[COVID-19 and elderly people in nursing homes: Impact according to the modality of residence]. / COVID-19 y personas mayores en residencias: impacto según el tipo de residencia.

PURPOSE: To find out whether elements such as public expenditure, the coverage ratio, public or private ownership, and the size of Nursing homes relate to the number of deaths in residences per COVID-19. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 15 variables are analyzed in 17 Autonomous Communities (n = 17), where the following stand out: public expenditure per dependent person; incidence of COVID-19 in each Autonomous Community; deaths in Nursing homes by COVID-19; and analysis of places in Nursing homes. Reliability of r = 0.613. Regression analyses are carried out with the different variables, and ANOVA tests. RESULTS: Percentages of deaths by COVID-19 in Nursing homes, between 40% and 88%, of the total of (p < 0.001, X2 = 0.975). A relationship is established between the number of deaths from COVID-19 in Nursing homes, and the higher number of private Nursing homes (p < 0.001, X2 = 0.633). The larger the size of the Nursing home, the more deaths by COVID-19 were recorded (p < 0.001, X2 = 0.787), with private Nursing homes having +100 places, and public Nursing homes having +100 places (p < 0.001, X2 = 0.808). CONCLUSIONS: It was found that there is a relationship between the number of deaths from COVID-19 in Nursing homes, and the fact that there are a greater number of private Nursing homes in that autonomous community. It was detected that the model of Nursing home best prepared to face the COVID-19: public Nursing homes with less than 25 places.

[COVID-19, neoliberalism and health systems in 30 european countries: relationship to deceases.] / COVID-19, neoliberalismo y sistemas sanitarios en 30 países de Europa: repercusiones en el número de fallecidos.

OBJECTIVE: The study was motivated by the need to understand the high number of deaths caused by COVID-19 in the global pandemic declared since December 2019, and how it impacted differently in European countries. The hypothesis was that less investment in the public health system, the number of doctors per inhabitant and the number of hospital beds available to the population led to a higher number of deaths after the arrival of COVID-19 in each country studied. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the number of deaths from COVID-19 in the global pandemic declared since December 2019 and health policies and investment in European countries. METHODS: A research study was conducted in which a total of six variables were analyzed with official and contrasted data: public health expenditure per capita; doctors per 1,000 inhabitants; number of beds per 1,000 people; deaths from COVID-19 per million inhabitants; number of tests to detect COVID-19 per 1,000 inhabitants; and GINI Coefficient to measure the degree of social inequality in each country. It was carried out in 30 European countries. Frequency and correlation analyses were carried out (Pearson). RESULTS: Five countries were found, which gave values above 300 deaths per million (data from April 27, 2020): United Kingdom; (305.39), France (350.16), Italy (440.67), Spain (495.99) and Belgium (612.1). Precisely, in the countries that recorded the most deaths (United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain and Belgium) on April 27, we did not find high values of TEST performance. In our analysis, we found that the lower the investment of public spending in health (per capita), the higher the number of deaths per COVID-19 per million inhabitants, the lower the coverage of hospital beds, and the lower the number of doctors. Finally, we found that the lower the expenditure on public health, the higher the GINI coefficient (thus greater social inequality). CONCLUSIONS: A negative effect in terms of deaths was detected when investment in public health was lower; the higher number of deaths from COVID-19 was correlated (p<0.005) with greater social inequality (GINI coefficient) and with lower investment in public health (p<0.001); this had an impact on the lower number of available beds and low physician coverage per 1,000 inhabitants.

