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1.
Prev Vet Med ; 221: 106055, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37918211

RESUMO

A farm level bio-economic model, for aquatic animal production, of the relationships between inputs (e.g. purchased animals), outputs (e.g. harvested animals) and gross margin (GM) was developed to assess ex-ante the economics of disease and animal health interventions. Feed costs were calculated from estimates of food conversion ratio (FCR), animals harvested and mortality. The model was applied to a typical grow-out rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farm on Lake Titicaca, Peru and a typical shrimp (Paenus vannamei) farm in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The model was used in two analyses. Firstly, an approach to assess the burden of disease developed by the Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) project was adopted. Output under conditions of 'ideal health' was estimated by reducing mortality to zero and removing health costs. GM in both systems increased by approximately 25% when production was kept constant (and stocking rates reduced) and more than doubled if production was allowed to rise (and initial stocking increased). The increase in GM under conditions of ideal compared with current production provided an estimate of the maximum possible benefit from improved health management. Secondly, break-even analysis was used to assess the economics of vaccination against infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) vaccine (rainbow trout - RBT) and probiotics (shrimp). If initial stocking was kept constant, and production allowed to rise, break-even points for the intervention (when GM was the same with and without the intervention) were achieved when mortality was reduced by 16% in RBT fry and juvenile and 28% in shrimp. If production was kept constant and benefit realised by reduced initial stocking, the break-even point was achieved for i) vaccination of RBT when mortality in fry and juveniles was reduced by 39%, and ii) probiotics in shrimp production when there was a 15% reduction in mortality (nursery and grow-out), 10% increase in shrimp weight at harvest and 10% improvement in FCR. The results demonstrate how relatively simple models, parameterised with basic farm production data, can assess the burden of disease and quantify ex-ante the potential benefit of interventions. In the absence of trial data, these analyses support decision-making by farmers. The models can be adapted for many aquaculture systems. Farm level results can be extrapolated to estimate disease burden, and benefits of interventions, at regional or national level and thus support informed decision-making and allocation of resources to health management.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais , Aquicultura , Animais , Custos e Análise de Custo , Aquicultura/métodos , Vacinação/veterinária , Modelos Econômicos
2.
Rev Sci Tech ; 42: 218-229, 2023 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37232302

RESUMO

The Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) programme will provide data-driven evidence that policy-makers can use to evaluate options, inform decisions, and measure the success of animal health and welfare interventions. The GBADs' Informatics team is developing a transparent process for identifying, analysing, visualising and sharing data to calculate livestock disease burdens and drive models and dashboards. These data can be combined with data on other global burdens (human health, crop loss, foodborne diseases) to provide a comprehensive range of information on One Health, required to address such issues as antimicrobial resistance and climate change. The programme began by gathering open data from international organisations (which are undergoing their own digital transformations). Efforts to achieve an accurate estimate of livestock numbers revealed problems in finding, accessing and reconciling data from different sources over time. Ontologies and graph databases are being developed to bridge data silos and improve the findability and interoperability of data. Dashboards, data stories, a documentation website and a Data Governance Handbook explain GBADs data, now available through an application programming interface. Sharing data quality assessments builds trust in such data, encouraging their application to livestock and One Health issues. Animal welfare data present a particular challenge, as much of this information is held privately and discussions continue regarding which data are the most relevant. Accurate livestock numbers are an essential input for calculating biomass, which subsequently feeds into calculations of antimicrobial use and climate change. The GBADs data are also essential to at least eight of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.


Le programme " Impact mondial des maladies animales " (GBADs) a pour but de réunir des éléments probants axés sur des données, qui soient exploitables par les décideurs politiques pour évaluer les solutions envisagées, fonder leurs décisions et mesurer le succès des interventions dans les domaines de la santé et du bien-être des animaux. L'équipe informatique du GBADs a conçu un processus transparent pour l'identification, l'analyse, la visualisation et le partage des données, grâce auquel il sera possible d'estimer l'impact des maladies du bétail et de réaliser des modèles et des tableaux de bord sur le sujet. Les données ainsi réunies peuvent être combinées avec celles couvrant d'autres problématiques ayant un impact mondial (santé humaine, pertes de récoltes, maladies d'origine alimentaire) afin de fournir l'éventail complet d'informations Une seule santé requis pour faire face à des enjeux tels que la résistance aux agents antimicrobiens ou le changement climatique. La première phase du programme a consisté à recueillir des données ouvertes auprès de diverses organisations internationales (qui procèdent également à leur propre transformation numérique). Les efforts déployés pour parvenir à une estimation précise des effectifs des cheptels ont mis en lumière les difficultés à trouver les données détenues par différentes sources, à y accéder et à les recouper au fil du temps. Des ontologies et des bases de données graphiques sont en cours d'élaboration pour résoudre le problème des silos de données et pour améliorer la facilité de recherche et l'interopérabilité des données. Les données du GBADs sont désormais expliquées sous forme de tableaux de bord, de récits construits à partir des données, ainsi que dans un site web documentaire et un Manuel de gouvernance des données, tous disponibles via une interface de programmation d'applications. Le partage des évaluations de la qualité des données renforce la confiance dans ces dernières et encourage à les appliquer pour traiter les problématiques affectant l'élevage ou relevant de l'approche Une seule santé. Les données relatives au bien-être animal présentent une difficulté particulière : elles sont, pour l'essentiel, détenues à titre privé et la question de savoir quelles sont les données les plus pertinentes est toujours en discussion. Les effectifs des cheptels doivent avoir été déterminés de manière précise afin de calculer la biomasse animale, élément qui entre par la suite dans le calcul des quantités d'agents antimicrobiens utilisés et des indicateurs du changement climatique. Les données du programme GBADs sont également essentielles au regard d'au moins huit des objectifs de développement durable des Nations Unies.


El programa sobre el Impacto Global de las Enfermedades Animales (GBADs) proporcionará información contrastada y basada en el uso de datos de la que luego puedan servirse los planificadores de políticas para valorar distintas opciones, decidir con conocimiento de causa y medir la eficacia de una u otra intervención en materia de sanidad y bienestar animales. El equipo informático encargado del GBADs está preparando un proceso transparente destinado a seleccionar, analizar, visualizar y poner en común datos que ayuden a calcular la carga de enfermedades del ganado y a guiar la elaboración de modelos y paneles de control. Estos datos pueden ser combinados con datos referidos a otros grandes problemas planetarios (salud humana, pérdida de cultivos, enfermedades de transmisión alimentaria) para obtener el repertorio completo de información en clave de Una sola salud que se necesita para abordar problemáticas como la resistencia a los antimicrobianos o el cambio climático. El programa empezó por reunir datos abiertos procedentes de organizaciones internacionales (inmersas, por otra parte, en su propio proceso de transformación digital). La labor emprendida para estimar con exactitud las cifras de ejemplares del mundo pecuario reveló ciertos problemas a la hora de encontrar, obtener y conciliar datos de distintas fuentes a lo largo del tiempo. Ahora se están elaborando ontologías y bases de datos gráficos para crear conexiones entre los "silos de datos" y lograr que los datos sean a la vez más compatibles entre sí y más fáciles de localizar. Paneles de control, interpretaciones narrativas de los datos ("data stories"), un sitio web de documentación y un manual de gestión de datos ayudan a explicar y aprehender los datos del GBADs, accesibles ahora por medio de una interfaz de programación de aplicaciones. El hecho de poner en común las evaluaciones de la calidad de los datos genera mayor confianza en esta información, promoviendo con ello su aplicación en temas de ganadería y de Una sola salud. Los datos de bienestar animal plantean una particular dificultad, pues gran parte de esta información está en manos privadas y todavía no está claro cuáles son los datos de mayor interés. Disponer de cifras exactas sobre el número de cabezas de ganado es fundamental para efectuar los cálculos de biomasa que después se utilizan para hacer otros cómputos referidos al uso de antimicrobianos y al cambio climático. Los datos del GBADs son asimismo esenciales para al menos ocho de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais , Saúde Única , Humanos , Animais , Doenças dos Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Informática
3.
Rev Sci Tech ; 40(2): 567-584, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34542092

