que el paciente no esté en el hospital más allá de unas horas, mostrando una seguridad y efectividad similar a la cirugía convencional. Evaluar los resultados de un programa de cirugía ambulatoria. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los resultados de funcionamiento de la Cirugía Ambulatoria (C.A) en un Servicio de Urología, incluyendo 4185 pacientes en un periodo de estudio de cuatro años, que comprende desde el 1 de enero del 2003 hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2006. Resultados: En el periodo de estudio el índice de sustitución global fue del 83,6%. El índice de ingresos fue del 2,5%, de los cuales la mayoría fueron ingresos precoces. Las complicaciones mayores se presentaron en 26 pacientes (0,6%), siendo la hemorragia mayor la predominante. La mayoría de las complicaciones son menores o leves, y el dolor en la zona de la herida quirúrgica es el problema encontrado con mayor frecuencia. Conclusiones: El auge y la promoción continua de la cirugía ambulatoria están más que justificadas. La alta satisfacción de los pacientes sometidos a este tipo de cirugía, con el escaso número de complicaciones registradas, nos proporcionan una valiosa herramienta de control del gasto sanitario (AU)

Objectives: When talking about day surgery we have to differentiate between minor and major ambulatory surgery. Ambulatory surgery enables the patient to stay in the hospital not more than a few hours, showing similar safety and efficacy than conventional surgery. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the results of an ambulatory surgery program. Methods: Descriptive retrospective study of the results of the Ambulatory Surgery in a Urology Department, including 4185 patients in a four-year period, from January 1st 2003 to December 31st 2006. Results: In the study period the global substitution rate was 83.6%. The hospital admission rate was 2.5%, most of which were early admissions. Major complications appeared in 26 patients (0.6%), being major bleeding the predominant one. Most complications were minor or mild, and pain at the site of the surgical wound was the most frequent problem found. Conclusions: The increase and continuous promotion of ambulatory surgery are more than justified. The high satisfaction among patients undergoing this type of surgery, with a very low number of complications registered, provides us with a valuable tool for health-care expenditure control (AU)

Hemoperitoneo y muerte por rotura de metástasis hepatoesplénicas de tumor testicular / Hemoperitoneum and death due to hepatoesplenic methastasis rupture in a testicular tumor

Presentamos un caso de tumor germinal mixto de testículo, en estadio III-C (AJCC-UICC), con evolución letal, por hemoperitoneo masivo por rotura de metástasis hepáticas y esplénicas

We present a case of a mix germinal testicular tumor,in III-C (AJCC-UICC) stage, at a terminal phase due to massive methastasis rupture at hepatic and splenic methastasis locations

[Hemoperitoneum and death due to hepatoesplenic metastasis rupture in a testicular tumor]. / Hemoperitoneo y muerte por rotura de metástasis hepatoesplénicas de tumor testicular.

We present a case of a mix germinal testicular tumor, in III-C (AJCC-UICC) stage, at a terminal phase due to massive methastasis rupture at hepatic and splenic methastasis locations.

[Giant adrenal myelolipoma: hypertension, renal failure and spontaneous rupture]. / Mielolipoma suprarrenal gigante: hipertensión, insuficiencia renal y rotura espontánea.

Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare, benign, slow-growing tumor composed of adipose tissue and hematopoietic elements. It is usually diagnosed incidentally, although there are reports of patients with symptoms and descriptions of retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to rupture of large tumors. The condition has been associated with obesity, high blood pressure and adrenal dysfunction. We present a patient with retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to spontaneous rupture of a myelolipoma, hypertension, and renal failure secondary to nephroangiosclerosis.

Mielolipoma suprarrenal gigante: hipertensión, insuficiencia renal y rotura espontánea / Giant adrenal myelipoma: hypertension, renal failure and spontaneous rupture

El mielolipoma suprarrenal es un tumor raro, benigno, de lento crecimiento,compuesto por tejido graso y elementos hematopoyéticos. Suele diagnosticarse demanera incidental, aunque se han descrito casos de pacientes sintomáticos, e inclusohemorragias retroperitoneales por rotura en los de mayor tamaño. Se ha descritosu asociación con obesidad, HTA y disfunción suprarrenal. Presentamos unpaciente diagnosticado de mielolipoma, con hemorragia retroperitoneal espontáneapor rotura del mismo, e HTA, con insuficiencia renal secundaria a nefroangioesclerosis

Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare, benign, slow-growing tumor composed of adiposetissue and hematopoietic elements. It is usually diagnosed incidentally, althoughthere are reports of patients with symptoms and descriptions of retroperitonealhemorrhage due to rupture of large tumors. The condition has beenassociated with obesity, high blood pressure and adrenal dysfunction. We presenta patient with retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to spontaneous rupture of a myelolipoma,hypertension, and renal failure secondary to nephroangiosclerosis

[Entero-neobladder ileal fistula: two cases report]. / Fístula entero-neovejiga ileal: a propósito de dos casos.

