RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sex bias in immune function has been contributed in part to a preponderance of immune system-related genes (ISRG) on the X-chromosome. We verified whether ISRG are more abundant on the X chromosome as compared to autosomal chromosomes and reflected on the impact of our findings. METHODS: Consulting freely accessible databases, we performed a comparative study consisting of three complementary strategies. First, among coding X/Y-linked genes, the abundance of ISRG was compared to the abundance of genes dedicated to other systems. Genes were assigned considering three criteria: disease, tissue expression, and function (DEF approach). In addition, we carried out two genome-wide approaches to compare the contribution of sex and autosomal chromosomes to immune genes defined by an elevated expression in lymphatic tissues (LTEEG approach) or annotation to an immune system process, GO:0002376 (GO approach). RESULTS: The X chromosome had less immune genes than the median of the autosomal chromosomes. Among X-linked genes, ISRG ranked fourth after the reproductive and nervous systems and genes dedicated to development, proliferation and apoptosis. On the Y chromosome, ISRG ranked second, and at the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) first. According to studies on the expression of X-linked genes in a variety of (mostly non-lymphatic) tissues, almost two-thirds of ISRG are expressed without sex bias, and the remaining ISRG presented female and male bias with similar frequency. Various epigenetic controllers, X-linked MSL3 and Y-linked KDM5D and UTY, were preferentially expressed in leukocytes and deserve further attention for a possible role in sex biased expression or its neutralisation. CONCLUSIONS: The X chromosome is not enriched for ISRG, though particular X-linked genes may be responsible for sex differences in certain immune responses. So far, there is insufficient information on sex-biased expression of X/Y-linked ISRG in leukocytes to draw general conclusions on the impact of X/Y-linked ISRG in immune function. More research on the regulation of the expression X-linked genes is required with attention to 1) female and male mechanisms that may either augment or diminish sex biased expression and 2) tissue-specific expression studies.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos X/imunologia , Cromossomos Humanos Y/imunologia , Sistema Imunitário , Caracteres Sexuais , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
La ligadura inmediata del cordón umbilical en el proceso delparto es la práctica más utilizada en el campo de la obstetricia.Es una técnica realizada casi siempre con prisa, con laintención de asistir lo más rápido posible al recién nacido. Enmuchas ocasiones los profesionales nos cuestionamos sihacemos lo correcto o si, en caso de partos normales en quelos recién nacidos no están hipóxicos, deberíamos dejar latirel cordón umbilical unos minutos antes de realizar la ligadura.Nuestro objetivo es describir y comparar los beneficios dela ligadura tardía frente a la ligadura inmediata. Se ha realizadouna revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos Medliney la base de registro de ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizadosde la Cochrane Library publicados en los últimos16 años y utilizando como palabras clave ligadura cordónumbilical, hiperbilirrubinemia, anemia y hematocrito(AU)
Tying off the umbilical cord during birth is the most utilizedpractice in the field of obstetrics. This technique is almostalways carried out quickly, as a manner to aid the newbornchild as rapidly as possible. On many occasions, professionalsask themselves if they do the correct thing or if in normalbirth where a new born child does not suffer hypoxia, professionalsshould let the umbilical cord beat for some minutesbefore tying it off. The authors objective is to describeand compare the benefits of a later tying off of the umbilicalcord compared to an immediate tying off. The authorscarried out a bibliographical review on Medline data basesand the Cochrane Library registry for controlled and aleatorialclinical tests published over the past 16 years utilizing askey words for their search umbilical cord tying, hyperbilirubinemia,anemia and hematocrit(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Cordão Umbilical , Ligadura/enfermagem , Asfixia Neonatal/complicações , Hiperbilirrubinemia Neonatal/complicações , Anemia Neonatal/complicações , HematócritoRESUMO
En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión de la administración de vacunas durante el embarazo y en el posparto. Se detallan cuáles pueden utilizarse en caso de estar indicadas y cuáles son peligrosas, Se apuntan sus indicaciones, vía de administración y posibles efectos positivos y negativos en la gestante y el feto (AU)