RESUMO

Investments in animal health and Veterinary Services can have a measurable impact on the health of people and the environment. These investments require a baseline metric that describes the burden of animal health and welfare in order to justify and prioritise resource allocation and from which to measure the impact of interventions. This paper is part of a process of scientific enquiry in which problems are identified and solutions sought in an inclusive way. It poses the broad question: what should a system to measure the animal disease burden on society look like and what value would it add? Moreover, it aims to do this in such a way as to be accessible by a wide audience, who are encouraged to engage in this debate. Given that farmed animals, including those raised by poor smallholders, are an economic entity, this system should be based on economic principles. These poor farmers are negatively impacted by disparities in animal health technology, which can be addressed through a mixture of supply-led and demand-driven interventions, reinforcing the relevance of targeted financial support from government and non-governmental organisations. The Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme will glean existing data to measure animal health losses within carefully characterised production systems. Consistent and transparent attribution of animal health losses will enable meaningful comparisons of the animal disease burden to be made between diseases, production systems and countries, and will show how it is apportioned by people's socio-economic status and gender. The GBADs Programme will produce a cloud-based knowledge engine and data portal, through which users will access burden metrics and associated visualisations, support for decisionmaking in the form of future animal health scenarios, and the outputs of wider economic modelling. The vision of GBADs, strengthening the food system for the benefit of society and the environment, is an example of One Health thinking in action.


Les investissements réalisés en santé animale et dans les Services vétérinaires ont un impact mesurable sur la santé des personnes et de l'environnement. Le système de mesure appliqué à ces investissements doit reposer sur un référentiel de base décrivant l'impact de la santé et du bien-être animal de manière à justifier et classer par priorités les ressources allouées et à mesurer les effets des interventions. Les auteurs présentent une étude conduite dans le cadre d'une enquête scientifique destinée à identifier les problèmes et à rechercher des solutions de manière inclusive. L'étude pose la question de savoir à quoi devrait ressembler un système conçu pour mesurer l'impact sur la société des maladies animales, et quelle serait sa valeur ajoutée. En outre, l'étude est conduite de manière à être accessible à une large audience afin d'encourager cette dernière à participer aux discussions. Étant donné que les animaux d'élevage constituent une entité économique, y compris les animaux appartenant à des éleveurs pauvres, le système de mesure doit reposer sur des principes économiques. Les exploitants pratiquant une agriculture de subsistance subissent les effets négatifs des disparités entre les différentes technologies applicables à la santé animale, disparités auxquelles il est possible de remédier par le biais d'interventions associant des mesures dictées par l'offre et par la demande et en renforçant l'efficacité du soutien financier ciblé apporté par les organisations gouvernementales et non gouvernementales. Le Programme « L'impact mondial des maladies animales ¼ (GBADs) aura pour tâche de glaner les données existantes afin de mesurer les pertes associées à la santé animale au sein de systèmes de production qui auront été soigneusement caractérisés au préalable. Grâce à l'élucidation cohérente et transparente des pertes imputables à chaque problème de santé animale, des comparaisons pertinentes pourront être effectuées concernant l'impact des maladies animales par maladies, par systèmes de production et par pays, et la répartition de cet impact dans les populations concernées suivant le statut socio-économique et le genre des intéressés sera mieux comprise. Le Programme GBADs entend créer un moteur de recherche et un portail de données qui seront disponibles sur le Cloud et donneront aux utilisateurs l'accès à des outils de mesure de l'impact des maladies et à d'autres informations présentées sous forme graphique, ainsi qu'à des outils d'aide à la décision sous forme de scénarios prospectifs sur la santé animale et aux résultats d'études plus larges de modélisation économique. La vision du GBADs, renforcer le système de production de denrées alimentaires au profit de la société et de l'environnement, est un exemple de mise en oeuvre du concept Une seule santé.


Las inversiones en sanidad animal y en los Servicios Veterinarios pueden tener un efecto mensurable en la salud de las personas y el medio ambiente. Para efectuar estas inversiones se precisan parámetros que describan y cuantifiquen la situación de partida y el impacto de los problemas de sanidad y bienestar animales, a fin de poder, a partir de ahí, justificar y jerarquizar la asignación de recursos y medir los efectos de las intervenciones. Este artículo, inscrito en un proceso de indagación científica encaminado a detectar problemas y buscar soluciones de forma incluyente, plantea la cuestión general de cómo debería ser y qué valor añadido aportaría un sistema destinado a medir el impacto que imponen a la sociedad las enfermedades animales. Los autores, además, tratan de exponer la cuestión de manera que sea accesible a un público amplio, al que se alienta a participar en este debate. Dado que los animales de granja (incluidos los de pequeñas explotaciones) constituyen una entidad económica, tal sistema debería estar basado en principios económicos. Los productores que trabajan en régimen de subsistencia se ven negativamente afectados por las disparidades existentes en materia de tecnología zoosanitaria, disparidad que cabe corregir con una combinación de intervenciones marcadas por la oferta y otras marcadas por la demanda, dirigiendo así más selectivamente el apoyo económico de entidades gubernamentales y organizaciones no gubernamentales. El programa GBADs (El impacto global de las enfermedades animales) servirá para compilar datos ya existentes con el fin de medir las pérdidas zoosanitarias dentro de sistemas productivos cuidadosamente caracterizados. La atribución coherente y transparente de estas pérdidas zoosanitarias permitirá efectuar comparaciones significativas del impacto que representan las enfermedades animales en el caso de diferentes dolencias, sistemas productivos o países y pondrá de relieve cómo se distribuye este impacto en función del género y la condición socioeconómica de las personas. Por medio del programa GBADs se creará un motor de conocimiento y portal de datos ubicado en la nube que permita al usuario acceder a mediciones del impacto de enfermedades y representaciones gráficas conexas, a herramientas de apoyo a la adopción de decisiones, en forma de hipotéticas situaciones zoosanitarias futuras, y a los resultados de modelizaciones económicas más generales. La aspiración del programa GBADs ­ reforzar el sistema alimentario en beneficio de la sociedad y el medio ambiente ­ constituye un ejemplo de aplicación en la práctica del pensamiento en clave de Una sola salud.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais , Saúde Única , Doenças dos Animais/epidemiologia , Animais , Aquicultura , Gado
4.
BMC Vet Res ; 17(1): 278, 2021 Aug 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34407823

