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OBJECTIVE To investigate the basic situation of developing pharmacy outpatient departments in Chinese tertiary medical institutions and analyze the influencing factors. METHODS The research targeted the pharmacy outpatient department managers of hospitals and conducted a survey through Sojump in March 2023. Various independent variables were selected from the hospital’s own characteristics, the management of the pharmacy outpatient departments, and the construction of the pharmacist team for Logistic and linear regression analysis, with the aim of separately analyzing the factors influencing the establishment of pharmacy outpatient departments and the factors affecting the total number of patients served by these departments throughout the year 2022. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS A total of 1 304 medical institutions of different levels nationwide participated in this survey, with 714 tertiary hospitals. Among the tertiary hospitals, 377 (52.80%) had established pharmacy outpatient departments, including 321 grade-A tertiary hospitals, 48 grade-B tertiary hospitals and 8 other tertiary hospitals. The 377 tertiary hospitals collectively operated 1 739 pharmacy outpatient departments, covering 19 specialized fields, with the highest proportion found in the cardiovascular field (including anticoagulation) at 16.45%. Tertiary hospitals in North China, Central China, East China and South China regions had more pharmacy outpatient departments. The establishment of pharmacy outpatient departments was found to be influenced by tertiary grade-B status (P=0.010) and the annual outpatient volume of the hospital (P=0.008), although the impact was relatively small. The factors influencing the number of patients served by pharmacy outpatient departments were the annual outpatient volume of the hospital (P=0.042) and the number of pharmacists engaged in clinical pharmacy work (P=0.004). The proportion of tertiary hospitals in China that have established pharmacy outpatient departments is insufficient. It is necessary to further accelerate the construction of pharmacy outpatient departments and appropriately expand the talent pool of hospital pharmacy teams based on the needs of pharmacy outpatient departments and patients, in order to meet the requirements of medical practice and patient care.
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Objective To investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on blood pressure variability(BPV)and left ventricular mass index(LVMI)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and hypertension.Methods Patients with T2DM complicated with hypertension admitted to Lishui Central Hospital from August 2021 to August 2022 were selected as the study subjects,and were treated with conventional treatment(control group)and dapagliflozin treatment(test group),respectively.The changes of BPV index,LVMI,blood glucose level and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results A total of 94 patients with T2DM and hypertension were included in the study,including 47 patients in the test group and 47 in the control group.The 24-hour diastolic blood pressure(DBP),24-hour systolic blood pressure(SBP),24-hour systolic standard deviation(SSD),24-hour diastolic standard deviation(DSD),fasting blood glucose(FBG),2-hour blood glucose(PG),glycated hemoglobin glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c),body mass index(BMI)and LVMI of the patients with T2DM and hypertension were significantly decreased in the two groups(P<0.05),and the 24-hour SBP,24-hour DBP,24-hour SSD,24-hour DSD,FPG,2-hour PG,HbA1c,BMI and LVMI in the test group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The total incidence of adverse reactions between the test group and the control group was 10.64% and 4.26% ,respectively,and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion Dapagliflozin can reduce LVMI and improve BPV and blood glucose levels in patients with T2DM and hypertension,and has a good safety profile.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the component compatibility of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma on the rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the mechanism. MethodSeventy-two SPF-grade SD rats (male and female) aged 5 to 6 weeks were selected. Except the blank group, the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was replicated by the type Ⅱ collagen induction method. The 64 rats after successfully modeling were randomly divided into model group, methotrexate group (0.375 mg·kg-1), gentianoside with magnoflorine group (150.454 1 mg·kg-1+5.061 8 mg·kg-1), gentianoside with clematichinenoside AR group (150.454 1 mg·kg-1+16.433 1 mg·kg-1), sweroside with magnoflorine group (3.455 8 mg·kg-1+5.061 8 mg·kg-1), sweroside with clematichinenoside AR group (3.455 8 mg·kg-1+16.433 1 mg·kg-1), swertiamarin with magnoflorine group (9.303 2 mg·kg-1+5.061 8 mg·kg-1), and swertiamarin with clematichinenoside AR group (9.303 2 mg·kg-1+16.433 1 mg·kg-1), with 8 rats in each group. Each group was given the corresponding medicinal solution or normal saline by gavage for 15 d. During the experiment, the general status, of rats in each group were observed and recorded. