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1.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 10(3)2022 Mar 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35335019

RESUMO

A fully government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program started in 2007 in Spain (only 11-14-year-old girls). The first of those vaccinated cohorts, with the quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil), turned 25 years old in 2018, the age at which cervical cancer screening begins in Spain. The current study could provide the first evidence about the effectiveness of the quadrivalent vaccine against HPV in Spain and the influence of age of vaccination. The present ambispective cohort study, which was conducted on 790 women aged 25 and 26 years old, compares the rate of HPV prevalence and cytologic anomaly according to the vaccination status. The overall infection rate was 40.09% (vaccinated group) vs. 40.6% (non-vaccinated group). There was a significant reduction in the prevalence of HPV 6 (0% vs. 1.3%) and 16 (2.4% vs. 6.1%), and in the prevalence of cytological abnormalities linked to HPV16: Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) (2.04% vs. 14%), Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (LSIL) (2.94% vs. 18.7%) and High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL) (0% vs. 40%), in the vaccinated group vs. the non-vaccinated group. Only one case of HPV11 and two cases of HPV18 were detected. The vaccine effectively reduces the prevalence of vaccine genotypes and cytological anomalies linked to these genotypes.

2.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 89(11): 891-897, ene. 2021. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1375550

RESUMO

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La intoxicación por monóxido de carbono durante el embarazo es excepcional, aunque puede producir importantes daños al feto. Establecer un diagnóstico de sospecha y aplicar de forma correcta el tratamiento mejora los desenlaces perinatales. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 40 años, en las 32 + 5 semanas del séptimo embarazo, con antecedente de preeclampsia en uno de los embarazos previos. Acudió a Urgencias debido a un cuadro de cefalea intensa, vómitos y tensión arterial elevada luego de un cuadro de convulsiones en una de sus hijas. Al ingreso al hospital la paciente continuó con los síntomas, pero con cifras de tensión arterial normales. En el registro cardiotocográfico se objetivaron desaceleraciones variables. La ecografía de Doppler y los estudios de laboratorio fueron normales, excepto un índice de proteínas-creatinina de 0.41 g/dL. En ese momento el pediatra comunicó que la hija de la paciente cursaba con un cuadro de intoxicación aguda por monóxido de carbono. Con base en esta nueva información se solicitaron estudios de gasometría venosa y cooximetría, con los que se confirmó el diagnóstico de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono. Se le aplicó oxígeno normobárico al 100%. La evolución de la madre y su feto fue favorable, con desaparición de los síntomas de la madre y normalización del registro cardiotocográfico. CONCLUSIONES: Para el diagnóstico de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono es necesario mantener un alto índice de sospecha, sobre todo en las embarazadas en virtud de los daños potencialmente graves que pueden producirse en el feto. Es decisivo el diagnóstico diferencial correcto para no demorar el tratamiento, disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la madre y el feto.


Abstract BACKGROUND: Carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy is exceptional, although it can cause significant damage to the fetus. Establishing a diagnosis of suspicion and applying the correct treatment improves perinatal outcomes. CLINICAL CASE: A 40-year-old woman, at 32 + 5 weeks of her seventh pregnancy, with a history of preeclampsia in one of her previous pregnancies. She came to the emergency department due to severe headache, vomiting and high blood pressure after a seizure in one of her daughters. On admission to the hospital, the patient continued with her symptoms, but with normal blood pressure. Cardiotocographic recording showed variable decelerations. Doppler ultrasound and laboratory studies were normal, except for a protein-creatinine index of 0.41 g/dL. At that time the pediatrician reported that the patient's daughter was suffering from acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Based on this new information, venous blood gas and cooximetry studies were requested, which confirmed the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning. She was given 100% normobaric oxygen. The evolution of the mother and her fetus was favorable, with disappearance of the mother's symptoms and normalization of the cardiotocographic record. CONCLUSIONS: For the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is necessary to maintain a high index of suspicion, especially in pregnant women due to the potentially serious damage that can occur in the fetus. The correct differential diagnosis is decisive in order not to delay treatment and to reduce morbidity and mortality of the mother and fetus.

3.
ARS med. (Santiago, En línea) ; 45(4): 61-72, nov. 11, 2020.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1255447

RESUMO

La operación cesárea que hoy en día realizamos de forma casi rutinaria en la mayoría de centros hospitalarios del mundo es consecuencia de una apasionante búsqueda de mejoras por las generaciones precedentes de obstetras. A lo largo de los años, la cesárea ha experimentado importantes cambios en la técnica quirúrgica, en la frecuencia de su práctica y en sus indicaciones, tanto maternas como fetales. En los siglos XVII, XVIII y XIX implicaba una elevadísima mortalidad materna, por lo que únicamente se realizaba en casos desesperados, con la esperanza del salvar al nasciturus. La introducción de los principios de asepsia-antisepsia por Semmelweis, Koch, Lister y Halsted, la sutura de la herida uterina, la incisión en el segmento uterino inferior y la incisión transversa en el segmento inferior del útero supusieron una importante disminución de la mortalidad materna. En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, el empleo de la antibio-ticoterapia, la transfusión sanguínea, el perfeccionamiento de la anestesia y de los cuidados perioperatorios, así como la modificación ulterior de algunas técnicas quirúrgicas, ha conseguido reducir ampliamente la morbimortalidad asociada a esta intervención. Todos estos cambios han conseguido que la cesárea haya pasado de ser una operación in extremis que condenaba con gran probabilidad a la paciente, a una técnica que en la actualidad es demandada por algunas mujeres como sustitución del parto vaginal.


The cesarean section is an operation routinely performed in the majority of hospitals around the world. The cesarean section came to be as an early generation of obstetricians passionately searched for a way to improve their field. Throughout the years, it has experien-ced numerous changes: the surgical technique, it's frequency, and it's medical indications (both fetal and maternal). During the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it implied a very high maternal mortality rate, which left it as a last resort option with the only hope to save the nasciturus. The introduction of asepsis and antisepsis (Semmelweis, Koch, Lister, and Halsted at the end of the 19th century), the suture of the uterine wall, and the transverse incision in the lower uterine segment drastically reduced maternal mortality. During the second half of the 20th century, the use of antibiotics and blood transfusions, improvements in anesthesia and perioperative care, and the further modifications to the surgical technique considerably reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with the operation. All these changes transformed the cesarean section from a surgical intervention done in extremis, where the mother would probably die, to a technique currently demanded by some women as a substitute to the vaginal delivery.


Assuntos
Cesárea , História , Morbidade , Mães
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