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Abattoir data are under-used for surveillance. Nationwide surveillance could benefit from using data on meat inspection findings, but several limitations need to be overcome. At the producer level, interpretation of meat inspection findings is a notable opportunity for surveillance with relevance to animal health and welfare. In this study, we propose that discovery and monitoring of relational patterns between condemnation conditions co-present in broiler batches at meat inspection can provide valuable information for surveillance of farmed animal health and welfare. RESULTS: Great Britain (GB)-based integrator meat inspection records for 14,045 broiler batches slaughtered in nine, four monthly intervals were assessed for the presence of surveillance indicators relevant to broiler health and welfare. K-means and correlation-based hierarchical clustering, and association rules analyses were performed to identify relational patterns in the data. Incidence of condemnation showed seasonal and temporal variation, which was detected by association rules analysis. Syndrome-related and non-specific relational patterns were detected in some months of meat inspection records. A potentially syndromic cluster was identified in May 2016 consisting of infection-related conditions: pericarditis, perihepatitis, peritonitis, and abnormal colour. Non-specific trends were identified in some months as an unusual combination of condemnation reasons in broiler batches. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the detection of relational patterns in meat inspection records could provide producer-level surveillance indicators with relevance to broiler chicken health and welfare.


Assuntos
Matadouros/normas , Bem-Estar do Animal , Inspeção de Alimentos/normas , Carne/normas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Registros/veterinária , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Galinhas , Estudos Longitudinais , Reino Unido
6.
Animal ; 15(2): 100123, 2021 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33573940

RESUMO

Major shifts in how animals are bred, raised and slaughtered are involved in the intensification of livestock systems. Globally, these changes have produced major increases in access to protein-rich foods with high levels of micronutrients. Yet the intensification of livestock systems generates numerous externalities including environmental degradation, zoonotic disease transmission and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Where the process of intensification is most advanced, the expertise, institutions and regulations required to manage these externalities have developed over time, often in response to hard lessons, crises and challenges to public health. By exploring the drivers of intensification, the foci of future intensification can be identified. Low- and middle-income (LMICs) countries are likely to experience significant intensification in livestock production in the near future; however, the lessons learned elsewhere are not being transferred rapidly enough to develop risk mitigation capacity in these settings. At present, fragmentary approaches to address these problems present an incomplete picture of livestock populations, antimicrobial use, and disease risks in LMIC settings. A worldwide improvement in evidence-based zoonotic disease and AMR management within intensifying livestock production systems demands better information on the burden of livestock-associated disease, antimicrobial use and resistance and resources allocated to mitigation.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Gado , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Zoonoses
7.
Rev Sci Tech ; 39(2): 625-635, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33046914

RESUMO

Livestock production systems and the societies in which they are embedded face a set of risks presented by infectious diseases and natural and human-made disasters which compromise animal health. Within this set, threats are posed by natural, deliberate and accidental actions that can cause sudden changes in animal health status, requiring the allocation of additional resources to manage animal health. Determining the benefit of preparing for such emergencies is a challenge when the total set of risks includes the unknown. Any method for analysing the economic costs and benefits of animal health emergencies must not only accommodate this uncertainty, but make it a central feature of the analysis. Cost-benefit analysis is a key approach to economically evaluating animal health interventions. However, the value of this approach in dealing with uncertainty is often called into question. This paper makes the case that, by restricting the outcomes of an emergency event to specified states of nature, boundaries can be placed on the uncertainty space, allowing cost-benefit analysis to be performed. This method, which merges state-contingent analysis with cost-benefit analysis, is presented here. Further discussion on the economic characteristics of emergency events, and the nature of the threats posed to animal health systems, is also provided.


Les systèmes de production animale et les sociétés dans lesquelles ils s'inscrivent doivent faire face à une série de risques associés à des maladies infectieuses ou à des catastrophes d'origine naturelle ou anthropique, qui représentent une menace pour la santé animale. Parmi ces risques, certaines menaces résultant d'actions naturelles, délibérées ou accidentelles peuvent modifier de manière drastique la situation sanitaire des cheptels et imposer d'allouer des ressources supplémentaires à la gestion de la santé animale. Il est difficile de déterminer à l'avance les bénéfices apportés par la préparation aux urgences dès lors que la série complète des risques à envisager comporte des éléments inconnus. Les méthodes d'analyse des coûts et des bénéfices économiques appliquées aux urgences de santé animale doivent non seulement tenir compte de cette incertitude, mais la placer au cœur de l'analyse. L'analyse coûts-bénéfices est une méthode clé pour évaluer les interventions de santé animale dans une perspective économique. Néanmoins, la capacité de cette méthode à traiter l'incertitude est souvent mise en cause. Les auteurs soutiennent qu'en limitant l'analyse des répercussions d'une situation d'urgence à certains états spécifiques de la nature, il devient possible de poser des bornes à l'étendue de l'incertitude, ce qui permet de réaliser une analyse couts-bénéfices. Ils présentent cette méthode, qui consiste à combiner l'analyse des incertitudes dépendantes d'un état de choses donné (state-contingent analysis), avec une analyse coûts-bénéfices. Ils examinent ensuite les caractéristiques économiques des situations d'urgence ainsi que la nature des menaces que ces dernières font peser sur les systèmes de santé animale.


Los sistemas de producción pecuaria y las sociedades en las que están inscritos afrontan una serie de riesgos derivados de enfermedades infecciosas y de desastres de origen natural y humano que ponen en peligro la sanidad animal. Dentro de esta panoplia de riesgos están las amenazas derivadas de sucesos naturales o actos deliberados o accidentales que puedan inducir un cambio repentino de la situación zoosanitaria y exigir recursos adicionales para gestionarla. La determinación de los beneficios que pueda traer consigo la preparación para tales emergencias no es tarea fácil, cuando «lo desconocido¼ forma parte del conjunto de riesgos que se afrontan. Todo método encaminado a analizar los costos económicos y eventuales beneficios en el ámbito de las emergencias zoosanitarias debe no solo integrar esta incertidumbre, sino hacer de ella el elemento central del análisis. El análisis de la relación costo-beneficio es un procedimiento clave para evaluar económicamente las intervenciones de sanidad animal, aunque a menudo se cuestiona su utilidad o idoneidad para manejar la incertidumbre. Los autores postulan que, restringiendo los resultados de un suceso de emergencia a un conjunto especificado de estados de la naturaleza, es posible delimitar el espacio de incertidumbre y, con ello, efectuar un análisis de costos-beneficios. Los autores presentan este método, que consiste en combinar el análisis de las incertidumbres dependientes de un determinado estado de cosas (state-contingent analysis) y el análisis de la relación costo-beneficio. También se detienen a examinar las características económicas de los sucesos de emergencia y el tipo de amenazas que pesan sobre los sistemas de sanidad animal.


Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis , Desastres , Animais , Doenças Transmissíveis/veterinária , Análise Custo-Benefício , Emergências/veterinária , Humanos , Gado
8.
Rev Sci Tech ; 39(1): 73-81, 2020 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32729570

RESUMO

It has been argued that the global harmonisation of animal health procedures, regulations and responses will improve animal health and provide economic benefits. Harmonisation of regulations can be driven by trade reform, such as multilateral or bilateral agreements, or as a response to private quality assurance programmes. At an international level, trade reform is currently focused on reducing the costs of trading between countries. To achieve this, bilateral agreements, where possible, are harmonising regulations throughout all sectors of the economy. However, as with any new developments, there are both positive and negative outcomes that should be explored to understand the net effect of these changes on animal health, the economy and society. In this article, the authors debate the economic foundations of harmonisation, explore alternative methods to achieve it, and discuss its pros and cons to more fully understand the opportunity costs from countries adopting the same level of risk to animal health.


