Understanding the relationship between gender and mental health in adolescence: the Gender Adherence Index (GAI).

Half of all mental health disorders appear during adolescence, although it is still far from clear how they relate to gender (not sex) criteria. This study aims both to analyse the relationship between gender and adolescent mental health and to propose an index: the Gender Adherence Index (GAI). We used cross-sectional, secondary data from 3888 adolescents (aged 13-19) from the FRESC Health Survey on Adolescence in Barcelona. We analysed the interaction among sex, age and socio-economic status with several mental health indices. Additionally, we computed a Gender Adherence Index (GAI) to transcend the information-poor binary sex label, and thus assess to what extent mental health can be predicted by the gender expression of adolescents irrespective of their biological sex. We found that older age and lower economic status have a greater impact on the emotional distress of girls, who reported lower self-perceived mental health than boys. Nevertheless, girls obtained higher scores regarding their prosocial behaviour, which is protective against mental health problems. The GAI was retained in all statistical models stressing it as a relevant metric to explain the variability of adolescent emotional distress. Young people who showed adherence to normative femininity in their lifestyles showed higher prosocial behaviour but did not tend to present more emotional distress. Despite its limitations, this is a novel attempt to explore the relationship between gender expression and mental health. Better defined indices of gender adherence could help us to improve our predictive capacity of mental health disorders during adolescence.

Inequalities in life expectancy by educational level and its decomposition in Barcelona, 2004-2018 / Desigualdades en la esperanza de vida por nivel educativo y su descomposición en Barcelona, 2004-2018

Objective: To analyse the gap in life expectancy by educational level in the city of Barcelona from 2004 to 2018 and to decompose this gap by age and causes of death. Method: We computed abridged life tables at the age of 25 years by sex from 2004 to 2018 using standard methods. Educational level was categorised in two groups (lower secondary or less vs. upper secondary or higher education). The life expectancy gap was further decomposed by age and by causes of death based in Arriaga's method in 5-year age blocks up to the age of ≥ 90 years and broad causes of death using ICD-10 codes. Results: The life expectancy gap at 25 years by educational level oscillated without trend at around 3.08 years for men and 1.93 years for women. Decomposition by age showed a favourable significant shift in the contribution to this gap from young to older ages for men, with few changes for women. Decomposition by causes of death showed that the diseases concentrating the largest share of the contribution were neoplasms and respiratory and circulatory disease. There was a significant downward trend in external causes for men and in infectious diseases for both men and women but a significant upward trend for respiratory disease for both sexes. Conclusions: The stability of the life expectancy gap by educational level during the period analysed resulted from a combination of divergent trends by age and causes of death among high and low educational levels. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la brecha en la esperanza de vida por nivel educativo en la ciudad de Barcelona desde 2004 hasta 2018, y descomponer esta brecha por edad y causas de muerte. Método: Se calcularon tablas de vida abreviadas a la edad de 25 años por sexo desde 2004 hasta 2018 utilizando métodos estándar. El nivel educativo se clasificó en dos grupos: secundaria inferior o menor frente a secundaria superior o educación superior. La brecha de la esperanza de vida se descompuso además por edad y por causas de muerte según el método de Arriaga en bloques de edad de 5 años hasta la edad de ≥90 años y causas amplias de muerte utilizando los códigos de la CIE-10. Resultados: La brecha de la esperanza de vida a los 25 años por nivel educativo osciló sin tendencia en torno a los 3,08 años para los hombres y 1,93 años para las mujeres. La descomposición por edad mostró un cambio favorable a esta brecha desde las edades jóvenes a las mayores en los hombres, con pocos cambios en las mujeres. La descomposición por causas de muerte mostró una mayor contribución de las neoplasias y las enfermedades respiratorias y circulatorias. Hubo una tendencia a la baja en las causas externas en los hombres, y en las enfermedades infecciosas tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres, pero al alza en las enfermedades respiratorias para ambos sexos. Conclusiones: La estabilidad de la brecha de la esperanza de vida por nivel educativo durante el periodo analizado fue el resultado de una combinación de tendencias divergentes por edad y causas de muerte entre los niveles educativos altos y bajos. (AU)

Inequities in the distribution of COVID-19: an adaptation of WHO's conceptual framework / Desigualdades en la distribución de la COVID-19: una adaptación del marco conceptual de la OMS