OBJETIVO: El estudio se fundamentó en la necesidad de entender el elevado número de fallecimientos por COVID-19 en la pandemia mundial declarada desde Diciembre de 2019, y cómo golpeó de forma distinta en los países de Europa. La hipótesis planteada fue que una menor inversión en el sistema de sanidad pública, el número de médicos por habitante y el número de camas hospitalarias disponibles para la población provocaron un mayor número de fallecidos tras la llegada de la COVID-19 a cada país estudiado. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre el número de fallecimientos por COVID-19 en la pandemia mundial declarada desde diciembre de 2019 y las políticas e inversión sanitarias en los países de Europa. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio de investigación en el que se analizaron un total de seis variables con datos oficiales y contrastados: gasto público en salud per cápita; médicos por cada 1.000 habitantes; número de camas por cada 1.000 personas; muertes por COVID-19 por cada millón de habitantes; número de test para detectar COVID-19 por cada 1.000 habitantes; y Coeficiente GINI para medir el grado de desigualdad social en cada país. Se llevó a cabo en 30 países europeos. Se realizaron análisis de frecuencias y correlaciones (Pearson). RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 5 países, que fueron los que dieron valores por encima de 300 fallecidos por millón (datos de 27 de abril de 2020): Reino Unido; (305,39), Francia (350,16), Italia (440,67), España (495,99) y Bélgica (612,1). Precisamente, en los países que más muertes registraron (Reino Unido, Francia, Italia, España y Bélgica) a fecha de 27 de abril, no encontramos valores elevados de realización de TEST. En nuestros análisis, obtuvimos que a menos inversión de gasto público en salud (per cápita), se daba un mayor número de muertes por COVID-19 por cada millón de habitantes, una menor cobertura en camas hospitalarias, y un menor número de doctores. Finalmente, comprobamos que a menor fue el gasto en salud pública, más alto era el coeficiente GINI (por tanto mayor desigualdad social). CONCLUSIONES: Se detecta un efecto negativo en término de muertes cuando la inversión en salud pública es menor. El mayor número de muertes por COVID-19 está correlacionado (p<0,005) con una mayor desigualdad social (coeficiente GINI) y con una menor inversión en salud pública (p<0,001). Esto ha incidido en el menor número de camas disponibles y una baja cobertura de médicos por cada 1.000 habitantes.

COVID-19, neoliberalismo y sistemas sanitarios en 30 países de Europa: repercusiones en el número de fallecidos / COVID-19, neoliberalism and health systems in 30 European countries: relationship to deceases

OBJETIVO: El estudio se fundamentó en la necesidad de entender el elevado número de fallecimientos por COVID-19 en la pandemia mundial declarada desde Diciembre de 2019, y cómo golpeó de forma distinta en los países de Europa. La hipótesis planteada fue que una menor inversión en el sistema de sanidad pública, el número de médicos por habitante y el número de camas hospitalarias disponibles para la población provocaron un mayor número de fallecidos tras la llegada de la COVID-19 a cada país estudiado. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre el número de fallecimientos por COVID-19 en la pandemia mundial declarada desde diciembre de 2019 y las políticas e inversión sanitarias en los países de Europa. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de investigación en el que se analizaron un total de seis variables con datos oficiales y contrastados: gasto público en salud per cápita; médicos por cada 1.000 habitantes; número de camas por cada 1.000 personas; muertes por COVID-19 por cada millón de habitantes; número de test para detectar COVID-19 por cada 1.000 habitantes; y Coeficiente GINI para medir el grado de desigualdad social en cada país. Se llevó a cabo en 30 países europeos. Se realizaron análisis de frecuencias y correlaciones (Pearson). RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 5 países, que fueron los que dieron valores por encima de 300 fallecidos por millón (datos de 27 de abril de 2020): Reino Unido; (305,39), Francia (350,16), Italia (440,67), España (495,99) y Bélgica (612,1). Precisamente, en los países que más muertes registraron (Reino Unido, Francia, Italia, España y Bélgica) a fecha de 27 de abril, no encontramos valores elevados de realización de TEST. En nuestros análisis, obtuvimos que a menos inversión de gasto público en salud (per cápita), se daba un mayor número de muertes por COVID-19 por cada millón de habitantes, una menor cobertura en camas hospitalarias, y un menor número de doctores. Finalmente, comprobamos que a menor fue el gasto en salud pública, más alto era el coeficiente GINI (por tanto mayor desigualdad social). CONCLUSIONES: Se detecta un efecto negativo en término de muertes cuando la inversión en salud pública es menor. El mayor número de muertes por COVID-19 está correlacionado (p < 0,005) con una mayor desigualdad social (coeficiente GINI) y con una menor inversión en salud pública (p < 0,001). Esto ha incidido en el menor número de camas disponibles y una baja cobertura de médicos por cada 1.000 habitantes

