The Mediational Effect of Weight Self-Stigma in the Relationship between Blatant and Subtle Discrimination and Depression and Anxiety.

Obesity may be considered a social stigma. In addition, people with obesity are frequently aware of stigma directed at others who have a similar weight and come to think stigmatized thoughts about themselves. Our study focused specifically on how blatant and subtle discrimination and weight self-stigma are related to depression and anxiety in people with obesity. The sample comprised 170 participants from the Clinical Nutrition Unit of the "Hospital de Valme" (Seville, Spain). The Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Perceived Discrimination Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. It was found that blatant and subtle discrimination and weight self-stigma were positively related to depression (.31, .38, and .45 respectively) and anxiety (.30, .36, and .49 respectively; all ps < .01). The path analysis conducted showed that there was a mediational effect of weight self-stigma between blatant (ß = .36) and subtle discrimination (ß = .40) and depression (ß = .24) and anxiety (ß = .49; all ps < .01). According to these results, it can be said that weight self-stigma was a full mediator in the model found because the relationships between the independent and the dependent variables were non-significant. Finally, results are discussed in the frame of the obesity stigma literature, and some clinical implications of the results of the study are suggested.

The mediational effect of weight self-stigma in the relationship between Blatant and Subtle discrimination and depression and anxiety

Obesity may be considered a social stigma. In addition, people with obesity are frequently aware of stigma directed at others who have a similar weight and come to think stigmatized thoughts about themselves. Our study focused specifically on how blatant and subtle discrimination and weight self-stigma are related to depression and anxiety in people with obesity. The sample comprised 170 participants from the Clinical Nutrition Unit of the 'Hospital de Valme' (Seville, Spain). The Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Perceived Discrimination Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. It was found that blatant and subtle discrimination and weight self-stigma were positively related to depression (.31, .38, and .45 respectively) and anxiety (.30, .36, and .49 respectively; all ps < .01). The path analysis conducted showed that there was a mediational effect of weight self-stigma between blatant (β = .36) and subtle discrimination (β = .40) and depression (β = .24) and anxiety (β = .49; all ps < .01). According to these results, it can be said that weight self-stigma was a full mediator in the model found because the relationships between the independent and the dependent variables were non-significant. Finally, results are discussed in the frame of the obesity stigma literature, and some clinical implications of the results of the study are suggested (AU)

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Beliefs about obesity and their relationship with dietary restriction and body image perception / Creencias sobre las causas de la obesidad y su relación con la restricción alimentaria y la percepción de la imagen corpora

The reviewed literature provides evidence that beliefs about the causes of obesity may actually have an influence on eating habits. In this work we wanted to analyze the relationship that may exists between beliefs about obesity, dietary restraint and body image perception. For that purpose, 258 female and male students of a High School and Occupational Training School in Seville (Spain) were recruited to conduct the study. According to our results, it was found that beliefs about obesity were positively related with dietary restraint and body image perception. Additionally, it was found that people high in beliefs about the controllability of the weight scored more in dietary restraint and body image perception than participants that did not believe that obesity was under personal control. No differences were found in Body Mass Index. Finally, it is suggested, according to the results that we found, that in order to be effective, public health campaigns may need to target people’s beliefs just as much as they target their behaviours

La literatura revisada pone de manifiesto que las creencias sobre las causas de la obesidad tienen una influencia sobre el comportamiento alimentario. En este trabajo queríamos analizar la relación que puede existir entre creencias sobre la obesidad, la restricción alimentaria y la percepción de la imagen corporal. Con ese objetivo, 258 estudiantes, tanto hombres como mujeres, de un Instituto y centro de Formación Profesional de Sevilla (España) fueron reclutados para hacer el estudio. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, se ha encontrado que las creencias sobre la obesidad estaban positivamente relacionadas con la restricción alimentaria y la percepción de la imagen corporal. Adicionalmente, se halló que la gente alta en creencias sobre la obesidad puntuaba más en restricción alimentaria y percepción de la imagen corporal que aquellos participantes que no creían que la obesidad estuviera bajo control personal. No se encontraron diferencias para el Índice de Masa Corporal. Finalmente se sugiere, en función de los resultados obtenidos, que para incrementar la efectividad de las campañas de salud sería necesario intervenir no solo sobre los comportamientos sino también sobre las creencias

[FAMILY EATING HABITS AND PERCEPTION OF RISK IN EATING DISORDERS]. / ALIMENTACIÓN FAMILIAR Y PERCEPCIÓN DE RIESGO EN TRASTORNOS DE LA CONDUCTA ALIMENTARIA.