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), rheumatoid factor (RF), C reactive protein (CRP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and anti-cyclic peptide containing citrulline antibody (anti-CCP Ab) in the serum of rats were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The histopathological changes in rat ankle joints were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot were used to detect the protein expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rat ankle joints. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of NF-κB and VEGF in rat ankle joints. ResultCompared with those in the blank group, rats in the model group were in poor general conditions with significant foot-plantar swelling, and the content of CRP, anti-CCP Ab, and IL-1β in the rat serum was significantly increased (P<0.01). In the model group, the tissue structure of the ankle joint was severely damaged, and the protein and mRNA expression of NF-κB and VEGF in the rat ankle joints were significantly up-regulated (P<0.01). As compared with the model group, the general status of rats in each administration group was significantly improved. The levels of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, RF, CRP, PGE2, and anti-CCP Ab were reduced to different degrees in these administration groups, among which the effects of the gentianoside with clematichinenoside AR group on down-regulating serum TNF-α and IL-1β, the gentianoside with magnoflorine group on down-regulating serum RF and CRP, the sweroside with magnoflorine group on down-regulating serum PGE2, and the swertiamarin with clematichinenoside AR group on lowering serum anti-CCP Ab were better than those of administration groups. The histopathological changes in the ankle joint were improved to different degrees. The protein and mRNA expression of NF-κB and VEGF in rat ankle joints in the administration groups was significantly down-regulated (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the swertiamarin paired with clematichinenoside AR group had the most significant effect. ConclusionThe component compatibility of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma exerts a good therapeutic effect on the rat model of RA, and the compatibility of components from the two medicines has a multi-channel, multi-target, and synergistic effect. The five component compatibility patterns, namely gentiobioside with magnoflorine, gentiobioside with clematichinenoside AR, sweroside with clematichinenoside AR, swertiamarin with magnoflorine, and swertiamarin with clematichinenoside AR, all have potential advantages. The mechanism may be related to the reduction of inflammatory factor secretion and the inhibition of abnormal protein and mRNA expression of NF-κB and VEGF.
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Utilization of female livestock can be optimized by application of Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination (FTAI), which plays an important role in large-scale livestock production. However, molecular mechanism of FTAI affecting reproductive performance remains unclear. To investigate the effects of FTAI on corpus luteum in 16 and 25 days of pregnancy gilts, 12 pregnancy gilts were selected from Altrenogest + PMSG + GnRH (APG) group and control group. The number of left and right CL in APG group were significantly higher than control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, result showed the number of differentially expressed genes between 16APG group and 16 C group was obviously larger than that between 25APG and 25 C group (2394 vs. 1476). Up regulated genes in APG were mainly associated with cytokine production and secretion, cell communication and transport (day 16) and angiogenesis, cell cycle and cell-cell signaling (day 25). The expression of differentially expressed genes (RPL10, CYP17A1, DCN, IL18, LDLR and PRLR) in luteal tissue were verified by real-time PCR. In summary, APG program significantly improve reproductive efficiency of gilts through up regulation of cytokine production/secretion, cell communication and transport in Day 16 pregnancy and angiogenesis, cell cycle and cell-cell signaling at Day 25 pregnancy in porcine.