OBJECTIVE: The study was motivated by the need to understand the high number of deaths caused by COVID-19 in the global pandemic declared since December 2019, and how it impacted differently in European countries. The hypothesis was that less investment in the public health system, the number of doctors per inhabitant and the number of hospital beds available to the population led to a higher number of deaths after the arrival of COVID-19 in each country studied. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the number of deaths from COVID-19 in the global pandemic declared since December 2019 and health policies and investment in European countries. METHODS: A research study was conducted in which a total of six variables were analyzed with official and contrasted data: public health expenditure per capita; doctors per 1,000 inhabitants; number of beds per 1,000 people; deaths from COVID-19 per million inhabitants; number of tests to detect COVID-19 per 1,000 inhabitants; and GINI Coefficient to measure the degree of social inequality in each country. It was carried out in 30 European countries. Frequency and correlation analyses were carried out (Pearson). RESULTS: Five countries were found, which gave values above 300 deaths per million (data from April 27, 2020): United Kingdom; (305.39), France (350.16), Italy (440.67), Spain (495.99) and Belgium (612.1). Precisely, in the countries that recorded the most deaths (United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain and Belgium) on April 27, we did not find high values of TEST performance. In our analysis, we found that the lower the investment of public spending in health (per capita), the higher the number of deaths per COVID-19 per million inhabitants, the lower the coverage of hospital beds, and the lower the number of doctors. Finally, we found that the lower the expenditure on public health, the higher the GINI coefficient (thus greater social inequality). CONCLUSIONS: A negative effect in terms of deaths was detected when investment in public health was lower; the higher number of deaths from COVID-19 was correlated (p < 0.005) with greater social inequality (GINI coefficient) and with lower investment in public health (p < 0.001); this had an impact on the lower number of available beds and low physician coverage per 1,000 inhabitants

Riesgo cardiovascular asociado al consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo en un área de salud, 2008-2012 / Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cohort study

Fundamentos: Desde el ensayo clínico VIGOR cuyos resultados asociaron el uso del medicamento rofecoxib a la ocurrencia de eventos cardiovasculares se ha observado un aumento en patologías cardiovasculares asociadas al uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el impacto cardiovascular asociado al consumo de antiinflamatorios en un Área de Salud de Castilla La-Mancha (España). Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de cohortes de base poblacional en un área de salud del período 2008-2012. Se incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años (116.686). El análisis estadístico se realizó estimando las incidencias de síndrome coronario agudo en relación al tiempo de exposición. Se calculó el riesgo relativo (RR) asociado al consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos se modelizó mediante regresión de Poisson, ajustando por edad y sexo. También se calculó la Dosis Habitante Día (DHD) mediante la Dosis Diaria Definida. Resultados: La asociación entre el síndrome coronario agudo y el consumo de antiinflamatorios fue positiva (RR 3,64; IC95% 2,94-4,52; p<0,001). El riesgo cardiovascular fue mayor en las alcanonas (RR 18; IC95% 2,53-127; p=0,004), seguido de los propionoicos como el ibuprofeno (RR 2,58; IC95% 2,16-3,69; p<0,001), además es el único grupo que es tiempo-dependiente. En tercer lugar los arilacéticos (RR 1,88; IC95% 1,6-2,22; p<0,001) y por último los coxib (RR 1,55; IC95% 1,25- 1,92; p<0,001). En los demás antiinflamatorios no se observó aumento de riesgo cardiovascular. Conclusiones: El consumo de antiinflamatorios se asocia a un mayor riesgo de sufrir un síndrome coronario agudo sobretodo en los considerados como tradicionales, lo que sugiere que no se deberían tomar ni durante tiempo prolongado ni a altas dosis (AU)

Background: Since the clinical trial VIGOR, in which the use of rofecoxib was proved to be connected to a larger number of cardiovascular accidents, an increase of cardiovascular diseases connected to the use of non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs has been observed. This study intends to evaluate cardiovascular impact related to the use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a Health Care Area in Castilla La Mancha (Spain). Method: A retrospective observational study of clinical cohort during 5 years is done in which all patients older than 18 years (n = 116 686) was included. The statistical analysis was done estimating the incidence of acute coronary syndrome in relation to the exposure time. The risk associated with the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was made by Poisson regression adjusting by sex and age. Calculation of the Daily Inhabitants Doses by means of the Defined Daily Doses, through DIGITALIS program of pharmaceutical consumption. Results: The connection between acute coronary syndrome and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs was positive (RR 3,64; IC95% 2,94 a 4,52; p<0,001). The cardiovascular risk was higher en alkanones (RR 18; IC95% 2,53 a 127; p=0,004), followed by propionoicos as ibuprofen (RR 2,58; IC95% 2,16 a 3,69; p<0,001), it is also the only group that is time-dependent. Thirdly arylacetic (RR 1,88; IC95% 1,6 a 2,22; p<0,001) and finally the coxib (RR 1,55; IC95% 1,25 a 1,92; p<0,001), in others antiinflammatory no increased cardiovascular risk was observed. Conclusions: The use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been connected to a higher risk of cardiovascular accidents, suggesting that not during prolonged or high-dose or should take (AU)

