In-line Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Quantification of Low Amount of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.

The pharmaceutical industry is currently implementing new manufacturing principles and modernizing the related processing solutions. A key element in this development is implementation of process analytical technologies (PAT) for measuring product quality in a real-time mode, ideally for a continuously operating processing line. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is widely used for this purpose, but has limited use for low concentration formulations, due to its inherent detection limit. Light-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is a PAT tool that can be used to quantify low concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredient, and recent development of instrumentation has made it available for in-line applications. In this study, the content of tryptophan in a dynamic powder flow could be measured as low as 0.10 w/w % with LIF spectroscopy with good accuracy of RMSEP = 0.008 w/w %. Both partial least squares regression and support vector machines (SVM) were investigated, but we found SVM to be the better option due to non-linearities between the calibration test and the in-line measurements. With the use of SVM, LIF spectroscopy is a promising candidate for low concentration applications where NIR is not suitable.

The qNMR Summit 5.0: Proceedings and Status of qNMR Technology.

The goal of the qNMR Summit is to take stock of the status quo and the recent developments in qNMR research and applications in a timely and accurate manner. It provides a platform for both advanced and novice qNMR practitioners to receive a well-rounded update and discuss potential qNMR-related applications and collaborations. For over a decade, scientists from academia, industry, nonprofit institutions, and governmental bodies have focused on the standardization of qNMR methodology, as well as its metrological and pharmacopeial utility. This paper reviews key content of qNMR Summits 1.0 to 4.0 and puts into perspective the outcomes and available transcripts of the October 2019 Summit 5.0, with attendees from the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, and several European countries. Summit presentations focused on qNMR methodology in the pharmaceutical industry, advanced quantitation algorithms, and promising developments.

Rox, a Rifamycin Resistance Enzyme with an Unprecedented Mechanism of Action.

Rifamycin monooxygenases (Rox) are present in a variety of environmental bacteria and are associated with decomposition of the clinically utilized antibiotic rifampin. Here we report the structure and function of a drug-inducible rox gene from Streptomyces venezuelae, which encodes a class A flavoprotein monooxygenase that inactivates a broad range of rifamycin antibiotics. Our findings describe a mechanism of rifamycin inactivation initiated by monooxygenation of the 2-position of the naphthyl group, which subsequently results in ring opening and linearization of the antibiotic. The result is an antibiotic that no longer adopts the basket-like structure essential for binding to the RNA exit tunnel of the target RpoB, thereby providing the molecular logic of resistance. This unique mechanism of enzymatic inactivation underpins the broad spectrum of rifamycin resistance mediated by Rox enzymes and presents a new antibiotic resistance mechanism not yet seen in microbial antibiotic detoxification.

Epoxynemanione A, nemanifuranones A-F, and nemanilactones A-C, from Nemania serpens, an endophytic fungus isolated from Riesling grapevines.

Ten polyketide specialized metabolites, epoxynemanione A, nemanifuranones A-F, and nemanilactones A-C, were isolated from the culture filtrate of Nemania serpens (Pers.) Grey (1821), an endophytic fungus from a Riesling grapevine (Vitis vinifera) found in Canada's Niagara region. Additionally, four known metabolites 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-benzoic acid, phyllostine, 5-methylmellein and a nordammarane triterpenoid were isolated. A related known metabolite 2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-5-trans-propenylfuran-3-one has also been included for structural and biological comparison to the nemanifuranones. The latter was isolated from the culture filtrates of Mollisia nigrescens, an endophytic fungus from the leaves and stems of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) found in the Acadian forest of Nova Scotia, Canada. Their structures were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS measurements, X-ray crystallographic analysis of nemanifuranone A, the nordammarane triterpenoid and 2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-5-trans-propenylfuran-3-one compounds, and comparison of NOE and vicinal 1H-1H coupling constants to literature data for relative stereochemical assignments. Nemanifuranone A possesses a rare C2 hemiacetal and was active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Trienylfuranol A and trienylfuranone A-B: metabolites isolated from an endophytic fungus, Hypoxylon submoniticulosum, in the raspberry Rubus idaeus.

A strain of Hypoxylon submonticulosum was isolated as an endophyte from a surface-sterilized leaf of a cultivated raspberry (Rubus idaeus). The liquid culture extract displayed growth inhibition activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a disc diffusion assay. The extract's major component was identified as a new natural product, trienylfuranol A (1S,2S,4R)-1-((1'E,3'E)-hexa-1',3',5'-trienyl)-tetrahydro-4-methylfuran-2-ol (1), by high-resolution LC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Two additional new metabolites, trienylfuranones A (2) and B (3), were isolated as minor components of the extract and their structure elucidation revealed that they were biosynthetically related to 1. Absolute stereochemical configurations of compounds 1-3 were confirmed by NOE NMR experiments and by the preparation of Mosher esters. Complete hydrogenation of 1 yielded tetrahydrofuran 7 that was used for stereochemical characterization and assessment of antifungal activity.