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Corpo Lúteo , Sincronização do Estro , Gravidez , Feminino , Suínos/genética , Animais , Reprodução , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Sus scrofa , Citocinas , Progesterona/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Insects cannot synthesize sterols and must acquire them from food. The mechanisms underlying how insects uptake dietary sterols are largely unknown except that NPC1b, an integral membrane protein, has been shown to be responsible for dietary cholesterol uptake in Drosophila melanogaster. However, whether NPC1b orthologs in other insect species, particularly the economically important pests, function similarly remains to be determined. RESULTS: In this study, we characterized the function of NPC1b in Helicoverpa armigera, a global pest that causes severe yield losses to many important crops. Limiting dietary cholesterol uptake to insects significantly inhibited food ingestion and weight gain. Compared to the wild-type H. armigera, the CRISPR/Cas9-edited NPC1b mutant larvae were incapable of getting adequate cholesterol and died in their early life stage. Gene expression profile and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that NPC1b was mainly expressed in the midgut where dietary cholesterol was absorbed. Expression of NPC1b was also correlated with the feeding life stages and was especially upregulated during early larval instars. Protein-ligand docking and sequence similarity analyses further demonstrated that NPC1b proteins of lepidopteran insects shared a relatively conserved cholesterol binding region, NPC1b_NTD, which, however, was highly divergent from bees-derived sequences. CONCLUSION: NPC1b was crucial for dietary cholesterol uptake and growth of H. armigera, and therefore could serve as an insecticide target for the development of a novel pest-management approach to control this economically significant insect pest with little off-target effect on bees and sterol-autotrophic animals. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Mariposas , Animais , Proteínas de Insetos , Insetos , Larva , Proteínas de Membrana , Proteína C1 de Niemann-PickRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salidroside (Sal) on inflammatory activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the co-culture of rat alveolar macrophages (AM) NR 8383 and type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC II) RLE-6TN. CCK-8 colorimetric method was used to detect cell proliferation percentage. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the content of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the supernatant. Western blot was used to examine the expression levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and total AKT protein. The results showed that pretreatment of RLE-6TN cells or co-culture of RLE-6TN and NR 8383 cells with 32 and 128 µg/mL Sal for 1 h, followed by continuous culture for 24 h, significantly increased the cell proliferation (P < 0.05). Compared with control group, 32 and 128 µg/mL Sal pretreatment significantly increased the ratio of p-AKT/AKT in RLE-6TN cells (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of 32 µg/mL Sal not only inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and MIP-2 by NR 8383 cells induced by LPS (P < 0.05), but also enhanced the inhibitory effect of RLE-6TN and NR 8383 cells co-culture on the secretion of TNF-α and MIP-2 by NR 8383 cells induced by LPS (P < 0.05). In addition, 32 µg/mL Sal pretreatment promoted LPS-induced IL-10 secretion by NR 8383 cells (P < 0.05), and enhanced the promoting effect of co-culture of RLE-6TN and NR 8383 cells on the IL-10 secretion by LPS-induced NR 8383 cells (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Sal may directly inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory activation of AM (NR 8383), promote the proliferation of AEC II (RLE-6TN) through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and enhance the regulatory effect of AEC II on LPS-induced inflammatory activation of AM.
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Células Epiteliais Alveolares/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenóis/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Células Epiteliais Alveolares/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Quimiocina CXCL2/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cocultura , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Ratos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Objectives@#To understand the status of studies about influenza economic burden in mainland China and summarize their major results.@*Methods@#The words of influenza, flu, cost, economic, burden, effectiveness, benefit, utility, China, and Chinese, were used as search keywords. Journal papers published during 2000-2018 were searched from Chinese electronic databases (CNKI and Wanfang) and English electronic databases (PubMed, Web of science, EconLit and Cochrane Library). The language of literature was restricted to Chinese and English. A total of 23 effective documents were included, and the descriptive characteristics, research indexes and methods included in the literature were analyzed. The monetary unit used in this review is Chinese Yuan (CNY).@*Results@#The 23 study sites were mainly in the relatively developed and populous regions. The total cost per capita of laboratory-confirmed influenza,of all age-group was reported in 6 literatures, and only 4 literatures reported it in out-patients (range: 768.0-999.9 CNY), Only one study reported this indicator in inpatients (9 832.0 CNY). One literature reported the total cost per capita of influenza-like illness,, which was 205.1 CNY. And one literature reported that the direct medical cost of inpatients per capita in children under 5 years of age was 6 072.0 CNY while two literature reported this index for the elderly over 60 years of age, ranging from 14 250.0 to 19 349.1 CNY. Four articles reported the economic burden of influenza in urban and rural areas, one of which showed that the related expenses of urban influenza inpatients accounted for 31% of the average annual income, while which for the rural flow was 113%.@*Conclusion@#The average economic burden of lab-confirmed influenza case is higher than that of influenza-like illness, and there are differences in outpatient indirect expenses and inpatients direct medical expenses. The direct medical burden for the hospitalized 60-years-and-beyond influenza case group is heavier thar other age group. By region, the influenza associated individual economic burden in rural area is higher than that of urban area..