INTRODUCTION: factors related to food, shape, weight and exercise, transmitted from parents to children, and media sociocultural factors, such as social networks, also influence the development of Eating Disorders (ED). OBJECTIVES: to analyse the influence of family eating habits and the parents perception about the influence of social networks on the development and maintenance of ED. METHOD: 30 parents of ED patients participated voluntarily in this study fulfilling a series of questionnaires, as well as reporting their weight and height. RESULTS: it is observed an underestimation of weight in the case of overweight (33.33%) and obesity (35%) without considering the fact of going on diet in the future (χ2 = 11.31; p < 0.01). It must be noted that it exists an excessive consumption of meats, snacks and sweets. During weekends it is observed an increased intake of calories and sugar (p < 0.01) and cholesterol (p < 0.05), while the intake of fibre, iron, zinc and magnesium is reduced (p < 0.01). In addition, the consumption of water and bread decreases and other habits seem to be more relevant (e.g. snacking, intake of a single dish) (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: eating habits of ED patients' families improve by means of the nutrition education included in the treatment. Relatives do not perceive adequately the risk of the social networks in their children, which might contribute to the maintenance and future relapses of ED.

Introducción: los aspectos relacionados con la comida, la figura, el peso y el ejercicio físico, transmitidos de padres a hijos, y los factores socioculturales de índole mediática, como las redes sociales, pueden influir en el desarrollo de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). Objetivos: analizar la influencia de la alimentación familiar y la percepción de esta sobre la influencia de las redes sociales en el inicio y mantenimiento del TCA. Método: 30 padres de pacientes con TCA participaron voluntariamente en este estudio cumplimentando una serie de cuestionarios, y recogiéndose su peso y talla. Resultados: se observa una subestimación del peso en casos de sobrepeso (33,33%) y obesidad (25%), ya que ni siquiera se plantean realizar una dieta futura (91,67% y 25%, respectivamente) (2 = 11,31; p < 0,01). Destaca un exceso en el consumo de carnes, snacks y dulces. Durante el fin de semana hay un incremento en el consumo de kcal y azúcar (p < 0,01) y colesterol (p < 0,05), disminuyendo la ingesta de fibra, Fe, Zn y Mg (p < 0,01). Asimismo, se consume menos agua y pan, aumentando el picoteo (p < 0,01) y la frecuencia de aparición de un único plato (p < 0,05). Discusión y conclusiones: los hábitos alimentarios de estos familiares mejoran gracias a la educación nutricional incluida en el tratamiento. Los familiares no perciben adecuadamente el riesgo de las redes sociales en sus hijos, pudiendo contribuir al mantenimiento y a futuras recaídas del TCA.

Perceived vulnerability to disease and antifat attitudes in a sample of children and teenagers.

PURPOSE: Perceived vulnerability to disease (beliefs about personal susceptibility to contracting an infectious disease) is usually related to the expression of prejudice towards different stigmatized groups. In this study, the relationship between this variable and the expression of the prejudice towards obese people was analyzed. METHOD: The sample comprised a total of 137 children and teenagers, aged between 12 and 17 years, from a Spanish high school who fulfilled several scales which measure perceived vulnerability to disease, antifat attitudes and perceived controllability of weight. Additionally, body mass index (BMI) was calculated by means of the participants' height and weight. RESULTS: Perceived infectability (one of the factors of the perceived vulnerability to disease scale) was negatively related to controllability of weight, and germ aversion (the second factor of the vulnerability scale), showed a positive relationship with the antipathy towards obese people. Finally, perceived controllability of weight was positively correlated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of these results in the field of the study of the prejudice toward obese people are discussed. To our knowledge, no other studies have investigated the relationship between perceived vulnerability to disease and antifat attitudes in minors. Additionally, this is the first time that the measured BMI has been used instead of the self-reported one.

Alimentación familiar y percepción de riesgo en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Family eating habits and perception of risk in eating disorders

Introducción: los aspectos relacionados con la comida, la figura, el peso y el ejercicio físico, transmitidos de padres a hijos, y los factores socioculturales de índole mediática, como las redes sociales, pueden influir en el desarrollo de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). Objetivos: analizar la influencia de la alimentación familiar y la percepción de esta sobre la influencia de las redes sociales en el inicio y mantenimiento del TCA. Método: 30 padres de pacientes con TCA participaron voluntariamente en este estudio cumplimentando una serie de cuestionarios, y recogiéndose su peso y talla. Resultados: se observa una subestimación del peso en casos de sobrepeso (33,33%) y obesidad (25%), ya que ni siquiera se plantean realizar una dieta futura (91,67% y 25%, respectivamente) (X2 = 11,31; p < 0,01). Destaca un exceso en el consumo de carnes, snacks y dulces. Durante el fin de semana hay un incremento en el consumo de kcal y azúcar (p < 0,01) y colesterol (p < 0,05), disminuyendo la ingesta de fibra, Fe, Zn y Mg (p < 0,01). Asimismo, se consume menos agua y pan, aumentando el picoteo (p < 0,05). Discusión y conclusiones: los hábitos alimentarios de estos familiares mejoran gracias a la educación nutricional incluida en el tratamiento. Los familiares no perciben adecuadamente el riesgo de las redes sociales en sus hijos, pudiendo contribuir al mantenimiento y a futuras recaídas del TCA (AU)

