[Assesment of the selected T and B lymphocyte subsets in children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. / Ocena wybranych subpopulacji limfocytów B i T u dzieci we wczesnym okresie cukrzycy insulinozaleznej.

The study was performed in 39 children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The %age number of CD19+, CD5+/CD20+ B lymphocytes and CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/DR+, CD8+/DR+ T lymphocytes subpopulations were investigated in the peripheral blood. Marked, statistically significant increase (p<0.0001) in CD5+ B lymphocytes was revealed in 77% of patients as compared to the healthy control. The elevated number of CD5+ B lymphocytes correlated with presence of activated lymphocytes T (CD4+/DR+ and CD8+/DR+). The total number of CD19+, CCD3+, CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes was on comparable level in both groups.

Type 1 diabetes and prediabetic state in a monozygotic triplet.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from a chronic process of autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the Langerhans islets. The presence of autoantibodies (ICA, GADA, anti-IA2, IAA) in serum precedes the clinical onset of the disease. Genetic predisposition for IDDM is connected with HLA, CTLA-4 and insulin gene region. The aim of the study was the genetic and immunological analysis of a triplet. One of them developed Type 1 diabetes mellitus. We analysed HLA class II, CTLA-4 and insulin gene polymorphisms in the whole family. Besides, we investigated immunological status of three brothers. All patients present identical genotype for VNTR loci: D1S80, D17S5 and Apo B, as well as for HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, CTLA-4 gene and all studied insulin gene polymorphisms. That proves their monozigosity. The triplet presents strong genetic predisposition for IDDM. The two patients without overt diabetes have increased levels of ICA, GADA, IA2 and IAA.

Pyridinium crosslinks of collagen as a marker of bone resorption rates in children and adolescents: normal values and clinical application.

The aim of our study was to establish normal values of urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxypyridinoline (DPyr) excretion for children aged 3-18 years, examine the biological variability of the marker, and assess its clinical value for pediatric patients with growth hormone deficiency. Pyr and DPyr was measured in first void urine samples from 692 healthy subjects (340 boys, 352 girls) by high-performance liquid chromatography. At sampling, age, body height, and weight was recorded for all individuals. Short-term variability in crosslinks excretion was examined in four healthy children. The clinical value of the marker was studied in seven patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency. In childhood, crosslinks excretion exceeded normal adult values by about fivefold and declined during puberty. In the age range of 13-18 years, gender-related differences in Pyr and DPyr levels were observed, presumably resulting from the earlier onset of puberty in girls. Urinary levels of Pyr and DPyr were highly correlated both in males and females. Pyr/DPyr ratio was significantly higher in adolescents than children, suggesting enhanced release of Pyr from extraosseous sources. In both genders, neither age nor anthropometric variables showed a linear effect on crosslinks excretion. The range of within-subject, short-term variability in urinary Pyr and DPyr was relatively high (CV: 6%-21%), indicating that single measurements of crosslinks excretion may not adequately reflect bone resorption rates in children. Pyr and DPyr levels were significantly lower in GH-deficient patients and normalized during human growth hormone (hGH) therapy. Significant correlations between growth velocity (GV) and crosslinks levels were found, but individual prediction of GV increment during hGH treatment may be inaccurate. Pyr/DPyr ratio was not related to GV. It is concluded that measurement of urinary Pyr and DPyr excretion in children may be a valuable tool to assess bone resorption rates in population-based studies. In individual patients, however, only qualitative evaluation of disease severity and response to treatment seems justified.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone reverses secondary somatotroph unresponsiveness.

Twenty severely GH-deficient prepubertal children aged 10.7 +/- 2.1 yr (mean +/- SD) and with a height SD of -4.92 +/- 1.02 were treated with sc injections of GHRH 1-44 (10 micrograms/kg BW) for 6 months either daily (11 patients) or 3 times/week (nine patients). An acute iv GHRH test (2 micrograms/kg BW) was performed before and after 2 and 6 months of treatment. Mean (+/- SD) peak GH responses to these tests were 2.92 +/- 3.01, 4.57 +/- 4.91, and 7.56 +/- 8.14 micrograms/L, respectively (P less than 0.05, pretreatment vs. 6 months). The mean growth velocity (GV) during treatment was only 2.99 +/- 1.67 cm/yr and only two patients increased their GV by more than 2 cm/yr. A correlation was found between GV during treatment and the peak serum GH response to GHRH acute test before treatment (r = 0.68, P less than 0.005) as well as between GH response to the acute test and patient's bone age (r = -0.46, P less than 0.05). The results indicate that in some severely GHD patients with no response to GHRH even after a 2-month priming period, 6 months of treatment with GHRH can evoke pituitary responsiveness. We speculate that the duration of the GHRH deficiency and its severity plays a role in the ability of somatotrophs to respond to this stimulus.