Il a souvent été avancé qu'en matière de santé animale, l'harmonisation des procédures, des réglementations et des interventions à l'échelle mondiale améliore la situation zoosanitaire globale tout en apportant des bénéfices économiques aux pays. Une telle harmonisation réglementaire peut être le fruit d'une réforme du commerce, notamment par le biais d'accords multilatéraux ou bilatéraux, ou bien constituer une réponse aux programmes d'assurance qualité privés. Au niveau international, la réforme du commerce est actuellement centrée sur la réduction des coûts qu'il entraîne pour les pays. Dans cette perspective, des accords bilatéraux sont conclus chaque fois que possible afin d'harmoniser les réglementations dans tous les secteurs de l'économie. Néanmoins, comme dans toute évolution nouvelle, il en résulte des retombées aussi bien positives que négatives qu'il convient d'analyser afin de bien comprendre l'incidence nette de ces changements sur la santé animale, l'économie et la société. Après avoir débattu des fondements économiques de l'harmonisation, les auteurs examinent les méthodes alternatives qui permettent d'obtenir le même résultat ; ils font aussi le point sur les avantages et les inconvénients de l'harmonisation afin de mieux comprendre le coût d'opportunité qu'elle induit pour les pays adoptant le même niveau de risque en santé animale.


Se ha postulado que la armonización mundial de los procedimientos, reglamentos y respuestas en materia de sanidad animal redundará en un mejor estado sanitario de los animales y reportará beneficios económicos. El impulso para proceder a una armonización reglamentaria puede tener su origen en una reforma del comercio, a raíz por ejemplo de acuerdos multilaterales o bilaterales, o responder a programas privados de garantía de la calidad. A escala internacional, la reforma de los mecanismos comerciales apunta ahora básicamente a reducir los costos del comercio entre países. Para lograrlo se suscriben acuerdos bilaterales que, cuando es posible, entrañan una armonización reglamentaria en todos los sectores de la economía. Sin embargo, como ocurre con todas las novedades, ello tiene repercusiones positivas y negativas, que conviene analizar para aprehender el efecto neto de estos cambios en la sanidad animal, la economía y la sociedad. Los autores examinan los fundamentos económicos de la armonización, plantean métodos alternativos para llevarla adelante y dan cuenta de sus ventajas e inconvenientes para conocer mejor los costos de oportunidad que trae consigo la adopción de un mismo nivel de riesgo zoosanitario por parte de los países.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais , Bem-Estar do Animal , Doenças dos Animais/economia , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Bem-Estar do Animal/economia , Animais
9.
Prev Vet Med ; 181: 105036, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32505027

RESUMO

Slaughterhouse condemnation of broiler chickens results from identification of polymorphic pathological conditions during meat inspection from arrival and on the slaughter line. While conditions that result in condemnation are multifactorial, identification of factors that are common for a number of categories could be valuable for developing strategies to reduce total condemnation. This study aimed to identify those condemnation categories that were most common in batches of broiler chickens and to determine and compare associated risk factors. In the first step, retrospective meat inspection records for 55,918 broiler batches from one large broiler integrator for 2015-2017 were used for association rules analysis. Results identified a network of nine associated condemnation categories: whole carcass condemnation for ascites, abnormal colour, perihepatitis, cellulitis, hard breast, tumours and dead on arrival, and liver only and heart only most often associated with hepatitis and pericarditis, respectively. Secondly, a longitudinal study collected data on 109 explanatory variables from broiler parental flocks to slaughterhouse characteristics between January 2015 and December 2017. Condemnation outcome data were obtained from meat inspection records for 539 broiler batches participating in the study. Parental flock-, rearing farm-, shed- and transport-level risk factors were assessed for each outcome using mixed-effects multivariable Poisson regression including shed and farm as random effects. A Poisson regression tree method was used as the first step to identify variables most relevant for analysis and comparison across the outcomes. No single production factor was associated with all nine of the condemnation outcomes investigated in this study, although some were shared across multiple outcomes: age of parental flock at time of lay, flock-level Campylobacter spp. frequency, broiler chick weight at seven days of age, weight at slaughter, type of broiler removal (i.e. thinning, final depopulation), catcher team, number of birds per transport crate, slaughterhouse shift number, and type of slaughterhouse line. Broiler chickens removed during final depopulation were at greatest risk of condemnation. Condemnation rates for cellulitis and tumours were found to be higher in broilers inspected by night shift at the slaughterhouse. Discovery of an apparent protective effect of a higher number of broilers per transport crate was unexpected. These findings provide information for the broiler industry on production chain factors that might be amenable to targeted intervention to improve future efforts for control of condemnation.


Assuntos
Matadouros/estatística & dados numéricos , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Galinhas , Comorbidade , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Animais , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco
10.
Rev Sci Tech ; 38(2): 383-393, 2019 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31866688

RESUMO

This paper presents a critical review of intensive animal farming in the light of past and present global crises, reflecting the fragility of its foundations, its unsustainability and its inability to ensure world food security. A central argument of this paper is that intensive animal farming promotes industrial efficiency, commodity production and the availability of cheap food at the expense of farmed animals, the environment and society. This paper begins by briefly examining the history of world food security and explores the role assigned to animal farming, animal health and public health in this context. It then reviews changing perceptions of world food security during various periods of global instability and their implications for animal farming and animal health and welfare. At the same time, the paper seeks to identify what has so far been missing in discourses around world food security and animal farming, and discusses how these gaps shape and are shaped by specific scientific thinking on animal health and well-being. With the recent exponential growth of aquaculture, the authors' objectives are to examine animal health practices in farming and to understand how animal health science could effectively, in the long term, help animal farming, and in particular aquaculture, to contribute to global food security.


Dans cet article, les auteurs procèdent à un examen critique de l'élevage intensif et mettent en évidence, à la lumière de crises présentes et passées, la fragilité, le caractère non durable et l'incapacité de ce modèle agricole à contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. L'argument central avancé par les auteurs est que l'élevage intensif favorise la rentabilité de l'industrie agro-alimentaire ainsi que la production et la commercialisation de denrées alimentaires bon marché, au détriment des animaux d'élevage, de l'environnement et de la société. L'article commence par un aperçu historique de la sécurité alimentaire suivi d'une analyse du rôle assigné, dans ce contexte, à l'élevage, aux animaux d'élevage et à la santé publique. L'évolution de la perception de la sécurité alimentaire est analysée au fil de diverses périodes d'instabilité, parallèlement à ses conséquences sur l'élevage, la santé et le bien-être des animaux. Les auteurs tentent ainsi d'explorer ce qui a, jusqu'à présent, manqué dans les discours dominants de la sécurité alimentaire et de l'élevage, et d'expliquer comment ces lacunes ont pu déterminer et être renforcées par les pratiques des sciences de la santé et du bien-être animal. Compte tenu de la croissance exponentielle du secteur de l'aquaculture, le but des auteurs est d'examiner de quelle manière une redéfinition du rôle et de l'intervention des sciences de la santé animale en élevage permettrait à celui-ci, et en particulier à l'aquaculture, de réellement contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire mondiale.