Introduction: factors related to food, shape, weight and exercise, transmitted from parents to children, and media sociocultural factors, such as social networks, also influence the development of Eating Disorders (ED). Objectives: to analyse the influence of family eating habits and the parents perception about the influence of social networks on the development and maintenance of ED. Method: 30 parents of ED patients participated voluntarily in this study fulfilling a series of questionnaires, as well as reporting their weight and height. Results: it is observed an underestimation of weight in the case of overweight (33.33%) and obesity (35%) without considering the fact of going on diet in the future (X2 = 11.31; p < 0.01) and cholesterol (p < 0.01). It must be noted that it exists an excessive consumption of meats, snacks and sweets. During weekends it is observed an increased intake of calories and sugar (p < 0.01) and cholesterol (p < 0.05), while the intake of fibre, iron, zinc and magnesium is reduced (p < 0.01). In addition, the consumption of water and bread decreases and other habits seem to be more relevant (e.g. snacking, intake of a single dish) (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusions: eating habits of ED patients’ families improve by means of the nutrition education included in the treatment. Relatives do not perceive adequately the risk of the social networks in their children, which might contribute to the maintenance and future relapses of ED (AU)

Hábitos alimentarios, sobrecarga ponderal y autopercepción del peso en el ámbito escolar / Eating habits, excess weight and weight self-perception at school

Introducción: en los últimos tiempos se ha observado un aumento exponencial de las tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infanto-juvenil, a la vez que un abandono del patrón alimentario mediterráneo. Además, gran parte de la población adolescente autopercibe erróneamente su peso. Objetivos: analizar la prevalencia de exceso de peso, la autopercepción del peso y los hábitos alimentarios en una muestra infanto-juvenil. Buscar relaciones entre dichas variables y el bienestar psicosocial. Método: 87 alumnos de la ESO participaron voluntariamente en el proyecto mediante la cumplimentación de cuestionarios y la recogida de peso y talla tanto reales como autopercibidos. Resultados: un 28,73% de la muestra presentaba sobrepeso y un 9,19% obesidad. El 27,48 % del total de los encuestados autopercibía erróneamente su peso y únicamente la cuarta parte de la muestra presentó un patrón alimentario mediterráneo correcto. Se obtiene una mayor frecuencia de control del peso a medida que la autopercepción de este aumenta. Discusión y conclusiones: gran parte de la muestra subestima su peso y existe una posible asociación entre la ausencia de desayuno y mayores tasas de exceso de peso infanto-juvenil. Se observa un aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes, así como la necesidad de implementar labores de educación nutricional tras analizar sus hábitos alimentarios (AU)

Introduction: in the last years the rates of overweight and obesity in adolescents have been increasing simultaneously with a progressive abandon of the Mediterranean dietary patterns. In addition many adolescents misperceive their weight. Objectives: to analyse the prevalence of overweight/ obesity, to assess the self-perception of weight and to explore the eating habits in a child and adolescent sample. The relationship among these variables and the influence on the psychosocial wellbeing are also analysed. Method: a total of 87 secondary school students participated in this project. Weight and height were obtained, the self-perceived weight was assessed and a series of questionnaires were applied in order to explore the participants´ wellbeing. Results: 28.73% of the sample had overweight and 9.19% obesity, 27.48% of the students misperceived their weight and only a quarter of the sample had a proper Mediterranean dietary pattern. The frequency of weight control was related positively with a higher weight perception. Discussion and conclusions: many participants underestimated their weight and a possible association between overweight/obesity and skipping breakfast was observed. A progressive increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents is confirmed and the need to implement nutrition education programs after analyzing the eating habits is proposed (AU)

Antioxidant activity and nutritional status in anorexia nervosa: effects of weight recovery.

Few studies are focused on the antioxidant status and its changes in anorexia nervosa (AN). Based on the hypothesis that renutrition improves that status, the aim was to determine the plasma antioxidant status and the antioxidant enzymes activity at the beginning of a personalized nutritional program (T0) and after recovering normal body mass index (BMI) (T1). The relationship between changes in BMI and biochemical parameters was determined. Nutritional intake, body composition, anthropometric, hematological and biochemical parameters were studied in 25 women with AN (19.20 ± 6.07 years). Plasma antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity were measured. Mean time to recover normal weight was 4.1 ± 2.44 months. Energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intake improved. Catalase activity was significantly modified after dietary intake improvement and weight recovery (T0 = 25.04 ± 1.97 vs. T1 = 35.54 ± 2.60 µmol/min/mL; p < 0.01). Total antioxidant capacity increased significantly after gaining weight (T0 = 1033.03 ± 34.38 vs. T1 = 1504.61 ± 99.73 µmol/L; p < 0.01). Superoxide dismutase activity decreased (p < 0.05) and glutathione peroxidase did not change. Our results support an association between nutrition improvement and weight gain in patients with AN, followed by an enhancement of antioxidant capacity and catalase antioxidant system.