Fistulas between the orthotopic reservoir and the gastrointestinal tract have low incidence (1.5-2%). Simptomatology is variable, but it's frecuent to find fecaluria. Among 90 new intestinal bladders we show two fistule of new bladder to ileo, with nest postoperatory diagnosis, using retrograde cystografy; one was resolved with next postoperative treatment and the other with open surgery.

Fístula entero-neovejiga ileal: a propósito de dos casos / Entero-neobladder ileal fistula: two cases report

Las fístulas entre el reservorio ortotópico y el tracto intestinal son de escasa incidencia (1,5-2%). La sintomatología es variable, pero frecuentemente existe fecaluria. Entre 90 neovejigas intestinales, presentamos dos fístulas de neovejiga a íleon, diagnosticadas en el postoperatorio próximo, mediante cistografía retrógrada; una resuelta con tratamiento conservador, y otra con cirugía abierta (AU)

Fistulas between the orthotopic reservoir and the gastrointestinal tract have low incidence (1,5-2%). Simptomatology is variable, but it’s frecuent to find fecaluria. Among 90 new intestinal bladders we show two fistule of new bladder to ileo, with nest postoperatory diagnosis, using retrograde cystografy; one was resolved with next postoperative treatment and the other with open surgery (AU)

[Urachal pathology: an overview review and report of three clinical cases]. / Patología del uraco: revisión de conjunto y presentación de tres casos.

With the use of these two clinical cases (cyst and urachal adenocarcinoma) we did an overview of the urachal pathology. The urachus cyst is usually asyntomathic, it's detected randomly when we do other diagnostic tests or when we have any complications. The urachal adenocarcinoma is a rare pathology, it usually exhibit hematuria and we need to follow the same diagnostic tools as we use in vesical tumors (cystoscopy and transurethral vesical resection). Adenocarcinoma of the dome of the bladder is the main differential diagnosis. Partial cystectomy is the first choice treatment. Quimiotheraphy and radiotheraphy offer poor results.

[Problem-based learning in urology training. The Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha model]. / El aprendizaje basado en problemas en la enseñanza de la urologia. Modelo de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha.

Ongoing changes in the social, economic, technological and scientific realms have generated new needs and led various organizations to suggest that educational institutions should reorient their educational strategies toward developing effective professionals with the skills to meet these needs. These "modern" strategies include problem-based learning, in which the student seeks and selects information, analyzes the data obtained, integrates both prior and newly acquired knowledge, and, finally, offers diagnostic and therapeutic options to resolve the problem posed, as would occur in professional practice. With this approach, prior skills and practical experience form the foundation of learning. Problem-based learning incorporates some aspects of cognitive psychology, a model that mainly centers on the nature of the knowledge structures found in active memory, the processes involved in information storage and retrieval and the various factors that activate these processes. At the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, urology is part of a core subject (Medical and Surgical Pathology II) taught in the fifth year of coursework together with nephrology. Each course includes approximately 75 students, divided into five groups. The rotation lasts six weeks, with students spending a mean of two hours a day on theory (nephrology and/or urology) and the remaining time on rotations in the various activities: three weeks in nephrology and three weeks in urology. Upon completion of the rotation, the students write a combined theoretical examination with 100 multiple-choice questions (50 on urology) and take a practical skills examination. At the end of the course, another practical test consisting of an objective, structured clinical examination is taken, in which standard patients are used and the professor directly assesses the level of skills acquired with a "real" case.