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Objective@#To systematically review the mortality burden study of influenza in mainland China.@*Method@#"influenza", "flu", "H1N1", "pandemic", "mortality", "death", "fatality", "burden", "China" and "Chinese" were used as keywords, and a systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles in three English databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Embase) and three Chinese database (CNKI, WanFang and VIP) during 1990-2018 (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan). The language of literature was restricted to Chinese and English. The inclusion criteria were human-oriented researches with method based on population, and research indexes included mortality and excess mortality. The exclusion criteria were non-primary research materials, predictive research and research on the burden of avian influenza related deaths. A total of 17 literatures were included, and the basic information to descriptive characteristics, methodology of modeling and the corresponding results were extracted.@*Results@#All the 17 studies adopted indirect statistical models, with 14 of which adopted the regression model, and all the research index was excess mortality. All causes (16 studies), respiratory and circulatory diseases (14 studies) and pneumonia and influenza (10 studies) were the main causes of death associated with influenza. Influenza associated mortality burden in the elderly was higher, with the lowest excess mortality rates of all causes, respiratory and circulatory diseases, pneumonia and influenza being 49.57, 30.80 and 0.69 per 100 000 people, and the highest rates being 228.16, 170.20 and 30.35 per 100 000 people, respectively. In the non-elderly, the corresponding lowest rates were -0.27, -0.08 and 0.04 per 100 000 people respectively, and the highest rates were 3.63, 2.6 and 0.91 per 100 000 people, respectively. The influenza-related excess mortality was higher in the north, with a minimum of 7.8 per 100 000 and a maximum of 18.0 per 100 000, and slightly lower in the south, with a minimum of 6.11 per 100 000 and a maximum of 18.7 per 100 000. There were also differences in deaths caused by different influenza virus subtypes, with influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B virus possibly posing a heavier mortality burden.@*Conclusions@#Studies on influenza mortality burden is mainly based on indirect model and urban level in China. The mortality burden of influenza in the elderly, the northern and subtype A(H3N2) and B were more severe.
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To establish HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of daphnetin, daphnoretin, and daphneticin in rat plasma after oral and intravenous administration of Daphne giraldii extract, and then use them in the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. Six sprague-dawley rats received intragastric administration of D. giraldii extract (daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin were 88.40, 3.24 and 4.28 mgâ¢kg⻹, respectively). Their drug plasma concentration was determined by LC-MS/MS with schisandrin as an internal standard to draw plasma concentration-time curve. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Kinetica 4.4. The results showed that the linear range was 5-1 000 µgâ¢L⻹ for daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin, and the method ological test showed conformance to the requirements.The intraday and inter-day variable coefficients (RSD) were both less than 15.0%, indicating that both of legitimate precise and accuracy were consistent with the analysis requirements of biological samples. For daphnetin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 4 h, 858.96 µgâ¢L⻹, 10 566.4 µgâ¢L⻹â¢h, 5.19 h and 9.43 h, respectively. For daphnoretin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 2.92 h, 178.00 µgâ¢L⻹, 905.89 µgâ¢L⻹â¢h, 3.50 h and 6.95 h, respectively. For daphneticin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 2 h, 36.67 µgâ¢L⻹, 355.11 µgâ¢L⻹â¢h, 4.95 h and 8.27 h, respectively. The LC-MS/MS analysis method established in this study was proved to be so accurate and sensitive that it can be applied to the pharmacokinetic study of daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin.