Psychometric properties of Spanish version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (Tfeq-Sp) and its relationship with some eating- and body image-related variables.

The aims of this study were to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-SP), as well as determine its validity by evaluating the relationship of the TFEQ-SP with different parameters related to body mass index, weight perception, perception of physical fitness, self-esteem, and food intake, as well as with weight control-related variables. A total of 281 participants (aged 18.38 ± 6.31) were studied. The factor analysis yielded three factors: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE), and emotional eating (EE). The internal consistency of the TFEQ-SP was determined by means of Cronbach's α coefficient, with values ranging between 0.75 and 0.87. Higher scores on CR were found in women (p < 0.5), overweight/obese participants (p < 0.001), participants with lower self-esteem (p < 0.05), participants who overestimated their weight (p < 0.001), participants who weighed themselves frequently (p < 0.001) and those who were about to go on a diet (p < 0.001). Higher EE scores were found in participants with lower self-esteem scores (p < 0.05), among participants with a poorer perception of their physical fitness (p < 0.01) and when participants were about to diet (p < 0.05). Higher scores on UE were observed in case of poorer perception of physical fitness (p < 0.05). The validation study of the TFEQ-SP meets the requirements for measuring the three different facets of eating behavior: CR, UE, and EE.

Sweets and fats tasting in patients with anorexia nervosa: the role of the thought-shape fusion cognitive distortion.

INTRODUCTION: It has been found that the olfactorygustatory function is altered in patients with eating disorders, with an impairment affecting the perception of olfactory and gustatory stimuli. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to explore the subjective reactivity after the exposure and tasting of foods with different gradient of sweetness and different fats textures. In addition, changes in the thought-shape fusion (TSF) cognitive distortion were assessed after tasting those different presentations as well as the correlations between the initial scores on TSF-Questionnaire (TSF-Q) and the different responses after that tasting. METHOD: A total of 15 healthy controls and 23 outpatients with anorexia nervosa underwent two sessions of tasting (sweets with different gradient of sweetness and fats with different textures) and they filled several questionnaires (pre- and post-tasting) to measure their responses after tasting. RESULTS: Participants showed less "self-control" after tasting sweets. The score on TSF-Q increased significantly after the sweets tasting in the patients group. Patients had the worst response after tasting presentations with more quantity of glucose (less gradient of sweetness) than after tasting those with more amount of sucrose (much more sweetness). With respect to the fats, patients showed the worst reaction after tasting the most unfamiliar texture. Pre fats tasting TSF-Q scores correlated significantly with all responses in the patients group. DISCUSSION: Both psychological and biological (e.g. genetic) factors could be involved in the reactions of patients with anorexia nervosa after tasting sweets and fats.

Introduction: It has been found that the olfactorygustatory function is altered in patients with eating disorders, with an impairment affecting the perception of olfactory and gustatory stimuli. Objective: The aim was to explore the subjective reactivity after the exposure and tasting of foods with different gradient of sweetness and different fats textures. In addition, changes in the thought-shape fusion (TSF) cognitive distortion were assessed after tasting those different presentations as well as the correlations between the initial scores on TSF-Questionnaire (TSF-Q) and the different responses after that tasting. Method: A total of 15 healthy controls and 23 outpatients with anorexia nervosa underwent two sessions of tasting (sweets with different gradient of sweetness and fats with different textures) and they filled several questionnaires (pre- and post-tasting) to measure their responses after tasting. Results: Participants showed less "self-control" after tasting sweets. The score on TSF-Q increased significantly after the sweets tasting in the patients group. Patients had the worst response after tasting presentations with more quantity of glucose (less gradient of sweetness) than after tasting those with more amount of sucrose (much more sweetness). With respect to the fats, patients showed the worst reaction after tasting the most unfamiliar texture. Pre fats tasting TSF-Q scores correlated significantly with all responses in the patients group. Discussion: Both psychological and biological (e.g. genetic) factors could be involved in the reactions of patients with anorexia nervosa after tasting sweets and fats.

Sweets and fats tasting in patients with anorexia nervosa; the role of the thought-shape fusion cognitive distortion / Cata de dulces y grasas en pacientes con anorexia nerviosa; el papel de la distorsión cognitiva fusión pensamiento-forma