Asociación entre el síndrome coronario agudo y el consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos / Association between acute coronary syndrome and use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto cardiovascular asociado al consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos en un Área de Salud, estimando la asociación entre la prescripción previa de un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo al episodio de síndrome coronario agudo. Material y Métodos: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo observacional de casos cruzados de 5 años de duración, del 1 de Enero de 2008 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2012. Los pacientes en primer lugar fueron casos y controles (n=1.317) que tuvieron eventos cardiovasculares y fueron al servicio de Urgencias del Hospital por dicho motivo.Área de Salud de Alcázar de San Juan. Medida principal: Asociación del riesgo de sufrir un síndrome coronario agudo mediante el Odds Ratio con el consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos Resultados: La asociación entre el síndrome coronario agudo y el consumo de Antiinflamatorios fue positiva y significativa, (OR 1,42; IC95% 1,06-1,9). Esta asociación fue de mayor magnitud en pacientes con menor comorbilidad, Charlson ≤ 1 (OR 1,66; IC95% 1,15 - 2,40) frente a los de mayor comorbilidad, Charlson > 1 (OR 1,07; IC95% 0,65 - 1,76). Esta modificación de efecto se debió en parte al consumo concomitante de fármacos que previenen contra patologías cardiovasculares como los antiagregantes, anticoagulantes y estatinas. Conclusiones: El consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos se ha asociado a un mayor riesgo de síndrome coronario agudo, por lo que es necesario realizar un seguimiento a los pacientes que consuman estos fármacos, no debiéndose tomar durante tiempos prolongados ni a dosis altas (AU)

Aims: Evaluate cardiovascular impact related to the use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a Health Area, by estimating the connection between the previous medical prescription of non steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines and acute coronary syndrome. Material and Methods: A retrospective observational study of clinical casecrosover during 5 years is done, from 1st of January 2008 to 31st of December 2012. In first place patients were cases and controls (n=1.317) who suffered cardiovascular accidents and went to Emergency Room. Setting: Alcazar de San Juan Health Care Area. Main measurements: Association of the risk of acute coronary syndrome by Odds Ratio with consumption of non anti-inflammatory drug. Results: The connection between acute coronary syndrome and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs was positive and significant (OR 1.42; IC95% 1.06-1.9), which means the probability of suffering a cardiovascular accident increases to 42% in patients taking non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The connection between the prescription of anti-inflammatory drugs and acute coronary syndrome reached a bigger magnitude in patients with less comorbidity, Charlson ≤ 1 (OR 1.66; IC95% 1.15 - 2.40) as opposite to those with more comorbidity, Charlson > 1 (OR 1.07; IC95% 0.65 - 1.76). This change of effect was due, in part, to the concomitant use of medicines which prevent cardiovascular diseases, such as antiaggregant, anticoagulant and statins drugs. Conclusions: The use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been connected to a higher risk of cardiovascular accidents; therefore it is necessary to realize follow-up patients who consume these drugs. These drugs must not be consumed for a long time or at high doses (AU)

[Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: cohort study]. / Riesgo cardiovascular asociado al consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos: estudio de cohortes retrospectivo en un área de salud, 2008-2012.

BACKGROUND: Since the clinical trial VIGOR, in which the use of rofecoxib was proved to be connected to a larger number of cardiovascular accidents, an increase of cardiovascular diseases connected to the use of non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs has been observed. This study intends to evaluate cardiovascular impact related to the use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a Health Care Area in Castilla La Mancha (Spain). METHOD: A retrospective observational study of clinical cohort during 5 years is done in which all patients older than 18 years (n = 116 686) was included. The statistical analysis was done estimating the incidence of acute coronary syndrome in relation to the exposure time. The risk associated with the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was made by Poisson regression adjusting by sex and age. Calculation of the Daily Inhabitants Doses by means of the Defined Daily Doses, through DIGITALIS program of pharmaceutical consumption. RESULTS: The connection between acute coronary syndrome and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs was positive (RR 3,64; IC95% 2,94 a 4,52; p<0,001). The cardiovascular risk was higher en alkanones (RR 18; IC95% 2,53 a 127; p=0,004), followed by propionoicos as ibuprofen (RR 2,58; IC95% 2,16 a 3,69; p<0,001), it is also the only group that is time-dependent. Thirdly arylacetic (RR 1,88; IC95% 1,6 a 2,22; p<0,001) and finally the coxib (RR 1,55; IC95% 1,25 a 1,92; p<0,001), in others antiinflammatory no increased cardiovascular risk was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been connected to a higher risk of cardiovascular accidents, suggesting that not during prolonged or high-dose or should take.