Patología del uraco: revisión de conjunto y presentación de tres casos / Urachal pathology: an overview revision and presentation of three clinical cases

Con la presentación de estos dos casos (quiste y adenocarcinoma de uraco) realizamos una revisión de conjunto de la patología uracal. El quiste de uraco suele tener un curso asintomático, descubriéndose de manera casual al realizar otras pruebas diagnósticas o cuando surgen complicaciones del mismo. El adenocarcinoma uracal es una entidad rara, se presenta habitualmente con hematuria debiendo seguir el mismo protocolo diagnóstico que para los tumores vesicales (cistoscopia y RTU-vesical). Ha de plantearse el diagnóstico diferencial con el adenocarcinoma de cúpula vesical. La cistectomía parcial es el tratamiento de elección. La quimioterapia y radioterapia ofrecen pobres resultados (AU)

With the use of these two clinical cases (cyst and urachal adenocarcinoma) we did an overview of the urachal pathology. The urachus cyst is usually asyntomathic, it´s detected randomly when we do other diagnostic tests or when we have any complications. The urachal adenocarcinoma is a rare pathology, it usually exhibit hematuria and we need to follow the same diagnostic tools as we use in vesical tumors (cystoscopy and transurethral vesical resection). Adenocarcinoma of the dome of the bladder is the main differential diagnosis. Partial cystectomy is the first choice treatment. Quimiotheraphy and radiotheraphy offer poor results (AU)

El aprendizaje basado en problemas en la enseñanza de la urología. Modelo de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha / Problem-based learning in urology training. The faculty of medicine of the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha model

Las nuevas necesidades derivadas de los actuales cambios sociales, económicos, tecnológicos, científicos, etc..., han hecho que distintos organismos hayan sugerido a los estamentos educativos la necesidad de desarrollar cambios en las estrategias educativas orientados al desarrollo de un profesional eficaz con competencias adaptadas a estas necesidades. Dentro de las estrategias “modernas” se encuentra la enseñanza basada en problemas o aprendizaje por problemas (PBL), mediante la cual el estudiante busca y selecciona la información, razona e integra los conocimientos previos y adquiridos, dando finalmente unas posibilidades diagnósticas y terapéuticas al problema planteado, tal y como se va a enfrentar en su actividad profesional. Los conocimientos previos y la actividad constituyen los pilares fundamentales del aprendizaje. El PBL incorpora algunos de los aspectos de la psicología cognitiva, modelo cuya parte principal determina la naturaleza de las estructuras del conocimiento que se encuentran en la memoria activa, en los procesos de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información y los diversos factores que lo activan. La urología en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha forma parte de una asignatura troncal (Patología Médica y Quirúrgica II) que se imparte durante el quinto curso. La urología se desarrolla integrada con nefrología. El número de alumnos por curso es aproximadamente 75 divididos en 5 grupos. La “rotación” dura seis semanas durante las cuales los estudiantes tienen una media de 2 horas diarias de teoría (ya sean de nefrología y/o urología) y el resto son rotatorias por distintas actividades: tres semanas en nefrología y tres semanas en urología. Al finalizar la rotación los udiantes realizan un examen teórico conjunto con 100 preguntas de respuestas múltiple (50 de urología) y un examen práctico de las habilidades. A final de curso existe otra prueba práctica (OSCE: examen clínico objetivo y estructurado) con la utilización de pacientes estandarizados, debiendo el profesor evaluar de forma directa el nivel de competencias adquiridas ante un “caso real”

Ongoing changes in the social, economic, technological and scientific realms have generated new needs and led various organizations to suggest that educational institutions should reorient their educational strategies toward developing effective professionals with the skills to meet these needs. These “modern” strategies include problem-based learning, in which the student seeks and selects information, analyzes the data obtained, integrates both prior and newly acquired knowledge, and, finally, offers diagnostic and therapeutic options to resolve the problem posed, as would occur in professional practice. With this approach, prior skills and practical experience form the foundation of learning. Problem-based learning incorporates some aspects of cognitive psychology, a model that mainly centers on the nature of the knowledge structures found in active memory, the processes involved in information storage and retrieval and the various factors that activate these processes.At the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, urology is part of a core subject (Medical and Surgical Pathology II) taught in the fifth year of coursework together with nephrology. Each course includes approximately 75 students, divided into five groups. The rotation lasts six weeks, with students spending a mean of two hours a day on theory (nephrology and/or urology) and the remaining time on rotations in the various activities: three weeks in nephrology and three weeks in urology. Upon completion of the rotation, the students write a combined theoretical examination with 100 multiple-choice questions (50 on urology) and take a practical skills examination. At the end of the course, another practical test consisting of an objective, structured clinical examination is taken, in which standard patients are used and the professor directly assesses the level of skills acquired with a “real” case

[Surgery of large residual mass after chemotherapy in advanced testicular germ cell tumor]. / Cirugía de gran masa residual tras quimioterapia en tumor germinal testicular avanzado.