Introduction: It has been found that the olfactorygustatory function is altered in patients with eating disorders, with an impairment affecting the perception of olfactory and gustatory stimuli. Objective: The aim was to explore the subjective reactivity after the exposure and tasting of foods with different gradient of sweetness and different fats textures. In addition, changes in the thought-shape fusion (TSF) cognitive distortion were assessed after tasting those different presentations as well as the correlations between the initial scores on TSF-Questionnaire (TSF-Q) and the different responses after that tasting. Method: A total of 15 healthy controls and 23 outpatients with anorexia nervosa underwent two sessions of tasting (sweets with different gradient of sweetness and fats with different textures) and they filled several questionnaires (pre- and post-tasting) to measure their responses after tasting. Results: Participants showed less "self-control" after tasting sweets. The score on TSF-Q increased significantly after the sweets tasting in the patients group. Patients had the worst response after tasting presentations with more quantity of glucose (less gradient of sweetness) than after tasting those with more amount of sucrose (much more sweetness). With respect to the fats, patients showed the worst reaction after tasting the most unfamiliar texture. Pre fats tasting TSF-Q scores correlated significantly with all responses in the patients group. Discussion: Both psychological and biological (e.g. genetic) factors could be involved in the reactions of patients with anorexia nervosa after tasting sweets and fats (AU)

Introducción: Se ha encontrado que la función olfativagustativa está alterada en pacientes con trastornos de la alimentación, con una alteración que afecta la percepción de los estímulos olfativos y gustativos. Objetivo: El propósito fue explorar la reactividad subjetiva tras la exposición y prueba de alimentos con distintos gradientes de dulzor y diferentes texturas grasas. Además, se evaluaron los cambios en la distorsión cognitiva de la fusión idea-forma (FIF) tras probar diferentes presentaciones así como las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones iniciales del Cuestionario FIF (C-FIF) y las distintas respuestas tras esa prueba. Método: Un total de 15 controles sanos y 23 pacientes ambulatorios con anorexia nerviosa se sometieron a dos sesiones de pruebas (dulces con distintos grados de dulzor y grasas con distintas texturas) y rellenaron varios cuestionarios (pre y post-prueba) para medir sus respuestas tras la prueba. Resultados: Los participantes mostraron menos "autocontrol" tras las pruebas con dulces. La puntuación del CFIF-Q aumentó de forma significativa tras las pruebas con dulces en el grupo de pacientes. Los pacientes tuvieron una peor respuesta tras las pruebas con aquellos alimentos con mayor contenido en glucosa (menor gradiente de dulzor) que tras probar aquellos alimentos con una mayor cantidad de sucrosa (mucho más dulzor). Con respecto a las grasas, los pacientes mostraron una peor reacción tras probar la textura menos familiar. Las puntuaciones del C-FIF preprueba se correlacionaron significativamente con todas las respuestas en el grupo de pacientes. Discusión: Tanto factores psicológicos como biológicos (p. ej., genéticos) podrían estar implicados en las reacciones de los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa tras las pruebas con dulces y grasas (AU)

[Weight misperception and physical fitness perception in relation to the physical activity level, dietary behaviour and psychosocial well-being]. / Autopercepción del estado ponderal y la forma física y su relación con el nivel de actividad física realizado, conductas alimentarias y bienestar psicosocial.

INTRODUCTION: Most of the studies on weight misperception have been carried out in the US where it has been estimated that 20-40% of overweight or obese people underestimate their weight status. The perception of the physical fitness is a little studied variable but suggested as relevant in the adoption of healthy behaviours. OBJECTIVES: The aims were to analyze weight misperception and physical fitness perception in adolescents, evaluating the relationship between weight misperception and physical fitness perception and body weight management behaviours (diet and exercise) as well as to analyze the relationship between weight misperception and psychosocial well-being. METHODS: A total of 655 students participated voluntarily in the study during which they completed a series of questionnaires. Weight and height of all participants were collected. RESULTS: Many young people misperceived their weight and its physical fitness. The majority of participants who were overweight or obese did not go on diet to manage their body weight. Those who overestimated their weight had the worst psycho-emotional state. DISCUSSION: The work is novel in Spain, it follows the methodology carried out in international studies on the same topic and the results are similar to those obtained in other populations. CONCLUSION: Weight misperception and physical fitness perception influence the adoption of healthy body weight management behaviors and is related to psychosocial well- being of young people.

Introducción: La mayoría de los estudios sobre la autopercepción del peso corporal se han llevado a cabo en EE.UU. donde se ha comunicado que 20-40% de las personas con sobrepeso u obesidad subestiman su peso. La percepción de la forma física es una variable poco estudiada pero que se ha sugerido como relevante en la adopción de conductas saludables. Objetivos: Analizar la autopercepción del peso corporal y la forma física en adolescentes valorando la relación entre dichas variables y conductas de control de peso corporal (dieta y actividad física), así como analizar la relación entre la autopercepción del peso corporal y el bienestar psicosocial. Métodos: Un total de 655 alumnos participaron voluntariamente en el estudio durante el que cumplimentaron una serie de cuestionarios además de recogerse peso y talla de dichos participantes.. Resultados: Un 41.35% de los jóvenes autopercibieron erróneamente su peso y su forma física. La mayoría de participantes que se encontraban en sobrepeso u obesidad no realizaban dieta para tratar de disminuir su peso corporal. Aquellos jóvenes que consideraban su peso como elevado presentaron peor estado psico-emocional. Discusión: El trabajo es novedoso en España, sigue la metodología llevada a cabo en los estudios del mismo tipo a nivel internacional y los resultados son similares a los obtenidos en otras poblaciones. Conclusiones: La autopercepción del peso corporal y la forma física influyen en la adopción de conductas de control del peso corporal, como realización de dieta, y en un menor bienestar psicosocial de los jóvenes.