Los autores presentan un estudio crítico de la producción animal intensiva a la luz de una serie de crisis mundiales pasadas y presentes que ponen de relieve sus frágiles fundamentos, su carácter insostenible y la incapacidad de este modelo agrícola para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria del mundo. Uno de los argumentos centrales aquí expuestos es el de que la producción animal intensiva promueve la eficiencia de la industria agro-alimentaria, la producción de artículos básicos y la oferta de alimentos baratos a expensas de los animales de granja, el medio ambiente y la sociedad. Los autores empiezan repasando sucintamente la historia de la seguridad alimentaria mundial y examinando la función atribuida en este ámbito a la producción animal, los animales de granja y la salud pública. Después exponen la evolución de las concepciones relativas a la seguridad alimentaria mundial durante varios periodos de inestabilidad del mundo y las repercusiones que esas distintas formas de verla han tenido en la producción, la salud y el bienestar animales. Al mismo tiempo, tratan de determinar aquello que hasta ahora ha estado ausente del discurso sobre la seguridad alimentaria mundial y la producción animal, y explican cómo estos elementos faltantes influyen en el pensamiento científico sobre salud y bienestar animal y a la vez son influidos por él. En vista del crecimiento exponencial que de un tiempo a esta parte viene experimentando la acuicultura, los autores tienen por doble objetivo examinar las prácticas zoosanitarias de la producción animal y aprehender de qué manera la ciencia de la sanidad animal podría ayudar eficazmente a la producción animal, y particularmente la acuicultura, a consolidar a largo plazo la seguridad alimentaria mundial.


Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Aquicultura , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Agricultura , Animais , Fazendas , Abastecimento de Alimentos/normas , Humanos , Internacionalidade
11.
Vet J ; 249: 33-40, 2019 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31239162

RESUMO

Feline iris melanoma, the most common feline intraocular tumour, has a reported metastatic rate of 19-63%. However, there is a lack of knowledge about its molecular biology. Previous studies have reported that feline iris melanomas do not harbour mutations comparable to common mutations found in their human counterpart. Nevertheless, there are differences in the gene expression patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate the protein expression of B-RAF oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), G protein subunit alpha q (GNAQ) and 11 (GNA11), KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT), and Ras association family member 1 (RASSF1) in feline iris melanomas. Fifty-seven formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) iris melanomas and 25 FFPE eyes without ocular abnormalities were stained with antibodies against the respective proteins using immunofluorescence. Averaged pixel intensities/µm2 and percentage of stained area from total tissue area were measured and the results were compared. Compared to the control group, iris melanomas showed overexpression of BRAF, GNAQ, GNA11 and KIT. The higher expression of BRAF, GNAQ, GNA11 and KIT in feline iris melanomas suggest that these proteins may play a key role in the development of feline iris melanomas and KIT may present a possible target for future therapies in cats with feline iris melanomas.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Íris/veterinária , Melanoma/veterinária , Animais , Gatos , Feminino , Imunofluorescência/veterinária , Subunidades alfa de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/biossíntese , Subunidades alfa Gq-G11 de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/biossíntese , Neoplasias da Íris/metabolismo , Melanoma/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/biossíntese , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-kit/biossíntese , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/biossíntese
12.
Prev Vet Med ; 152: 89-102, 2018 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29559110

RESUMO

PRRS is among the diseases with the highest economic impact in pig production worldwide. Different strategies have been developed and applied to combat PRRS at farm level. The broad variety of available intervention strategies makes it difficult to decide on the most cost-efficient strategy for a given farm situation, as it depends on many farm-individual factors like disease severity, prices or farm structure. Aim of this study was to create a simulation tool to estimate the cost-efficiency of different control strategies at individual farm level. Baseline is a model that estimates the costs of PRRS, based on changes in health and productivity, in a specific farm setting (e.g. farm type, herd size, type of batch farrowing). The model evaluates different intervention scenarios: depopulation/repopulation (D/R), close & roll-over (C&R), mass vaccination of sows (MS), mass vaccination of sows and vaccination of piglets (MS + piglets), improvements in internal biosecurity (BSM), and combinations of vaccinations with BSM. Data on improvement in health and productivity parameters for each intervention were obtained through literature review and from expert opinions. The economic efficiency of the different strategies was assessed over 5 years through investment appraisals: the resulting expected value (EV) indicated the most cost-effective strategy. Calculations were performed for 5 example scenarios with varying farm type (farrow-to-finish - breeding herd), disease severity (slightly - moderately - severely affected) and PRRSV detection (yes - no). The assumed herd size was 1000 sows with farm and price structure as commonly found in Germany. In a moderately affected (moderate deviations in health and productivity parameters from what could be expected in an average negative herd), unstable farrow-to-finish herd, the most cost-efficient strategies according to their median EV were C&R (€1'126'807) and MS + piglets (€ 1'114'649). In a slightly affected farrow-to-finish herd, no virus detected, the highest median EV was for MS + piglets (€ 721'745) and MS (€ 664'111). Results indicate that the expected benefits of interventions and the most efficient strategy depend on the individual farm situation, e.g. disease severity. The model provides new insights regarding the cost-efficiency of various PRRSV intervention strategies at farm level. It is a valuable tool for farmers and veterinarians to estimate expected economic consequences of an intervention for a specific farm setting and thus enables a better informed decision.


Assuntos
Abate de Animais/economia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/veterinária , Criação de Animais Domésticos/economia , Animais , Análise Custo-Benefício , Feminino , Alemanha , Modelos Teóricos , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Vacinação/economia
13.
Equine Vet J ; 50(3): 356-362, 2018 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29044680

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in therapy of corneal ulcerative diseases in horses, a vast number of cases require surgical intervention, due to poor response to treatment. Topical application of serum has been used for many years, based on its anticollagenolytic properties and the presence of growth factors promoting corneal wound healing. However, although other blood derived products i.e. platelet rich plasma (PRP), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) have been widely used in equine orthopaedics and in human ophthalmology, no reports of the effects of these blood derived products exist in equine ophthalmology. OBJECTIVES: To determine in vitro effects of PRGF and PRP on equine corneal cells compared with serum. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective controlled cohort study. METHODS: Blood from 35 healthy horses was used to produce serum, PRGF (Endoret® ), and PRP (E-PET™). Limbal- and stromal cells were isolated from healthy corneas of six horses and treated with 20% serum, 20% PRGF or 20% PRP. Proliferation rates and migration capacity were analysed in single cell cultures as well as co-culture systems. RESULTS: Cell proliferation increased with PRP treatment, remained constant in PRGF treated cells, and declined upon serum treatment over a period of 48 h. Migration capacity was significantly enhanced with PRP treatment, compared with PRGF treatment. Intact leucocytes, mainly eosinophils, were only detected in PRP. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Due to the study design use of autologous blood products on corneal cells was not possible. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate beneficial effects of PRP on proliferation as well as migration capacity of equine corneal cells in vitro. In vivo studies are warranted to determine further beneficial effects of PRP in horses with corneal ulcers.