The COVID-19 pandemic currently affects populations worldwide. Although everyone is susceptible to the virus, there are numerous accounts of the pandemic having a greater impact on lower socioeconomic groups and minorities, which is a ubiquitous phenomenon. It is essential for public health administrations and governments to uncover and understanding these inequities to develop proper intersectoral policies to tackle this crisis. Therefore, developing a conceptual framework on this topic, describing the social mechanisms that explain the unjust distribution of the incidence and mortality of COVID-19, is a key task. The aim of this paper is to adapt the framework on social determinants of health from the World Health Organization to the specifics of COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it identifies and explains the structural and intermediate determinants involved in this pandemic, and adds some new elements (such as the role of the oppression systems and communication) which may help to understand, and ultimately tackle, social inequities in COVID-19 distribution. (AU)

La pandemia de COVID-19 afecta actualmente a poblaciones de todo el mundo. Aunque todas las personas son susceptibles de contraer la enfermedad, hay numerosos argumentos de que la pandemia tiene un mayor impacto en los grupos socioeconómicos más desfavorecidos y en las minorías, lo que es un fenómeno omnipresente. Es esencial que las Administraciones de salud pública y los gobiernos comprendan las desigualdades para desarrollar políticas intersectoriales adecuadas para hacer frente a esta crisis. Por lo tanto, es clave desarrollar un marco conceptual sobre este tema, que describa los mecanismos sociales que explican la injusta distribución de la incidencia y la mortalidad de la COVID-19. El objetivo de este trabajo es adaptar el marco sobre determinantes sociales de la salud de la Organización Mundial de la Salud a las particularidades de la pandemia de COVID-19, identificar y explicar los determinantes estructurales e intermedios implicados en esta pandemia, así como añadir algunos elementos nuevos (como el papel de los sistemas de opresión y la comunicación) que pueden ayudar a comprender, y en última instancia a abordar, las desigualdades sociales en la distribución de la COVID-19. (AU)

Inequalities in life expectancy by educational level and its decomposition in Barcelona, 2004-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the gap in life expectancy by educational level in the city of Barcelona from 2004 to 2018 and to decompose this gap by age and causes of death. METHOD: We computed abridged life tables at the age of 25 years by sex from 2004 to 2018 using standard methods. Educational level was categorised in two groups (lower secondary or less vs. upper secondary or higher education). The life expectancy gap was further decomposed by age and by causes of death based in Arriaga's method in 5-year age blocks up to the age of ≥ 90 years and broad causes of death using ICD-10 codes. RESULTS: The life expectancy gap at 25 years by educational level oscillated without trend at around 3.08 years for men and 1.93 years for women. Decomposition by age showed a favourable significant shift in the contribution to this gap from young to older ages for men, with few changes for women. Decomposition by causes of death showed that the diseases concentrating the largest share of the contribution were neoplasms and respiratory and circulatory disease. There was a significant downward trend in external causes for men and in infectious diseases for both men and women but a significant upward trend for respiratory disease for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The stability of the life expectancy gap by educational level during the period analysed resulted from a combination of divergent trends by age and causes of death among high and low educational levels.

Inequities in the distribution of COVID-19: an adaptation of WHO's conceptual framework.

The COVID-19 pandemic currently affects populations worldwide. Although everyone is susceptible to the virus, there are numerous accounts of the pandemic having a greater impact on lower socioeconomic groups and minorities, which is a ubiquitous phenomenon. It is essential for public health administrations and governments to uncover and understanding these inequities to develop proper intersectoral policies to tackle this crisis. Therefore, developing a conceptual framework on this topic, describing the social mechanisms that explain the unjust distribution of the incidence and mortality of COVID-19, is a key task. The aim of this paper is to adapt the framework on social determinants of health from the World Health Organization to the specifics of COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it identifies and explains the structural and intermediate determinants involved in this pandemic, and adds some new elements (such as the role of the oppression systems and communication) which may help to understand, and ultimately tackle, social inequities in COVID-19 distribution.

Perceived pathways between tourism gentrification and health: A participatory Photovoice study in the Gòtic neighborhood in Barcelona.

Tourism gentrification is as process of urban change and neighborhoods transformation, according to the needs of affluent visitors, increasing in some global cities. However, the link between tourism gentrification and resident's health is still an understudied topic. Using Photovoice, a participatory action research method, the aim of this study was to identify the perceived pathways that underlie the relationship between tourism gentrification and health among residents of Gòtic neighborhood, in Barcelona. The study was conducted between January 2018 and January 2019. Thirteen residents, recruited from two neighborhood organizations, took photographs of how tourism gentrification of the neighborhood was affecting their health. Participants analyzed and critically discussed their photographs in small group sessions. Through a consensus-building process, participants categorized 35 photographs and identified 7 emerging categories acknowledged as possible pathways between tourism gentrification and health, in Gòtic neighborhood: 1) decline of social networks; 2) loss of identity; 3) environmental changes; 4) pollution; 5) changes in services and stores; 6) property speculation/eviction and; 7) activism by residents. This Photovoice study recognizes important pathways underlying the relationship between tourism gentrification in the Gòtic neighborhood and the health of its residents, by altering the built environment, the social environment or psychological factors. Among them, six pathways were related to negative health outcomes, both physical and mental (respiratory diseases; worse nutrition habits; sleep deprivation; stress, anxiety and depression). 'Activism by residents' was perceived to buffer the negative health effects of living in a touristic area. The study also provides recommendations to tackle this serious urban health issue.