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Cumarínicos/sangue , Daphne/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Umbeliferonas/sangue , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida , Cumarínicos/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Umbeliferonas/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
To establish HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of daphnetin, daphnoretin, and daphneticin in rat plasma after oral and intravenous administration of Daphne giraldii extract, and then use them in the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. Six sprague-dawley rats received intragastric administration of D. giraldii extract (daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin were 88.40, 3.24 and 4.28 mg•kg⁻¹, respectively). Their drug plasma concentration was determined by LC-MS/MS with schisandrin as an internal standard to draw plasma concentration-time curve. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Kinetica 4.4. The results showed that the linear range was 5-1 000 μg•L⁻¹ for daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin, and the method ological test showed conformance to the requirements.The intraday and inter-day variable coefficients (RSD) were both less than 15.0%, indicating that both of legitimate precise and accuracy were consistent with the analysis requirements of biological samples. For daphnetin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 4 h, 858.96 μg•L⁻¹, 10 566.4 μg•L⁻¹•h, 5.19 h and 9.43 h, respectively. For daphnoretin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 2.92 h, 178.00 μg•L⁻¹, 905.89 μg•L⁻¹•h, 3.50 h and 6.95 h, respectively. For daphneticin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 2 h, 36.67 μg•L⁻¹, 355.11 μg•L⁻¹•h, 4.95 h and 8.27 h, respectively. The LC-MS/MS analysis method established in this study was proved to be so accurate and sensitive that it can be applied to the pharmacokinetic study of daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin.
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Objective To compare the centering ability of three rotary nickel-titanium instruments Reciproc,Protaper and WaveOne in resin-simulated curved root canals.Methods A total of 30 resin-simulated curved canals(curvature=30°)were di-vided into 3 groups(n=10 each)using the random number table.They were prepared with Reciproc(group R),Protaper(group P)and WaveOne(group W)respectively.Pre-and post-operative images were obtained by a digital camera at the fixed position, and superimposed through Photoshop.The center displacement between pre- and post-operative images were measured at 10 points beginning at 1 mm from the end point of the canal with the software Digimizer at a ratio of 1 to 1.The data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Kuels at a significance level ofα=0.05.Results The central point was shifted laterally to the curve at 1,2,and 3 mm from the end point of the canal,while it shifted medially to the curve at 6,7,and 8 mm.The centering ability was better in groups R and W than in group P with significant differences noted(P <0.05).No sig-nificant difference was found in the centering ability between group R and group W.Also there were no significant differences in the centering ability at 4,5,9 and 10 mm among the three groups(P >0.05).Conclusion Reciproc and WaveOne have similar centering ability.They preform better in terms of centering location than Protaper,especially at the apex and the most curved part of the canal.