Assuntos
Córnea/citologia , Cavalos , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Soro , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura
14.
Rev Sci Tech ; 36(1): 265-277, 2017 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28926010

RESUMO

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was first detected in 2011 in Germany and then in France in 2012. This study simulates the production of different ruminant systems in France and estimates, through partial budget analyses, the economic cost of SBV at the farm level, under two disease scenarios (a high-impact and low-impact scenario). A partial budget is used to evaluate the financial effect of incremental changes, and includes only resources or production that will be changed. In the high-impact scenario, the estimated impact of SBV ranged from €23 to €43 per cow per year and €19 to €37 per ewe per year. In the low-impact scenario, it was approximately half (for cows) or one-third (for ewes) of this amount. These financial impacts represent 0.6% to 63% of the gross margin, depending on the chosen scenario and the livestock system being considered. The impacts of SBV come mainly from: the extra costs from purchasing and raising replacement heifers and losses in milk production (dairy cows); the losses in calf or lamb production (beef systems and meat sheep); and the losses in milk production and from unsold replacement lambs (dairy sheep). The use of integrated production and economic models enabled the authors to estimate the cost of SBV and to tackle the problem of scarce data, which is a difficulty for most emerging diseases, by their very nature. It also allowed the authors to develop an accurate disease impact assessment for several production systems, over a short time span. Extrapolating from this economic assessment to predict the scenario in coming years depends on the immunity period of the disease and the length of the production cycles.


Le virus de Schmallenberg a été détecté pour la première fois en 2011 en Allemagne, puis en France en 2012. Les auteurs présentent une étude de simulation de plusieurs systèmes de production de ruminants en France, dont l'objectif était d'estimer, à partir d'analyses budgétaires partielles, les coûts économiques du virus de Schmallenberg à l'échelle des exploitations, sous deux scénarios différents (hypothèses d'un fort impact et d'un faible impact de la maladie, respectivement). Une analyse budgétaire partielle sert à évaluer les conséquences financières d'un changement graduel et ne prend en compte que les modifications effectives en termes de ressources et de production. Dans l'hypothèse d'un impact fort de la maladie, l'impact annuel estimé du virus de Schmallenberg variait de 23 à 43 euros par vache et de 19 à 37 euros par brebis. Dans l'hypothèse d'un impact faible, l'impact annuel était deux fois moindre chez les vaches et trois fois moindre chez les brebis que dans la première hypothèse. Ces impacts financiers représentent 0,6 % à 63 % de la marge brute en fonction du scénario choisi et du système de production. Les impacts du virus de Schmallenberg découlent principalement des coûts supplémentaires induits par l'achat et le maintien de génisses de remplacement et d'une baisse de la production de lait (vaches laitières), des pertes de veaux ou d'agneaux (bovins et ovins de boucherie), d'une baisse de la production de lait et du coût des agnelles de remplacement invendues (brebis laitières). L'utilisation de modèles intégrant les aspects économiques et les données de production a permis aux auteurs d'estimer le coût du virus de Schmallenberg malgré la pénurie de données, s'attaquant ainsi à une difficulté inhérente à la plupart des maladies émergentes. Cela leur a également permis d'effectuer une évaluation précise de l'impact sanitaire dans plusieurs systèmes de production, sur une durée courte. La possibilité d'extrapoler à partir de cette évaluation économique un scénario pour les années à venir dépend de la période d'immunité vis-à-vis de la maladie et de la durée des cycles de production.


El virus de Schmallenberg fue detectado por primera vez en 2011 en Alemania y ulteriormente en 2012 en Francia. Los autores describen un estudio en el que se simularon distintos sistemas de producción de rumiantes en Francia y se estimó, con análisis presupuestarios parciales, el coste económico que entrañaría para una explotación el virus de Schmallenberg en dos hipotéticas situaciones sanitarias (una situación con efectos profundos y otra con efectos leves). El análisis presupuestario parcial sirve para evaluar los efectos económicos de cambios graduales, e incluye únicamente aquellos recursos y aspectos de la producción que experimentarán cambios. En la hipótesis de efectos profundos, el impacto estimado de la infección por el virus de Schmallenberg oscilaba entre 23 y 43 euros anuales por vaca y entre 19 y 37 euros anuales por oveja hembra. La hipótesis de efectos leves deparaba importes de aproximadamente la mitad (en el caso de las vacas) o un tercio (en el de las ovejas). Este impacto económico representa del 0,6% al 63% del margen bruto, dependiendo de la hipótesis elegida y del sistema productivo de que se trate. Los efectos de la infección por el virus de Schmallenberg se concretan básicamente en: los costos suplementarios derivados de adquirir y criar vaquillas de sustitución y de obtener una menor producción de leche (vacas lecheras); las pérdidas de terneros o corderos (sistemas de bovino u ovino cárnicos); y los costos derivados de la menor producción de leche y de no vender las corderas de sustitución (ovejas lecheras). El uso de modelos que integran los factores productivos y económicos sirvió a los autores para estimar el costo del virus de Schmallenberg a pesar de la escasez de datos, que, por la propia naturaleza de las enfermedades emergentes, es una dificultad común a la mayoría de ellas. También les permitió evaluar con exactitud el impacto de la enfermedad en distintos sistemas productivos en un breve lapso de tiempo. La realización de extrapolaciones a partir de esta evaluación económica para pronosticar la situación en años venideros depende del periodo de inmunidad respecto de la enfermedad y de la duración de los ciclos productivos.


Assuntos
Infecções por Bunyaviridae/veterinária , Doenças dos Bovinos/economia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/veterinária , Orthobunyavirus , Doenças dos Ovinos/economia , Animais , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/economia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/economia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Masculino , Modelos Econômicos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia
15.
Rev Sci Tech ; 36(1): 195-205, 2017 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28926016

RESUMO

This paper presents a policy analysis for the implementation of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) control strategies in pastoral regions of sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease is endemic. A framework for policy analysis was adapted for this review. The framework has eight principal steps: defining the context of the policy, identifying the problem to be addressed by the policy, searching for evidence of the problem, identifying policy options, projecting policy outcomes, evaluating the potential policy options, weighing their outcomes and making the policy decision. The data and information used to search for evidence of the problem, options for solving the problem, and the projected outcomes of those options were obtained from both published and grey sources of literature. The policy problem for CBPP control in sub-Saharan Africa was identified as a failure to deliver control services to farmers whose cattle are at high risk of exposure to infection. The authors suggest the adoption of signed contractual agreements between the public and private sectors to support the vaccination of susceptible herds raised in endemic regions. Implementation of this policy will increase vaccination coverage of susceptible cattle herds since current vaccination coverage is low.