El diagnóstico de salud del programa Barcelona Salut als Barris. Metodología para un proceso participativo / Community health assessment of the programme "Barcelona Health in the Neighbourhoods". Methodology for a participatory proces

Se describe la metodología usada en el diagnóstico de salud de un programa orientado a mejorar la salud en los barrios más desfavorecidos de la ciudad de Barcelona. En el proceso de diagnóstico se utiliza una metodología mixta (cuantitativa y cualitativa) para obtenera información sobre el estado de salud de la comunidad, sus determinantes y los recursos disponibles relacionados con la salud. Los datos cuantitativos corresponden a indicadores elaborados a partir de registros de diversas fuentes. La información cualitativa recoge las perspectivas de la comunidad mediante entrevistas, grupos focales y grupos nominales. Las diferentes formas de recogida de datos proporcionan una información más completa de la salud de la comunidad, de sus necesidades y de los recursos disponibles para afrontarlas. La participación comunitaria en el proceso fortalece los lazos entre la comunidad y los agentes implicados en las acciones para abordar los temas priorizados, y favorece su empoderamiento

This paper describes the methodology used for the assessment of health needs within a programme aimed at promoting health equity in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the city of Barcelona (Spain). The assessment process involves the use of mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) in order to obtain information regarding the health of the community, its determinants, and the availability of health-related assets. Quantitative data consists of indicators from different sources. Qualitative data collects the community's perspectives through interviews, focal groups and nominal groups. The combination of several data collection methods yields more complete information about the community, its needs and the resources available to meet them. Participation of community members in the process strengthens links between the community and the agents responsible for implementing the actions to address prioritised issues and favours community empowerment

La priorización comunitaria en el programa Barcelona Salut als Barri / Community prioritization in Barcelona Salut als Barris program

Priorizar es el proceso de selección y ordenación de las necesidades en salud identificadas tras el diagnóstico de necesidades y activos en salud de una comunidad. La valoración de las necesidades en salud se ha reforzado con la perspectiva comunitaria, lo que aporta múltiples beneficios: sensibiliza y empodera a la comunidad sobre su salud, fomenta el apoyo mutuo entre sus integrantes y promueve su protagonismo haciéndola corresponsable del proceso de mejora de su propia realidad. El objetivo de esta nota es describir el modelo de priorización de Barcelona Salut als Barris, estrategia de salud comunitaria liderada por la Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona para promover la equidad en salud en los barrios más desfavorecidos de la ciudad (AU)

Prioritizing corresponds to the process of selecting and managing health needs identified after diagnosing the community's health needs and assets. Recently, the health needs assessment has been reinforced with the community perspective, providing multiple benefits: it sensitizes and empowers the community about their health, encourages mutual support among its members and promotes their importance by making them responsible for the process of improving their own reality. The objective of this paper is to describe the prioritization of Barcelona Salut als Barris, a community health strategy led by the Barcelona Public Health Agency to promote equity in health in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods of the city (AU)

[Community health assessment of the programme "Barcelona Health in the Neighbourhoods". Methodology for a participatory process]. / El diagnóstico de salud del programa Barcelona Salut als Barris. Metodología para un proceso participativo.

This paper describes the methodology used for the assessment of health needs within a programme aimed at promoting health equity in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the city of Barcelona (Spain). The assessment process involves the use of mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) in order to obtain information regarding the health of the community, its determinants, and the availability of health-related assets. Quantitative data consists of indicators from different sources. Qualitative data collects the community's perspectives through interviews, focal groups and nominal groups. The combination of several data collection methods yields more complete information about the community, its needs and the resources available to meet them. Participation of community members in the process strengthens links between the community and the agents responsible for implementing the actions to address prioritised issues and favours community empowerment.

[Community prioritization in Barcelona Salut als Barris program]. / La priorización comunitaria en el programa Barcelona Salut als Barris.

Prioritizing corresponds to the process of selecting and managing health needs identified after diagnosing the community's health needs and assets. Recently, the health needs assessment has been reinforced with the community perspective, providing multiple benefits: it sensitizes and empowers the community about their health, encourages mutual support among its members and promotes their importance by making them responsible for the process of improving their own reality. The objective of this paper is to describe the prioritization of Barcelona Salut als Barris, a community health strategy led by the Barcelona Public Health Agency to promote equity in health in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods of the city.