[Congenital cytomegalovirus infection, is more prevalent in our country in newborns exposed to HIV?] / La infección congénita por citomegalovirus, ¿es más prevalente en nuestro medio en neonatos expuestos al VIH?

OBJECTIVE: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) has been considered more prevalent among HIV-exposed children during pregnancy. Spanish national guidelines recommend the cCMV screening in these newborns. Nowadays, pregnant women have a better control of HIV infection compared to previous decades. We aim to analyze the prevalence and associated risk factors to cCMV in these children. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectorial study was performed. All newborns exposed to HIV were assisted in a third-level hospital (2014-2020). Epidemiological and clinical data of the mother and newborn were recorded. Shell vial urine culture and/or CRP were performed along the two first weeks of life for the neonatal screening of cCMV. RESULTS: Overall 69 newborns were enrolled. A high proportion (82.4%) of the mothers had been diagnosed with HIV before getting pregnant. All women received ART during the pregnancy. Median T-CD4 lymphocytes before delivery was 641/mm3 (IQR: 480-865) and the viral load was undetectable in 83.6%. Serological test for CMV along the first trimester of pregnancy was performed in 73.5% (positive IgG in 96%). There were no congenital cases of HIV neither cCMV (CI 95%:0-5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The cCMV prevalence in newborns exposed to HIV was 0%, lower than reported before, probably related to a better and earlier ART during pregnancy, leading to a better immunological status.

Inesperada reagudización de enfermedad de Kawasaki / Unexpected exacerbation of Kawasaki disease

Introducción: La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es la segunda vasculitis más frecuente de la infancia, después de la púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch, y la primera causa de enfermedad cardiaca adquirida en la infancia en los países desarrollados. Caso clínico: Se presenta un caso clínico de EK con reagudización y aparición de aneurismas gigantes coronarios como complicación secundaria. Discusión: El diagnóstico se basa en la combinación de criterios clínicos y analíticos, como presencia de fiebre (duración ≥ 5 días) y 4 de los siguientes: conjuntivitis bilateral no supurativa, linfadenopatía cervical, exantema polimorfo que afecta a las palmas y las plantas, cambios en las mucosas (lengua aframbuesada, enrojecimiento labial) y cambios en las extremidades (edema y eritema de las palmas, descamación del pulpejo de los dedos). El tratamiento consiste en la administración temprana de gammaglobulina intravenosa 2 g/kg y ácido acetilsalicílico 50 mg/kg/día. La secuela más importante es la afectación del sistema cardiovascular, en especial de las arterias coronarias, que puede llegar a desarrollar aneurismas coronarios que evolucionen hacia una estenosis y una posterior isquemia miocárdica. Conclusiones: Para disminuir la morbimortalidad de este proceso es importante un inicio precoz del tratamiento, lo que precisa una alta sospecha diagnóstica ante cuadros febriles prolongados, así como una correcta evaluación de los factores de riesgo de evolución tórpida, para elegir el tratamiento más adecuado

Introduction: Kawasaki disease is the second most common vasculitis of childhood and the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. Case report: We present the case of an infant with Kawasaki disease and acute exacerbation with coronary aneurysms as a secondary complication arises Discussion: Diagnosis is based on the combination of clinical and laboratory criteria: fever (over five days) plus 4 of the following: non-suppurative bilateral conjunctivitis, cervical lymphadenopathy, polymorphous rash affecting the palms and soles, changes in the mucous membranes (strawberry tongue, redness lip) and changes in the extremities (edema and erythema of the palms, peeling the heel of the fingers). The treatment consists of early administration of intravenous immunoglobulin 2 g/kg and acetylsalicylic acid 50 mg/kg/day. The most important consequence is the involvement of the cardiovascular system, especially the coronary arteries may develop coronary aneurysms evolve towards stenosis and subsequent myocardial ischemia. Conclusion: To decrease the morbidity and mortality of this process is important early initiation of treatment, which requires a high suspicion diagnosis before prolonged febrile illness, and an accurate assessment of risk factors torpid, to choose the most appropriate treatment