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Objective To analyze the spatial and temporal clustering characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever and its change pattern in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces in southwestern China in recent years. Methods The incidence data of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases at county level in 3 provinces during 2001-2012 were collected from China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention and analyzed by the methods of descriptive epidemiology and geographic informatics. And the map showing the spatial and temporal clustering characters of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases in three provinces was drawn. SaTScan statistics was used to identify the typhoid and paratyphoid fever clustering areas of three provinces in each year from 2001 to 2012. Results During the study period, the reported cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever declined with year. The reported incidence decreased from 30.15 per 100000 in 2001 to 10.83 per 100000 in 2006 (annual incidence 21.12 per 100000);while during 2007-2012, the incidence became stable, ranging from 4.75 per 100000 to 6.83 per 100000 (annual incidence 5.73 per 100000). The seasonal variation of the incidence was consistent in three provinces, with majority of cases occurred in summer and autumn. The spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid and paratyphoid fever was demonstrated by the incidence map. Most high-incidence counties were located in a zonal area extending from Yuxi ofYunnan to Guiyang of Guizhou, but were concentrated in Guilin in Guangxi. Temporal and spatial scan statistics identified the positional shifting of class Ⅰ clustering area from Guizhou to Yunnan. Class Ⅰ clustering area was located around the central and western areas (Zunyi and Anshun) of Guizhou during 2001-2003, and moved to the central area of Yunnan during 2004-2012. Conclusion Spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid and paratyphoid fever existed in the endemic areas of southwestern China, and the clustering area covered a zone connecting the central areas of Guizhou and Yunnan. From 2004 to 2012, the most important clustering area shifted from Guizhou to Yunnan. Findings from this study provided evidence for the identifying key areas for typhoid and paratyphoid fever control and prevention and allocate health resources.
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Objective To analyze the spatial and temporal clustering characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever and its change pattern in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces in southwestern China in recent years. Methods The incidence data of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases at county level in 3 provinces during 2001-2012 were collected from China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention and analyzed by the methods of descriptive epidemiology and geographic informatics. And the map showing the spatial and temporal clustering characters of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases in three provinces was drawn. SaTScan statistics was used to identify the typhoid and paratyphoid fever clustering areas of three provinces in each year from 2001 to 2012. Results During the study period, the reported cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever declined with year. The reported incidence decreased from 30.15 per 100000 in 2001 to 10.83 per 100000 in 2006 (annual incidence 21.12 per 100000);while during 2007-2012, the incidence became stable, ranging from 4.75 per 100000 to 6.83 per 100000 (annual incidence 5.73 per 100000). The seasonal variation of the incidence was consistent in three provinces, with majority of cases occurred in summer and autumn. The spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid and paratyphoid fever was demonstrated by the incidence map. Most high-incidence counties were located in a zonal area extending from Yuxi ofYunnan to Guiyang of Guizhou, but were concentrated in Guilin in Guangxi. Temporal and spatial scan statistics identified the positional shifting of class Ⅰ clustering area from Guizhou to Yunnan. Class Ⅰ clustering area was located around the central and western areas (Zunyi and Anshun) of Guizhou during 2001-2003, and moved to the central area of Yunnan during 2004-2012. Conclusion Spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid and paratyphoid fever existed in the endemic areas of southwestern China, and the clustering area covered a zone connecting the central areas of Guizhou and Yunnan. From 2004 to 2012, the most important clustering area shifted from Guizhou to Yunnan. Findings from this study provided evidence for the identifying key areas for typhoid and paratyphoid fever control and prevention and allocate health resources.
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Ischemic brain injury is a major disease which threatens human health and safety. (3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl) methyl 3-methoxy-4-[(3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl) methoxy] benzoate (VA-T), a newly discovered lead compound, is effective for the treatment of ischemic brain injury and its sequelae. But the poor solubility of VA-T leads to poor dissolution and limited clinical application. In order to improve the dissolution of VA-T, the pharmaceutical technology of solid dispersions was used in the present study. VA-T/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solid dispersion was prepared by the solvent method. The dissolution studies were carried out and solid state characterization was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dissolution rate of VA-T was significantly improved by solid dispersion compared to that of the pure drug and physical mixture. The results of DSC and XRD indicated that the VA-T solid dispersion was amorphous. The IR spectra showed the possible interaction between VA-T and PVP was the formulation of hydrogen bonding. The SEM analysis demonstrated that there was no VA-T crystal observed in the solid dispersions. The ideal drug-to-PVP ratio was 1:5. In conclusion, the solid dispersion technique can be successfully used for the improvement of the dissolution profile of VA-T.
