The potential of breath analysis to improve outcome for patients with lung cancer.

Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer related death in both the UK and USA. Development of diagnostic approaches that have the ability to detect lung cancer early are a research priority with potential to improve survival. Analysis of exhaled breath metabolites, or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an area of considerable interest as it could fulfil such requirements. Numerous studies have shown that VOC profiles are different in the breath of patients with lung cancer compared to healthy individuals or those with non-malignant lung diseases. This review provides a scientific and clinical assessment of the potential value of a breath test in lung cancer. It discusses the current understanding of metabolic pathways that contribute to exhaled VOC production in lung cancer and reviews the research conducted to date. Finally, we highlight important areas for future research and discuss how a breath test could be incorporated into various clinical pathways.

Pulmonary nodules and CT screening: the past, present and future.

Lung cancer screening has come a long way since the early studies with chest X-ray. Advancing technology and progress in the processing of images have enabled low dose CT to be tried and tested, and evidence suggests its use can result in a significant mortality benefit. There are several issues that need refining in order to successfully implement screening in the UK and elsewhere. Some countries have started patchy implementation of screening and there is increased recognition that the appropriate management of pulmonary nodules is crucial to optimise benefits of early detection, while reducing harm caused by inappropriate medical intervention. This review summarises and differentiates the many recent guidelines on pulmonary nodule management, discusses screening activity in other countries and exposes the present barriers to implementation in the UK.

Case report: Biphasic presentation of multicystic haemorrhagic metastatic adenocarconoma of the lung.

Lung cancer is the one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Adenocarcinoma of the lung makes up over a quarter of all incidence of lung cancer. Multiple case reports describe haemorrhage resulting from primary or metastatic lesions affecting different organs. This case report describes an unusual presentation of a benign lung lesion that later progressed to multiple metastases with a characteristic radiological appearance. A review of prior similar reported cases is also included.

Management of violent patients in a psychiatry walk-in clinic.

The authors discuss a systems approach for managing violent psychiatric outpatients. Multiple care-giving and brief, as needed visits within an outpatient walk-in clinic setting can provide empathic care for those violent patients who become too threatened by the intimacy of individual therapy, and who often reject treatment. The walk-in clinic can provide the violent patient and his therapist sufficient "distance" from each other, so that excessive transference and countertransference reactions--which can lead to acting out and violence--are diluted. Case vignettes illustrate how the walk-in clinic can treat violent patients falling under a variety of diagnoses, and prepare them for eventual acceptance of more traditional therapies. This approach may assist community clinics who are increasingly involved in the treatment of violent patients.