Esterification of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride by citric acid in a solid dose pharmaceutical preparation.

Esterification of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) by citric acid was observed in a solid dose pharmaceutical preparation at room temperature and accelerated stability condition (40°C/75% relative humidity). The esterification of PSE with citric acid was confirmed by a solid-state binary reaction in the presence of minor level of water at elevated temperature to generate three isomeric esters. The structures of the pseudoephedrine citric acid esters were elucidated using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Occurrence of esterification in solid state, instead of amidation which is generally more favorable than esterification, is likely due to remaining HCl salt form of solid pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to protect its amino group from amidation with citric acid. In contrast, the esterification was not observed from solution reaction between PSE and citric acid.

Activity-Independent Discovery of Secondary Metabolites Using Chemical Elicitation and Cheminformatic Inference.

Most existing antibiotics were discovered through screens of environmental microbes, particularly the streptomycetes, for the capacity to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This "activity-guided screening" method has been largely abandoned because it repeatedly rediscovers those compounds that are highly expressed during laboratory culture. Most of these metabolites have already been biochemically characterized. However, the sequencing of streptomycete genomes has revealed a large number of "cryptic" secondary metabolic genes that are either poorly expressed in the laboratory or that have biological activities that cannot be discovered through standard activity-guided screens. Methods that reveal these uncharacterized compounds, particularly methods that are not biased in favor of the highly expressed metabolites, would provide direct access to a large number of potentially useful biologically active small molecules. To address this need, we have devised a discovery method in which a chemical elicitor called Cl-ARC is used to elevate the expression of cryptic biosynthetic genes. We show that the resulting change in product yield permits the direct discovery of secondary metabolites without requiring knowledge of their biological activity. We used this approach to identify three rare secondary metabolites and find that two of them target eukaryotic cells and not bacterial cells. In parallel, we report the first paired use of cheminformatic inference and chemical genetic epistasis in yeast to identify the target. In this way, we demonstrate that oxohygrolidin, one of the eukaryote-active compounds we identified through activity-independent screening, targets the V1 ATPase in yeast and human cells and secondarily HSP90.

Model study of the pressure build-up during subcutaneous injection.

In this study we estimate the subcutaneous tissue counter pressure during drug infusion from a series of injections of insulin in type 2 diabetic patients using a non-invasive method. We construct a model for the pressure evolution in subcutaneous tissue based on mass continuity and the flow laws of a porous medium. For equivalent injection forces we measure the change in the infusion rate between injections in air at atmospheric pressure and in tissue. From a best fit with our model, we then determine the flow permeability as well as the bulk modulus of the tissue, estimated to be of the order 10-11-10-10 m2 and 105 Pa, respectively. The permeability is in good agreement with reported values for adipose porcine tissue. We suggest our model as a general way to estimate the pressure build-up in tissue during subcutaneous injection.

Development of a liver-targeted stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) inhibitor (MK-8245) to establish a therapeutic window for the treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia.

The potential use of SCD inhibitors for the chronic treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia has been limited by preclinical adverse events associated with inhibition of SCD in skin and eye tissues. To establish a therapeutic window, we embarked on designing liver-targeted SCD inhibitors by utilizing molecular recognition by liver-specific organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). In doing so, we set out to target the SCD inhibitor to the organ believed to be responsible for the therapeutic efficacy (liver) while minimizing its exposure in the tissues associated with mechanism-based SCD depletion of essential lubricating lipids (skin and eye). These efforts led to the discovery of MK-8245 (7), a potent, liver-targeted SCD inhibitor with preclinical antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic efficacy with a significantly improved therapeutic window.

Antifungal metabolites from fungal endophytes of Pinus strobus.

The extracts of five foliar fungal endophytes isolated from Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) that showed antifungal activity in disc diffusion assays were selected for further study. From these strains, the aliphatic polyketide compound 1 and three related sesquiterpenes 2-4 were isolated and characterized. Compound 2 is reported for the first time as a natural product and the E/Z conformational isomers 3 and 4 were hitherto unknown. Additionally, the three known macrolides; pyrenophorol (5), dihydropyrenophorin (6), and pyrenophorin (7) were isolated and identified. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including 2D NMR, HRMS and by comparison to literature data where available. The isolated compounds 1, 2, and 5 were antifungal against both the rust Microbotryum violaceum and Saccharomyces cerevisae.