Les auteurs présentent une analyse des politiques afin de décider des stratégies de lutte à mener contre la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (PPCB) dans les régions d'élevage pastoral d'Afrique subsaharienne, où la maladie sévit à l'état endémique. Un cadre d'analyse des politiques a été configuré pour les besoins de cette étude. Ce cadre comporte huit étapes principales : définition du contexte des politiques à mener ; identification du problème ; recherche d'éléments factuels relatifs au problème ; identification des mesures envisageables ; définition des résultats attendus ; évaluation des options potentielles ; comparaison des résultats ; prise de décision. Les données et les informations réunies lors de la recherche d'éléments factuels, les solutions proposées pour résoudre le problème et les résultats attendus de chaque option provenaient de sources publiées ainsi que de la littérature grise. Il ressort de cette analyse que le principal problème en matière de lutte contre la PPCB en Afrique subsaharienne est l'absence de prestations de services appropriées destinées aux éleveurs dont les bovins sont particulièrement exposés au risque d'infection. Les auteurs proposent de recourir à des accords contractuels engageant le secteur tant public que privé en soutien de la vaccination des troupeaux sensibles dans les régions endémiques. La mise en oeuvre de cette politique permettrait d'accroître la couverture vaccinale du cheptel bovin sensible, qui est actuellement d'un niveau médiocre.


Los autores presentan un análisis de las políticas de aplicación de estrategias de lucha contra la perineumonía contagiosa bovina en regiones de pastoreo del África subsahariana, donde la enfermedad es endémica. Para llevar a cabo el estudio se adaptó un modelo de análisis de políticas que consta de ocho pasos principales: definir el contexto de la política; acotar el problema al que la política debe dar respuesta; buscar datos empíricos que evidencien el problema; determinar diferentes opciones políticas; proyectar los resultados de cada política; evaluar las posibles opciones políticas; comparar sus resultados; y decidirse por una u otra política. Los datos y la información utilizados para buscar datos probatorios del problema, determinar posibles opciones para resolverlo y proyectar los resultados que vayan a deparar esas opciones procedían de fuentes bibliográficas publicadas y de documentación inédita. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el problema de las políticas de lucha contra la perineumonía contagiosa bovina en el África subsahariana reside en la ausencia de servicios zoosanitarios en beneficios de los ganaderos cuyos animales están muy expuestos al riesgo de infección. Los autores proponen que el sector público y el privado suscriban acuerdos contractuales para respaldar la vacunación de los rebaños susceptibles en las regiones de endemismo. La aplicación de esta política incrementará la cobertura de vacunación de los rebaños vacunos susceptibles, que en la actualidad es escasa.


Assuntos
Doenças Endêmicas/prevenção & controle , Política de Saúde , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/prevenção & controle , África Subsaariana , Animais , Bovinos , População Rural
16.
Rev Sci Tech ; 36(1): 147-161, 2017 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28926019

RESUMO

Decision-makers increasingly require comprehensive economic metrics summarising and comparing the benefits and costs of controlling zoonotic diseases. The impact of disease in people is conventionally quantified in non-monetary terms, usually a disability-adjusted life year (DALY), whereas the losses due to disease in animals, particularly livestock, are quantified in monetary terms. The potential for the development of a non-monetary metric for ill health in animals, based on life years lost and disability, is discussed and rejected. Within and across animal species and livestock production systems, maximising life spans is not a consistent goal and morbidity/disabilities have very different weights and often lead to culling. By relating livestock losses to a measure of national income forgone, the recently developed alternative of converting monetary losses due to livestock illness into an animal loss equivalent (ALE) provides a viable solution. Based on this, the literature on the economics of controlling zoonoses is revisited and four options for quantifying and comparing benefits and costs are examined and illustrated using numerical examples. These are i) the simplistic grouping of all monetary elements and their comparison to DALYs averted (described as the aggregate net cost method), ii) the separable costs method, iii) the use of ALEs to convert all benefits to a non-monetary equivalent, termed the zoonotic DALY (zDALY), or iv) the use of a full monetary cost-benefit analysis, based on converting DALYs to a monetary equivalent. The strengths and weaknesses of each are discussed. For effective prioritisation and decision-making, it is vital that an analytical approach is widely adopted which yields consistent results and which supports the control of zoonoses.


Les décideurs politiques sont de plus en plus dépendants de méthodes exhaustives de mesure économique permettant de synthétiser et de comparer les avantages et les coûts de la lutte contre les zoonoses. Par convention, l'impact des maladies humaines est quantifié en des termes non monétaires, à savoir, le plus souvent, en « années de vie corrigées de l'incapacité ¼ (DALY), tandis que les pertes dues aux maladies animales, en particulier celles affectant les animaux d'élevage, sont quantifiées en termes monétaires. Dans cet article, les auteurs envisagent (et réfutent) la possibilité de mettre en oeuvre un système de mesure non monétaire des problèmes sanitaires chez les animaux qui soit basé sur les années de vie perdues ou d'incapacité. La longévité n'est pas un objectif uniformément recherché dans tous les systèmes de production, ni pour toutes les espèces animales, voire pour tous les individus au sein d'une même espèce, et la morbidité et l'incapacité représentent des fardeaux très variables, conduisant souvent à l'abattage. Parce qu'elle relie les pertes animales à une mesure de la réduction du revenu intérieur entraînée, la récente proposition de convertir les pertes monétaires dues aux maladies du bétail en un « équivalent pertes animales ¼ (indicateur ALE : animal loss equivalent) constitue une solution viable. À partir de ces considérations, les auteurs examinent la littérature dédiée aux aspects économiques de la lutte contre les zoonoses en détaillant quatre méthodes possibles pour en quantifier et comparer les avantages et les coûts, avec des exemples chiffrés. Ces possibilités sont : i) le simple regroupement de tous les éléments monétaires et leur comparaison en termes de DALY évitées (méthode dite de la présentation agrégée des coûts nets) ; ii) la méthode des coûts séparables ; iii) l'utilisation d'un indicateur ALE pour convertir l'ensemble des bénéfices en leur équivalent non monétaire, désigné sous le terme de DALY zoonotique (zDALY) ; iv) le recours à une analyse monétaire coûts-avantages exhaustive, après avoir converti les DALY en leur équivalent monétaire. Les auteurs font ressortir les atouts et les faiblesses de chacune de ces méthodes. La priorisation et la prise de décisions gagneront en efficacité si les décideurs adoptent et appliquent largement une approche analytique permettant d'obtenir des résultats cohérents et de renforcer la lutte contre les zoonoses.


Cada vez más, las instancias decisorias necesitan parámetros econométricos integrales, que sirvan para sintetizar y comparar los costos y beneficios de la lucha contra enfermedades zoonóticas. Convencionalmente, los efectos de una enfermedad en las personas se cuantifican en términos no monetarios, por lo general en forma de «años de vida ajustados en función de la discapacidad¼ (AVAD), mientras que las pérdidas inducidas por las enfermedades en animales, en particular el ganado, se cuantifican en valores monetarios. Los autores examinan y descartan la posible definición de parámetros no monetarios, basados en los años de vida perdidos y en la discapacidad, para cuantificar problemas zoosanitarios. Con independencia de la especie animal o el sistema de producción ganadera de que se trate, el de lograr una longevidad máxima no es un objetivo habitual, y los niveles de morbilidad o discapacidad, que suelen desembocar en el sacrificio sanitario, tienen un peso muy variable. En fechas recientes ha aparecido una alternativa que, al establecer una relación entre las pérdidas de ganado y una medida de la renta nacional prevista, ofrece una solución viable: se trata de convertir las pérdidas monetarias causadas por enfermedades del ganado en un «equivalente a las pérdidas animales¼ (animal loss equivalent: ALE). Partiendo de esta idea, los autores repasan la bibliografía sobre la economía de la lucha contra las zoonosis y examinan cuatro opciones para cuantificar y comparar beneficios y costos, ilustrándolas con ejemplos numéricos. Se trata de las siguientes: i) el simplificador procedimiento de agrupar todos los elementos monetarios y compararlos con los AVAD evitados (método que describen como del «costo agregado neto¼); ii) el método de los costos específicos; iii) el uso de «equivalentes a las pérdidas animales¼ para convertir todos los beneficios en un equivalente no monetario que denominan AVAD por zoonosis; y iv) el uso de un análisis monetario completo de la relación entre beneficios y costos, basado en la conversión de los AVAD en un equivalente monetario. A continuación examinan los puntos fuertes y débiles de cada uno de esos métodos, y concluyen que para fijar prioridades y adoptar decisiones con eficacia es vital aplicar de forma generalizada un mismo planteamiento analítico, que arroje resultados coherentes y ayude así a combatir las zoonosis.