Weight misperception, self-reported physical fitness, dieting and some psychological variables as risk factors for eating disorders.

The aims of the current study were to explore possible gender differences in weight misperception, self-reported physical fitness, and dieting, and to analyze the relationship between these variables and others, such as self-esteem, body appreciation, general mental health, and eating- and body image-related variables among adolescents. In addition, the specific risk for eating disorders was examined, as well as the possible clusters with respect to the risk status. The sample comprised 655 students, 313 females and 342 males, aged 16.22 ± 4.58. Different scales of perceived overweight, self-reported physical fitness and dieting together with the Body Mass Index (BMI) were considered along with instruments such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) and Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2). Since some gender differences were found with respect to these adolescent groups, it is necessary to design prevention programs that not only focus on traditional factors such as BMI or body image, but also on elements like weight perception, self-reported fitness and nutritional education.

Diet choice in weight-restored patients with eating disorders; progressive autonomy process by nutritional education.

INTRODUCTION: Human eating behaviour is regulated by multiple factors. Anorexia nervosa patients show a restrictive eating pattern while bulimia nervosa patients present bingeing-purging episodes. Although treatments are specially successful in the normalization of body composition, maladaptive eating behaviours tend to persist being a risk factor for relapse and recurrence. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to assess the quality of the nutritional choice of eating disorders patients after a year of nutritional education and to assess improvements in choice capacity. METHODS: Thirty-one outpatients of an eating disorders unit planned a menu after body composition normalization and repeated this plan each three months during a one-year programme of nutritional education. RESULTS: Patients improved the time spent on the assignment (p < 0.01), Body Mass Index (p < 0.01), their body fat mass (p < 0.01) and the content of energy (p < 0.05), carbohydrates (p < 0.01) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05) in their chosen menus. No differences were found on proteins, total fat or fat profile, vitamins or minerals. 12.9% and 3.2% of the patients chose their menu according to the recommendations of caloric and lipid profile, respectively, after a year of nutritional education. DISCUSSION: Although patients improved energy and carbohydrates content of the menus they tended to reduce caloric and fat food choices, which could lead to relapse and recurrence. Specific nutritional education programmes along with the mandatory psychological and psychiatric treatment may be effective. CONCLUSIONS: One year of nutritional education combined with psychological and psychiatric treatment improved those factors usually involved in relapse and recurrence, thus contributing to a proper outcome.

Introducción: El comportamiento alimentario humano está regulado por numerosos factores. Mientras los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa muestran un patrón nutricional restrictivo, los pacientes con bulimia nerviosa presentan episodios de atracón y purgas. Aunque los tratamientos son muy efectivos en la normalización de la composición corporal los comportamientos alimentarios inadecuados tienden a mantenerse constituyendo un factor de riesgo de recaídas y recidivas. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de la elección nutricional de pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante un programa de un año de educación nutricional analizando la mejoría en la capacidad de elección. Método: Treinta y un pacientes de una unidad de trastornos alimentarios planificaron un menú tras la normalización de la composición corporal, tarea que repitieron cada tres meses durante el año de intervención. Resultados: Los pacientes mejoraron el tiempo emplea - do en configurar el menú (p < 0,01), el Índice de Masa Corporal (p < 0,01), la masa grasa corporal (p < 0,01), la energía (p < 0,05), los carbohidratos (p < 0,01) y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (p < 0,05) de los menús planificados. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al total de grasas, perfil lipídico, vitaminas y minerales. El 12,9% y 3,2% de los pacientes escogieron sus menús de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de perfil calórico y lipídico, respectivamente, tras el año de tratamiento. Discusión: Aunque los pacientes mejoraron el contenido energético y los carbohidratos en los menús elegidos, tendieron a reducir el contenido calórico y las grasas en su elección, lo que puede conducir a una peor evolución. Conclusiones: Durante un año de educación nutricional, junto con el correspondiente tratamiento psicológico y psiquiátrico, se observó una mejoría en los factores dietéticos habitualmente implicados en una posible mala evolución.

