Rest and Stress Left Atrial Dysfunction in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) myopathy with paroxysmal and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequent in chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) but sometimes occult at rest and elicited by stress. AIM: This study sought to assess LA volume and function at rest and during stress across the spectrum of AF. METHODS: In a prospective, multicenter, observational study design, we enrolled 3042 patients [age = 64 ± 12; 63.8% male] with known or suspected CCS: 2749 were in sinus rhythm (SR, Group 1); 191 in SR with a history of paroxysmal AF (Group 2); and 102 were in permanent AF (Group 3). All patients underwent stress echocardiography (SE). We measured left atrial volume index (LAVI) in all patients and LA Strain reservoir phase (LASr) in a subset of 486 patients. RESULTS: LAVI increased from Group 1 to 3, both at rest (Group 1 = 27.6 ± 12.2, Group 2 = 31.6 ± 12.9, Group 3 = 43.3 ± 19.7 mL/m2, p < 0.001) and at peak stress (Group 1 = 26.2 ± 12.0, Group 2 = 31.2 ± 12.2, Group 3 = 43.9 ± 19.4 mL/m2, p < 0.001). LASr progressively decreased from Group 1 to 3, both at rest (Group 1 = 26.0 ± 8.5%, Group 2 = 23.2 ± 11.2%, Group 3 = 8.5 ± 6.5%, p < 0.001) and at peak stress (Group 1 = 26.9 ± 10.1, Group 2 = 23.8 ± 11.0 Group 3 = 10.7 ± 8.1%, p < 0.001). Stress B-lines (≥2) were more frequent in AF (Group 1 = 29.7% vs. Group 2 = 35.5% vs. Group 3 = 57.4%, p < 0.001). Inducible ischemia was less frequent in SR (Group 1 = 16.1% vs. Group 2 = 24.7% vs. Group 3 = 24.5%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In CCS, rest and stress LA dilation and reservoir dysfunction are often present in paroxysmal and, more so, in permanent AF and are associated with more frequent inducible ischemia and pulmonary congestion during stress.

Myocardial Wringing and Rigid Rotation in Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Background: The motion of the heart is a result of the helicoidal arrangement of the myofibers in the organ's wall. We aimed to study the relationship between the wringing motion state and the degree of ventricular function in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA). Methods: Fifty patients with CA and decreased global longitudinal strain (LS) were evaluated using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. We have expressed LS as positive values to facilitate understanding. Normal twist, which occurs when basal and apical rotations occur in opposite directions, was coded as positive. When the apex and base rotate in the same direction (rigid rotation), twist was coded as negative. Left ventricular (LV) wringing (calculated as twist/LS, which takes into account actions that occur simultaneously during LV systole [ie, longitudinal shortening and twist]) was evaluated according to LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Results: Most of the patients (66%) who participated in the study were diagnosed with transthyretin amyloidosis. A positive relationship was observed between wringing and LVEF (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001). In advanced stages of ventricular dysfunction, rigid rotation appeared in 66.6% of patients with LVEF ≤ 40%, in whom negative values of twist and wringing were observed. LV wringing proved to be a good discriminator of LVEF (area under the curve 0.90, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval 0.79-0.97); for example, wringing < 1.30°/% detected LVEF < 50% with 85.7% sensibility and 89.7% specificity. Conclusions: Wringing, which integrates twist and simultaneous LV longitudinal shortening, is a conditioning rotational parameter of the degree of ventricular function in patients with CA.

Contexte: Les mouvements du cœur sont le résultat de l'orientation hélicoïdale des fibres des parois du cœur. L'objectif de notre étude était d'étudier le lien entre le mouvement « d'essorage ¼ et la fonction ventriculaire chez les patients atteints d'amylose cardiaque (AC). Méthodologie: Cinquante patients atteints d'AC et présentant une déformation longitudinale (DL) globale réduite ont fait l'objet d'une évaluation à l'aide de l'échocardiographie bidimensionnelle de suivi des marqueurs acoustiques. Nous avons choisi d'exprimer la DL en valeurs positives pour faciliter la compréhension des données. Une torsion normale, caractérisée par les mouvements de rotation opposés entre la base et l'apex du cœur, a été codée comme positive. Lorsque l'apex et la base opéraient une rotation dans la même direction (rotation rigide), la torsion était codée comme négative. Le mouvement « d'essorage ¼ du ventricule gauche (VG) (calculé comme le rapport torsion/DL, qui tient compte des actions survenant simultanément durant la systole du VG [c.-à-d., raccourcissement longitudinal et torsion]) a été évalué en fonction de la fraction d'éjection du VG (FEVG). Résultats: La plupart des patients (66 %) ayant participé à l'étude avaient reçu un diagnostic d'amylose à transthyrétine. Un lien positif a été établi entre le mouvement d'essorage et la FEVG (coefficient de corrélation [r] = 0,75, p < 0,0001). Aux stades avancés de la dysfonction ventriculaire, une rotation rigide a été observée chez 66,6 % des patients ayant une FEVG ≤ 40 % et chez qui les valeurs de torsion et d'essorage étaient négatives. L'essorage du VG s'est révélé être un facteur fiable de détermination de la FEVG (aire sous la courbe : 0,90; p < 0,001, intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 0,79-0,97); par exemple, un mouvement d'essorage < 1,30 °/% a permis de détecter une FEVG < 50 % avec une sensibilité de 85,7 % et une spécificité de 89,7 %. Conclusions: Le mouvement d'essorage, qui intègre simultanément la torsion et le raccourcissement longitudinal du VG, est un paramètre rotationnel qui influence le degré de fonction ventriculaire chez les patients atteints d'AC.