Treatment for testicular tumours has progress in such a manner in the last years that high cure percentages can at present be achieved. After chemotherapy, in most cases, residual mass can appear. In this cases surgery is considered a viable therapeutic option although it implies an advanced surgical training since it is a complex technique and implies serious implications. We submit the case of a patient who presented a large residual mass from a testicular germ cell tumour after being treated with orquiectomía and chemotherapy. Surgery was performed resulting in total and radical extirpation of residual mass.

[Nephron-sparing surgical treatment in renal tumors]. / Cirugía conservadora de parénquima en los tumores renales.

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study on the nephron-sparing surgical treatment in patients with renal tumors, and in addition a literature review on the subject. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since January 1988 until February 2002, 44 partial nephrectomies have been carried out in our unit because of renal tumors in 43 patients. The clinical protocols of these 43 patients have been reviewed, with an analysis of various clinical-pathological parameters, and utilizing in this analysis percentages, central tendency measures and dispersion and confidence intervals. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 55.8 years (19-76), and 29 patients were males. Elective partial nephrectomy was carried out in 79.5% of the patients, while in the rest they were submitted to imperative surgery for various causes. The diagnosis of the tumors was mostly as an incidental finding upon carrying out some diagnostic test by another cause (68.2%). In the symptomatic cases, the most common presentation was the combination of pain and hematuria (11.4%). Histopathological study revealed malignant neoplasms in 88.7%, most of them (61.4%) clear cell carcinomas. A Furhman grade 2 was observed in 76.3% of tumors. The average size of the renal masses was of 4.53 cm (1,5-11). As a whole, 61.5% were pT1, 33.3% were pT2 and only one case was pT3. Operative complications were observed in 11.4% of the cases and postoperative complications in 25%. No patient showed local or distant recurrence, and all of them survived disease-free. A patient died after 74 months of the surgery for causes not related to the disease. Average follow-up was 49.77 months (1-168). CONCLUSIONS: Renal nephron-sparing surgery is such a valid therapeutic option as radical nephrectomy in selected patients with renal tumors, since the cancer-specific survival is 100%, which means that this can be considered a therapeutic indication even in patients with healthy contralateral kidney.

Cirugía de gran masa residual tras quimioterapia en tumor germinal testicular avanzado / Surgery of a large retroperitoneal residual mass after chemotherapy in advanced testicular germ cell tumour

El tratamiento de los tumores testiculares ha avanzado de tal manera en los últimos años que se consiguen altos porcentajes de curación. Tras la quimioterapia, en muchos casos aparecen masas residuales que son susceptibles de cirugía como opción terapéutica que obtiene buenos resultados, pero que precisa un grado de entrenamiento quirúrgico avanzado ya que es una técnica dificultosa y con importantes complicaciones. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que tras orquiectomía y quimioterapia por tumor germinal testicular avanzado, presentó masa residual de gran tamaño que precisó cirugía de la misma, consiguiéndose la extirpación radical (AU)

Treatment for testicular tumours has progress in such a manner in the last years that high cure percentages can at present be achieved. After chemotherapy, in most cases, residual mass can appear. In this cases surgery is considered a viable therapeutic option although it implies an advanced surgical training since it is a complex technique and implies serious implications. We submit the case of a patient who presented a large residual mass from a testicular germ cell tumour after being treated with orquiectomía and chemotherapy. Surgery was performed resulting in total and radical extirpation of residual mass (AU)

[Epididymal ectopic adrenal tumor]. / Tumor epididimario de restos adrenales.

OBJECTIVE: A case of a nonfunctioning ectopic adrenal tissue tumor in the epipidymis is described. METHODS/RESULTS: A case of a nonfunctioning ectopic adrenal tissue tumor in the epipidymis is presented. A left testicular mass had been incidentally detected in this patient. CONCLUSIONS: Tumors of this type localized in the juxtafuniculogonadal region are usually benign. However, resection and histological analysis are always indicated in order to detect metastasis or confirm the histiological type is normal.