Diet choice in weight-restored patients with eating disorders; progressive autonomy process by nutritional education / Elección de la dieta en pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria con peso normalizado; proceso de progresiva autonomía mediante educación nutricional

Human eating behaviour is regulated by multiple factors. Anorexia nervosa patients show a restrictive eating pattern while bulimia nervosa patients present bingeing-purging episodes. Although treatments are specially successful in the normalization of body composition, maladaptive eating behaviours tend to persist being a risk factor for relapse and recurrence.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to assess the quality of the nutritional choice of eating disorders patients after a year of nutritional education and to assess improvements in choice capacity.METHODS: Thirty-one outpatients of an eating disorders unit planned a menu after body composition normalization and repeated this plan each three months during a one-year programme of nutritional education.RESULTS: Patients improved the time spent on the assignment (p < 0.01), Body Mass Index (p < 0.01), their body fat mass (p < 0.01) and the content of energy (p < 0.05), carbohydrates (p < 0.01) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05) in their chosen menus. No differences were found on proteins, total fat or fat profile, vitamins or minerals. 12.9% and 3.2% of the patients chose their menu according to the recommendations of caloric and lipid profile, respectively, after a year of nutritional education.DISCUSSION: Although patients improved energy and carbohydrates content of the menus they tended to reduce caloric and fat food choices, which could lead to relapse and recurrence. Specific nutritional education programmes along with the mandatory psychological and psychiatric treatment may be effective.CONCLUSIONS: One year of nutritional education combined with psychological and psychiatric treatment improved those factors usually involved in relapse and recurrence, thus contributing to a proper outcome (AU)

Introducción: El comportamiento alimentario humano está regulado por numerosos factores. Mientras los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa muestran un patrón nutricional restrictivo, los pacientes con bulimia nerviosa presentan episodios de atracón y purgas. Aunque los tratamientos son muy efectivos en la normalización de la composición corporal los comportamientos alimentarios inadecuados tienden a mantenerse constituyendo un factor de riesgo de recaídas y recidivas. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de la elección nutricional de pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante un programa de un año de educación nutricional analizando la mejoría en la capacidad de elección. Método: Treinta y un pacientes de una unidad de trastornos alimentarios planificaron un menú tras la normalización de la composición corporal, tarea que repitieron cada tres meses durante el año de intervención. Resultados: Los pacientes mejoraron el tiempo emplea - do en configurar el menú (p < 0,01), el Índice de Masa Corporal (p < 0,01), la masa grasa corporal (p < 0,01), la energía (p < 0,05), los carbohidratos (p < 0,01) y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (p < 0,05) de los menús planificados. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al total de grasas, perfil lipídico, vitaminas y minerales. El 12,9% y 3,2% de los pacientes escogieron sus menús de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de perfil calórico y lipídico, respectivamente, tras el año de tratamiento. Discusión: Aunque los pacientes mejoraron el contenido energético y los carbohidratos en los menús elegidos, tendieron a reducir el contenido calórico y las grasas en su elección, lo que puede conducir a una peor evolución. Conclusiones: Durante un año de educación nutricional, junto con el correspondiente tratamiento psicológico y psiquiátrico, se observó una mejoría en los factores dietéticos habitualmente implicados en una posible mala evolución (AU)

Antifat attitudes in a sample of women with eating disorders.

INTRODUCTION: One of the main problems of patients with eating disorders is their body dissatisfaction. Although these individuals usually are not satisfied with their bodies there are not many investigations that focus on how these patients see people with real weight problems. For this reason, in this study it is analyzed how women with eating disorders see obese people. METHODS: A total of 104 participants (35 with anorexia nervosa, 28 with bulimia nervosa, 16 with eating disorder not otherwise specified and 25 controls) were selected to conduct the study. To measure anti-fat attitudes the Spanish version of the Antifat Attitudes Questionnaire was used. To measure if participants had body dissatisfaction it was used the Spanish versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire. Finally, anthropometric measures (height and weight) were taken in order to calculate the BMI (kg/m(2)), as well as some socio-demographic information. RESULTS: It was found that participants with bulimia nervosa showed scores higher on antifat attitudes than the rest of the participants. Additionally, it was found that this result was influenced by the body dissatisfaction of the participants. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that negative attitudes toward obese people may influence an individual's body image. One way of maintaining a positive body image (especially, the subjective dimension, body satisfaction) is to compare oneself with those perceived as physically inferior (people with weight problems), a strategy that is especially relevant when the mass media insists in depict extreme thin women.

IntroducciÓn: Uno de los principales problemas de los pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria es la insatisfacciÓn corporal. Aunque estas personas por lo general no están satisfechos con sus cuerpos, no hay muchas investigaciones que se centran en cÓmo estos pacientes ven a la gente con problemas reales de peso. Por esta razÓn, en este estudio se analiza cÓmo las mujeres con trastornos alimentarios ven a las personas obesas. Métodos: Un total de 104 participantes (35 con anorexia nerviosa, 28 con bulimia nerviosa, 16 con trastornos alimentarios no especificados y 25 controles) fueron seleccionados para llevar a cabo el estudio. Para medir las actitudes anti-obesidad se utilizÓ la versiÓn española del Antifat Attitudes Questionnaire. Para medir si los participantes presentaban insatisfacciÓn corporal se utilizÓ la versiÓn española del Body Shape Questionnaire. Por último, se tomaron medidas antropométricas (peso y talla) a fin de calcular el índice de masa corporal (kg/m2), así como algunos datos socio-demográficos. Resultados: Se encontrÓ que los participantes con bulimia nerviosa mostraban puntuaciones más altas en las actitudes anti-obesidad que el resto de los participantes. Adicionalmente, se encontrÓ que este resultado estuvo influenciado por la insatisfacciÓn corporal de los participantes. DiscusiÓn: Estos resultados sugieren que las actitudes negativas hacia las personas obesas pueden influir en la imagen corporal de una persona. Una manera de mantener una imagen positiva del propio cuerpo (sobre todo, la dimensiÓn subjetiva, la satisfacciÓn corporal) es compararse con aquellos que son percibidos como físicamente inferiores (personas con problemas de peso), una estrategia que es especialmente relevante cuando los medios de comunicaciÓn insisten en representar mujeres extremadamente delgadas.