Discovery of MK-7246, a selective CRTH2 antagonist for the treatment of respiratory diseases.

In this manuscript we wish to report the discovery of MK-7246 (4), a potent and selective CRTH2 (DP2) antagonist. SAR studies leading to MK-7246 along with two synthetic sequences enabling the preparation of this novel class of CRTH2 antagonist are reported. Finally, the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile of MK-7246 is disclosed.

Secondary metabolites from anti-insect extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from Picea rubens.

The extracts of a selection of 150 foliar fungal endophytes isolated from Picea rubens (red spruce) needles were screened by LC-MS and assayed for toxicity. Three of these strains that were toxic to the forest pest Choristoneura fumiferana (eastern spruce budworm) in dietary bioassays were selected for further study. Their culture extracts were analyzed by LC-NMR spectroscopy, and the major metabolites were isolated by LC-MS-SPE or PTLC/column chromatography and characterized. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including 2D NMR, HRMS and by comparison to literature data. Compounds 1 and 5-7 are hitherto unknown whereas compounds 2 and 3 are natural products described for the first time. Compound 4 is reported for the first time as a fungal metabolite and 8-9 were identified as known fungal metabolites in genera.

Identification of adulterants in a Chinese herbal medicine by LC-HRMS and LC-MS-SPE/NMR and comparative in vivo study with standards in a hypertensive rat model.

Based on anecdotal evidence of anti-hypertensive effect of Gold Nine Soft Capsules, an in vivo study of this complex Chinese "herbal-based" medicine was initiated. Dosage of the content of Gold Nine capsules in spontaneous hypertensive rats showed a remarkably good effect. This led to further investigation of the components of the preparation and eventual identification of three known anti-hypertensive drugs; amlodipine, indapamide and valsartan, which were not declared on the label. Compounds were rapidly identified using LC-HRMS and LC-MS-SPE/NMR, quantified by HPLC, and the in vivo activity of a combination of commercially purchased standards was shown to be equivalent to that of the capsule content. Adulteration of herbal remedies and dietary supplements with synthetic drugs is an increasing problem that may lead to serious adverse effects. LC-MS-SPE/NMR as a method for the rapid identification of such adulterants is highlighted in this case study.

TLN-05220, TLN-05223, new Echinosporamicin-type antibiotics, and proposed revision of the structure of bravomicins(*).

The deposited strain of the hazimicin producer, Micromonospora echinospora ssp. challisensis NRRL 12255 has considerable biosynthetic capabilities as revealed by genome scanning. Among these is a locus containing both type I and type II PKS genes. The presumed products of this locus, TLN-05220 (1) and TLN-05223 (2), bear a core backbone composed of six fused rings starting with a 2-pyridone moiety. The structures were confirmed by conventional spectral analyses including MS, and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Comparison of both the 1H and 13C NMR data of the newly isolated compound with those of echinosporamicin and bravomicin A led us to propose a revision of the structure of the latter to include a 2-pyridone instead of the pyran originally postulated. Both compounds (1 and 2) possessed strong antibacterial activity against a series of gram-positive pathogens including several strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and cytotoxic activities against several human tumor cell lines. The TLN compounds are the first of this group with reported anticancer activity.

Selective isolation of in vitro phase II conjugates using a lipophilic anionic exchange solid phase extraction method.

Identification, characterization and structure elucidation of human metabolites of drug candidates is crucial for the pharmaceutical industry to assess their activity against the therapeutic target of interest and potential toxicological effects. It often requires in vitro synthesis of microgram quantities of metabolites of interest with enzymatic preparations, pre-concentration of the reaction mixture by solid phase extraction (SPE), metabolite isolation using HPLC systems coupled to fraction collectors prior to nuclear magnetic resonance characterization. The method reported herein is a rapid and simple technique using solely off-line mixed phase anionic exchange lipophilic SPE cartridges to selectively isolate glucuronide and sulfate metabolites from their parent compound. This approach capitalizes on the pKa differences between the parent compound, devoided of acidic moieties, and the negatively charged glucuronide and/or sulfate metabolites. Once loaded on the SPE cartridge, the incubation mixture is washed successively with a basic aqueous solution, methanol to elute the non-anionic parent compounds, and then with an acidic methanolic solution to protonate and recover the phase II conjugates. Over 100 microg (>95% purity) of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol-3-glucuronide and 6-gingerol-4'-glucuronide were successfully isolated using this technique, as well as glucuronide and a sulfate conjugates of 1-{4'-[(1R)-2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]biphenyl-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide (DHBC) synthesized in-house. Their structures were confirmed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Quadrupole-Time of flight (UPLC-QTof) and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.