Assuntos
Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/economia , Zoonoses/economia , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Análise Custo-Benefício , Cães , Humanos , Gado , Animais de Estimação , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida
17.
Rev Sci Tech ; 36(1): 17-33, 2017 04.
Artigo em Inglês, Francês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28926031
18.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 64(4): 1191-1199, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28670862

RESUMO

Data for the prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants in Egypt are scarce; recent studies suggest the disease is endemic, with a high prevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the financial costs and the impact of the current control programme on the pattern of brucellosis among ruminants between 1999 and 2011. A univariate binary logistic regression model was used to compare between seropositive proportions for different years for each species. The proportion of seropositive cattle was significantly increased from 2000 to 2004 then significantly decreased from 2005 to 2011. The proportion of seropositive buffalo fluctuated year to year; however, there was a significant increase in 2008 (OR 3.13, 95% CI 2.69-3.66, P < 0.001). There was a decrease in the proportion of seropositive sheep during the study period except in 2001 and 2009 in which there was a significant increase. The proportion of seropositive goats increased in 2000 and 2001, and then decreased from 2002 to 2007. In 2008, there was a significant increase in the seropositive proportion of goats (OR 2.53, 95% CI 2.21-2.90, P < 0.001). The average annual cost for the control programme including testing and compensation was more than US$3 million. The total cost for the control programme including testing and compensation for the period (13 years) between 1999 and 2011 was more than US$40 million, from which more than 56% for cattle. Further studies are required for the effectiveness of the current control strategies and alternative strategies should be considered. The socio-economic impact of brucellosis and its control measures should be investigated.


Assuntos
Brucelose/veterinária , Búfalos , Doenças dos Bovinos/economia , Doenças das Cabras/economia , Doenças dos Ovinos/economia , Animais , Brucelose/economia , Brucelose/epidemiologia , Brucelose/prevenção & controle , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Custos e Análise de Custo , Egito/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/prevenção & controle , Cabras , Modelos Logísticos , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle
19.
Prev Vet Med ; 142: 16-29, 2017 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28606362

RESUMO

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is reported to be among the diseases with the highest economic impact in modern pig production worldwide. Yet, the economic impact of the disease at farm level is not well understood as, especially in endemically infected pig herds, losses are often not obvious. It is therefore difficult for farmers and veterinarians to appraise whether control measures such as virus elimination or vaccination will be economically beneficial for their farm. Thus, aim of this study was to develop an epidemiological and economic model to determine the costs of PRRS for an individual pig farm. In a production model that simulates farm outputs, depending on farm type, farrowing rhythm or length of suckling period, an epidemiological model was integrated. In this, the impact of PRRS infection on health and productivity was estimated. Financial losses were calculated in a gross margin analysis and a partial budget analysis based on the changes in health and production parameters assumed for different PRRS disease severities. Data on the effects of endemic infection on reproductive performance, morbidity and mortality, daily weight gain, feed efficiency and treatment costs were obtained from literature and expert opinion. Nine different disease scenarios were calculated, in which a farrow-to-finish farm (1000 sows) was slightly, moderately or severely affected by PRRS, based on changes in health and production parameters, and either in breeding, in nursery and fattening or in all three stages together. Annual losses ranged from a median of € 75'724 (90% confidence interval (C.I.): € 78'885-€ 122'946), if the farm was slightly affected in nursery and fattening, to a median of € 650'090 (90% C.I. € 603'585-€ 698'379), if the farm was severely affected in all stages. Overall losses were slightly higher if breeding was affected than if nursery and fattening were affected. In a herd moderately affected in all stages, median losses in breeding were € 46'021 and € 422'387 in fattening, whereas costs were € 25'435 lower in nursery, compared with a PRRSV-negative farm. The model is a valuable decision-support tool for farmers and veterinarians if a farm is proven to be affected by PRRS (confirmed by laboratory diagnosis). The output can help to understand the need for interventions in case of significant impact on the profitability of their enterprise. The model can support veterinarians in their communication to farmers in cases where costly disease control measures are justified.


Assuntos
Fazendas/economia , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/economia , Animais , Custos e Análise de Custo , Feminino , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/epidemiologia , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Reprodução , Suínos
20.
Animal ; 11(8): 1372-1380, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28173887

RESUMO

Rearing quality dairy heifers is essential to maintain herds by replacing culled cows. Information on the key factors influencing the cost of rearing under different management systems is, however, limited and many farmers are unaware of their true costs. This study determined the cost of rearing heifers from birth to first calving in Great Britain including the cost of mortality, investigated the main factors influencing these costs across differing farming systems and estimated how long it took heifers to repay the cost of rearing on individual farms. Primary data on heifer management from birth to calving was collected through a survey of 101 dairy farms during 2013. Univariate followed by multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the influence of farm factors and key rearing events on costs. An Excel spreadsheet model was developed to determine the time it took for heifers to repay the rearing cost. The mean±SD ages at weaning, conception and calving were 62±13, 509±60 and 784±60 days. The mean total cost of rearing was £1819±387/heifer with a mean daily cost of £2.31±0.41. This included the opportunity cost of the heifer and the mean cost of mortality, which ranged from £103.49 to £146.19/surviving heifer. The multivariable model predicted an increase in mean cost of rearing of £2.87 for each extra day of age at first calving and a decrease in mean cost of £6.06 for each percentile increase in time spent at grass. The model also predicted a decrease in the mean cost of rearing in autumn and spring calving herds of £273.20 and £288.56, respectively, compared with that in all-year-round calving herds. Farms with herd sizes⩾100 had lower mean costs of between £301.75 and £407.83 compared with farms with <100 milking cows. The mean gross margin per heifer was £441.66±304.56 (range £367.63 to £1120.08), with 11 farms experiencing negative gross margins. Most farms repaid the cost of heifer rearing in the first two lactations (range 1 to 6 lactations) with a mean time from first calving until breaking even of 530±293 days. The results of the economic analysis suggest that management decisions on key reproduction events and grazing policy significantly influence the cost of rearing and the time it takes for heifers to start making a profit for the farm.


Assuntos
Bovinos/fisiologia , Indústria de Laticínios/economia , Leite/economia , Animais , Cruzamento/economia , Custos e Análise de Custo , Feminino , Fertilização , Lactação , Gravidez , Reprodução , Reino Unido , Desmame
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