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Benzoatos/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Povidona/química , Benzoatos/administração & dosagem , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , SolubilidadeRESUMO
The aim of this study is to investigate the remission rate of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China and identify its potential determinants. A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2009 to January 2012. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews of the rheumatology outpatients in 28 tertiary hospitals in China. The remission rates were calculated in 486 RA patients according to different definitions of remission: the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) Boolean definition. Potential determinants of RA remission were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. The remission rates of RA from this multi-center cohort were 8.6% (DAS28), 8.4% (SDAI), 8.2% (CDAI), and 6.8% (Boolean), respectively. Favorable factors associated with remission were: low Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, absence of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), and treatment of methotrexate (MTX) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Younger age was also predictive for the DAS28 and the Boolean remission. Multivariate analyses revealed a low HAQ score, the absence of anti-CCP, and the treatment with HCQ as independent determinants of remission. The clinical remission rate of RA patients was low in China. A low HAQ score, the absence of anti-CCP, and HCQ were significant independent determinants for RA remission.
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Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Indução de Remissão , Adulto , Idoso , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico , China , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Ischemic brain injury is a major disease which threatens human health and safety. (3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl) methyl 3-methoxy-4-[(3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl) methoxy] benzoate (VA-T), a newly discovered lead compound, is effective for the treatment of ischemic brain injury and its sequelae. But the poor solubility of VA-T leads to poor dissolution and limited clinical application. In order to improve the dissolution of VA-T, the pharmaceutical technology of solid dispersions was used in the present study. VA-T/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solid dispersion was prepared by the solvent method. The dissolution studies were carried out and solid state characterization was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dissolution rate of VA-T was significantly improved by solid dispersion compared to that of the pure drug and physical mixture. The results of DSC and XRD indicated that the VA-T solid dispersion was amorphous. The IR spectra showed the possible interaction between VA-T and PVP was the formulation of hydrogen bonding. The SEM analysis demonstrated that there was no VA-T crystal observed in the solid dispersions. The ideal drug-to-PVP ratio was 1:5. In conclusion, the solid dispersion technique can be successfully used for the improvement of the dissolution profile of VA-T.
Assuntos
Benzoatos , Química , Isquemia Encefálica , Tratamento Farmacológico , Química Farmacêutica , Métodos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Povidona , Química , SolubilidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of the combined periodontic-orthodontic treatment in the esthetic reconstruc- tion of the anterior teeth area following periodontitis. METHODS: Thirteen adult patients with anterior teeth displacements were treated. The probing pocket depth (PD; 102 teeth, 612 sites), bleeding on probing (102 teeth, 204 sites), papilla index (PI; 128 papillae), and papillary height (PH; 128 papillae) of each patient were assessed at baseline, 3 months after the initial therapy, and the end of the orthodontic treatment. Non-parametric and paired-sample t tests were carried out for the statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: Three months after initial therapy, the sites with PD ≤ 3 mm accounted for 79.58% (487/612) of the observed teeth, and 88.73% (181/204) of the buccal and lingual sites of the teeth showed negative bleeding on probing. These findings were better than those at baseline [26.31% (161/612) and 22.06% (45/204), respectively] (P < 0.05), but no sig- nificant difference was observed compared with pro-orthodontic treatment (P > 0.05). Prior to orthodontic treatment, the levels of the PI of 8 and 21 papillae were III and II, respectively, among the 128 observed papillae. After the orthodontic treatment, 51 papillae were at level III and 68 papillae were at level II. The PH of the 102 papillae was 2.84 mm ± 0.62 mm after ortho- dontic treatment. This result indicated significant difference compared with that of pre-orthodontic treatment (1.69 mm ± 0.57 mm) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: After initial therapy, moderate orthodontic teeth movements may reconstruct the interproximal soft tissue, with esthetic improvement of the papillary level and resolution of the periodontal defects.