Antifat attitudes in a sample of women with eating disorders / Actitudes antiobesidad en una muestra de mujeres con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

INTRODUCTION: One of the main problems of patients with eating disorders is their body dissatisfaction. Although these individuals usually are not satisfied with their bodies there are not many investigations that focus on how these patients see people with real weight problems. For this reason, in this study it is analyzed how women with eating disorders see obese people. METHODS: A total of 104 participants (35 with anorexia nervosa, 28 with bulimia nervosa, 16 with eating disorder not otherwise specified and 25 controls) were selected to conduct the study. To measure anti-fat attitudes the Spanish version of the Antifat Attitudes Questionnaire was used. To measure if participants had body dissatisfaction it was used the Spanish versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire. Finally, anthropometric measures (height and weight) were taken in order to calculate the BMI (kg/m(2)), as well as some socio-demographic information. RESULTS :It was found that participants with bulimia nervosa showed scores higher on antifat attitudes than the rest of the participants. Additionally, it was found that this result was influenced by the body dissatisfaction of the participants. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that negative attitudes toward obese people may influence an individual's body image. One way of maintaining a positive body image (especially, the subjective dimension, body satisfaction) is to compare oneself with those perceived as physically inferior (people with weight problems), a strategy that is especially relevant when the mass media insists in depict extreme thin women (AU)

Introducción: Uno de los principales problemas de los pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria es la insatisfacción corporal. Aunque estas personas por lo general no están satisfechos con sus cuerpos, no hay muchas investigaciones que se centran en cómo estos pacientes ven a la gente con problemas reales de peso. Por esta razón, en este estudio se analiza cómo las mujeres con trastornos alimentarios ven a las personas obesas. Métodos: Un total de 104 participantes (35 con anorexia nerviosa, 28 con bulimia nerviosa, 16 con trastornos alimentarios no especificados y 25 controles) fueron seleccionados para llevar a cabo el estudio. Para medir las actitudes anti-obesidad se utilizó la versión española del Antifat Attitudes Questionnaire. Para medir si los participantes presentaban insatisfacción corporal se utilizó la versión española del Body Shape Questionnaire. Por último, se tomaron medidas antropométricas (peso y talla) a fin de calcular el índice de masa corporal (kg/m2), así como algunos datos socio-demográficos. Resultados: Se encontró que los participantes con bulimia nerviosa mostraban puntuaciones más altas en las actitudes anti-obesidad que el resto de los participantes. Adicionalmente, se encontró que este resultado estuvo influenciado por la insatisfacción corporal de los participantes. Discusión: Estos resultados sugieren que las actitudes negativas hacia las personas obesas pueden influir en la imagen corporal de una persona. Una manera de mantener una imagen positiva del propio cuerpo (sobre todo, la dimensión subjetiva, la satisfacción corporal) es compararse con aquellos que son percibidos como físicamente inferiores (personas con problemas de peso), una estrategia que es especialmente relevante cuando los medios de comunicación insisten en representar mujeres extremadamente delgadas (AU)

Thought-shape fusion and body image in eating disorders.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships among thought-shape fusion (TSF), specific instruments to assess body image disturbances, and body image quality of life in eating disorder patients in order to improve the understanding of the links between body image concerns and a specific bias consisting of beliefs about the consequences of thinking about forbidden foods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The final sample included 76 eating disorder patients (mean age 20.13 ± 2.28 years; 59 women and seven men). After having obtained informed consent, the following questionnaires were administered: Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI-SP), Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and Thought-Shape Fusion Questionnaire (TSF-Q). RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between TSF-Q and body image-related variables. Those with higher scores in TSF showed higher scores in the BSQ (P < 0.0001), Eating Disorder Inventory - Drive for Thinness (EDI-DT) (P < 0.0001), and Eating Disorder Inventory - Body Dissatisfaction (EDI-BD) (P < 0.0001). The same patients showed lower scores in the BAS (P < 0.0001). With respect to the psychopathological variables, patients with high TSF obtained higher scores in all SCL-90-R subscales as well as in the STAI. CONCLUSION: The current study shows the interrelations among different body image-related variables, TSF, and body image quality of life.