Isolation and structure elucidation by LC-MS-SPE/NMR: PR toxin- and cuspidatol-related eremophilane sesquiterpenes from Penicillium roqueforti.

Three eremophilane sesquiterpenes (1, 2, and 3) were isolated from Penicillium roqueforti DAOM 232127, and their structures were established. The new (3S)-3-acetoxyeremophil-1(2),7(11),9(10)-trien-8-one (3) is a likely biosynthetic precursor of PR toxin. 1-Hydroxyeremophil-7(11),9(10)-dien-8-one (1) is related to the immunosuppressant cuspidatol. The application of semihyphenated LC-MS-SPE/NMR to rapidly identify, purify, and elucidate the structures of 1, 2, and 3 is described.

Genomic analyses lead to novel secondary metabolites. Part 3. ECO-0501, a novel antibacterial of a new class.

Genomic analyses of Amycolatopsis orientalis ATCC 43491 strain, deposited as a vancomycin producer, revealed the presence of genetic loci for the production of at least 10 secondary metabolites other than vancomycin. One of these gene clusters, which contained a type I polyketide synthase, was predicted to direct the synthesis of novel class of compound, a glycosidic polyketide ECO-0501 (1). Screening of culture extracts for a compound with the predicted physicochemical properties of the product from this locus, led to the isolation of the 13-O-glucuronide of 13-hydroxy-2,12,14,16,22-pentamethyl-28-(N-methyl-guanidino)-octacosa-2,4,6,8,10,14,20,24-octaenoic acid (2-hydroxy-5-oxo-cyclopent-1-enyl)-amide (ECO-0501, 1). The structure, confirmed by spectral analyses including MS, and ID and 2D NMR experiments, were in accord with that predicted by genomic analyses. ECO-0501 possessed strong antibacterial activity against a series of Gram-positive pathogens including several strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). ECO-0501 was chemically modified by esterification (1a-1c), N-acetylation (1d) and hydrogenation (1e) in order to explore structure activity relationships (SAR).

The Bogorol family of antibiotics: template-based structure elucidation and a new approach to positioning enantiomeric pairs of amino acids.

The sequence positions of d and l Leu and Lys residues in bogorol A (1) have been defined by a simple and novel approach that utilizes small amounts of sample and focuses on detecting the order in which amino acids are liberated from the parent peptide during acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. This technique builds on a previously established relationship between the steric and electronic features of amino acids and their predilection for acidic liberation from polypeptides via dipeptides. The results, which complete the structure of bogorol A, have been confirmed by traditional degradation experiments. Utilizing the knowledge of the structure of bogorol A (1) as a template, we rapidly elucidated the structures of bogorols B-E (2-5) via analysis of ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS data and GC analysis of degradation products. The bogorol cationic peptide antibiotics contain a number of unusual structural features, which include the reduction of the C-terminal residue to valinol, an N-terminal residue of 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, the incorporation of four d amino acids, and the presence of a dehydroamino acid. Bogorols show selective and relatively potent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., as well as moderate activity against Escherichia coli.

Isolation and identification of three new 5-alkenyl-3,3(2H)-furanones from two streptomyces species using a genomic screening approach.

Analyses of biosynthetic gene clusters derived from Streptomyces aculeolatus NRRL 18422 and Streptomyces sp. Eco86 indicated that both microorganisms have similar type I polyketide synthase (PKS) gene clusters with relatively few genes encoding post-PKS elaborative enzymes. However both gene clusters included a sequence coding for a relatively uncommon oxidative enzyme related to Baeyer-Villiger, flavin-type monooxygenases. Screening of culture extracts for compounds with the predicted physicochemical properties of the end products from these loci, led to the isolation of three 5-alkenyl-3,3(2H)-furanones, one (E-837, 1) from the former and two (E-492, 2, E-975, 3) from the latter strain. The structures, confirmed by spectral analyses including MS, and ID and 2D NMR experiments, were in accord with those predicted by genomic analyses. Baeyer-Villiger type oxidation is postulated to be involved in the formation of the furanone moieties in these molecules. All three new compounds were tested for their electron transport inhibitory activities. They had IC50 values of 1-4 microg/ml against Ascaris suum NADH-fumarate reductase and 1-12 microg/ml against bovine heart NADH oxidase.

Discovery of new natural products by application of X-hitting, a novel algorithm for automated comparison of full UV spectra, combined with structural determination by NMR spectroscopy.

X-hitting, a newly developed algorithm for automated comparison of UV data, has been used for the tracking of two novel spiro-quinazoline metabolites, lapatins A (1) and B (2), in a screening study targeting quinazolines. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data, primarily 2D NMR.