Assuntos
Periodontia , Migração de Dente , Adulto , Raspagem Dentária , Estética , Humanos , Bolsa Periodontal , Periodontite , Técnicas de Movimentação DentáriaRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the rates due to influenza-associated-excess-hospitalization in children aged 0-14 years in Wuxi city,Jiangsu province in 2005-2010.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We collected data on hospitalization due to influenza, pneumonia and other respiratory diseases from fourteen 2nd level or above hospitals in Wuxi, as well as data on influenza virological surveillance in southern China to fit the negative binomial regression models, to estimate the rate on influenza-associated-excess hospitalization.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During 2005-2010, an average annual hospitalization rate appeared as 91.6‰ (79.2‰ -99.3‰). Among the total hospitalization eases, respiratory diseases accounted for 54.2%, while both influenza and pneumonia accounted for 38.1%. The average annual influenza- associated-excess-hospitalization rates due to influenza and pneumonia appeared as 1.28‰ (95% CI:0.29‰ -4.84‰), while 2.18‰ (95% CI:0.61‰ -6.79‰) due to respiratory diseases. In 2009, A (H1N1) pdm induced influenza pandemic caused 993 excess hospitalizations due to influenza/pneumonia and 1 042 excess hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases, with rates as 1.14‰ and 1.20‰ respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both seasonal and pandemic A(H1N1)pdm influenza caused considerable burden on hospitalization in children aged 0-14 years inWuxi.</p>
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , China , Epidemiologia , Hospitalização , Influenza Humana , EpidemiologiaRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the viral etiologies of hospitalized pneumonia patients aged less than five years in six provinces during 2009-2012, and to describe the seasonality of the detected viral etiologies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eight hospitals were selected in six provinces from a national acute respiratory infection surveillance network. Demographic information, clinical history and physical examination, and laboratory testing results of the enrolled hospitalized patients aged less than five years with pneumonia, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human influenza virus, adenoviruses (ADV), human parainfluenza virus (PIV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human coronavirus (hCoV)and human bocavirus (hBoV) were analyzed. The viral etiology spectrum of the enrolled patients was analyzed by age-group, year, and seasonality of the detected viral etiologies were described.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>4 508 hospitalized children less than five years old, with pneumonia from 8 hospitals were included, and 2 688 (59.6%) patients were positive for at least one viral etiology. The most frequent detected virus was RSV (21.3%), followed by PIV (7.1%) and influenza (5.2%), hBoV (3.8%), ADV(3.6%) and hMPV(2.6%). The lowest positive rates in hCoV(1.1%). RSV, influenza, PIV, hBoV and hMPV all showed the nature of seasonality.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RSV was a most common viral etiology in the hospitalized young children less than 5 years of age with pneumonia. Prevention measures should be conducted to decrease its severe impact to the young infants and children in China.</p>
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Criança Hospitalizada , China , Epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral , Epidemiologia , VirologiaRESUMO
We investigated the compensatory trends of mesiodistal angulation of first molars in malocclusion cases. We compared differences in the angulation of first molars in different developmental stages, malocclusion classifications and skeletal patterns. The medical records and lateral cephalogrammes of 1403 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured to evaluate compensation of molar angulation in relation to the skeletal jaw. The cases were stratified by age, Angle classification and skeletal patterns. Differences in the mesiodistal angulation of the first molars were compared among the stratifications. We observed three main phenomena. First, angulation of the upper first molar varied significantly with age and tipped most distally in cases aged <12 years and least distally in cases aged >16 years. The lower first molar did not show such differences. Second, in Angle Class II or skeletal Class II cases, the upper first molar was the most distally tipped, the lower first molar was the most mesially tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in Class III cases. Third, in high-angle cases, the upper and lower first molars were the most distally tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in low-angle cases. These data suggest that the angulation of the molars compensated for various growth patterns and malocclusion types. Hence, awareness of molar angulation compensation would help to adjust occlusal relationships, control anchorage and increase the chances of long-term stability.