Abnormal echocardiographic findings after COVID-19 infection: a multicenter registry.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed health systems worldwide. There is conflicting data regarding the degree of cardiovascular involvement following infection. A registry was designed to evaluate the prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities in adults recovered from COVID-19. We prospectively evaluated 595 participants (mean age 45.5 ± 14.9 years; 50.8% female) from 10 institutions in Argentina and Brazil. Median time between infection and evaluation was two months, and 82.5% of participants were not hospitalized for their infection. Echocardiographic studies were conducted with General Electric equipment; 2DE imaging and global longitudinal strain (GLS) of both ventricles were performed. A total of 61.7% of the participants denied relevant cardiovascular history and 41.8% had prolonged symptoms after resolution of COVID-19 infection. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 61.0 ± 5.5% overall. In patients without prior comorbidities, 8.2% had some echocardiographic abnormality: 5.7% had reduced GLS, 3.0% had a LVEF below normal range, and 1.1% had wall motion abnormalities. The right ventricle (RV) was dilated in 1.6% of participants, 3.1% had a reduced GLS, and 0.27% had reduced RV function. Mild pericardial effusion was observed in 0.82% of participants. Male patients were more likely to have new echocardiographic abnormalities (OR 2.82, p = 0.002). Time elapsed since infection resolution (p = 0.245), presence of symptoms (p = 0.927), or history of hospitalization during infection (p = 0.671) did not have any correlation with echocardiographic abnormalities. Cardiovascular abnormalities after COVID-19 infection are rare and usually mild, especially following mild infection, being a low GLS of left and right ventricle, the most common ones in our registry. Post COVID cardiac abnormalities may be more frequent among males.

Reserva contráctil por fracción de eyección sola, o con elastancia. ¿Cuál es el mejor predictor de eventos luego de un Eco Estrés sin isquemia? / Contractile Reserve by Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Alone, o Considering Elastance. ¿Which is the Best Predictor of Events After a Stress Echo Without Ischemia?

RESUMEN Introducción: El comportamiento de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) durante el ejercicio se utiliza para medir la reserva contráctil (RC). La RC medida por elastancia podría tener mayor valor pronóstico. Objetivo: Establecer si la medición de la RC por elastancia añade valor pronóstico a largo plazo en relación al comportamiento aislado de la FEVI en pacientes con un Eco Estrés sin isquemia miocárdica. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, realizado en 904 pacientes con Eco Estrés con ejercicio sin isquemia. Se valoró la RC por FEVI y por elastancia. Se dividieron en 2 grupos: Grupo 1: RC por FEVI presente (a su vez este grupo se dividió en 2 subgrupos: Grupo 1 A, RC con elastancia presente y Grupo 1B: ausencia de RC por elastancia), y Grupo 2: pacientes con ausencia de RC por FEVI. El seguimiento fue de 17,7 ± 5,4 meses. Se consideraron como eventos: muerte, infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y/o internación de causa cardiovascular. Resultados: Del total del Grupo 1 (536 pacientes), 200 (37,3%) se incluyeron en el Grupo 1A y 336 (62,7%) en el Grupo 1B. En el Grupo 2, se incluyeron 368 pacientes. En el seguimiento, los pacientes del Grupo 2 tuvieron más eventos, 30 (8,1%) vs. 22 (2,6%) (HR 3,14, IC95% 1,95-5,9, log rank test p<0,001). Dentro del G1, los pacientes del Grupo 1B presentaron más eventos: 18 (5,3%) vs 4 eventos (2%) (HR 2,46 IC95% 1,06-7,3, log rank test p<0,05). En el modelo de regresión, la elastancia fue la única variable predictora de eventos (HR 3,2, IC95% 1,83-5,6, p<0,001). Conclusiones: En el Eco Estrés ejercicio negativo para isquemia, el comportamiento de la RC evaluada por elastancia permitió identificar un subgrupo de peor pronóstico a largo plazo en pacientes con comportamiento normal de la FEVI.

ABSTRACT Background: The behavior of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during exercise is used to measure contractile reserve (CR). CR measured by elastance could have greater prognostic value. Objective: To establish whether the measurement of CR by elastance adds long-term prognostic value to CR measured by LVEF in patients with a Stress Echo without myocardial ischemia. Material and methods: Retrospective study, carried out in 904 patients with an exercise Stress Echo without ischemia. CR was assessed by LVEF and by elastance. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: presence of CR by LVEF (in turn this group was divided into 2 subgroups: Group 1A, CR with elastance present, and Group 1B: absence of CR by elastance), and Group 2: patients with absence of CR by LVEF. The follow-up was 17,7 ± 5,4 months. Outcomes considered were death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and cardiovascular hospitalization. Results: 536 patients were included in Group 1, 200 (37,3 %) in Group 1A and 336 (62,7%) in Group 1B. In Group 2, 368 patients were included. At follow-up, patients in Group 2 had more events, 30 (8.1%) vs. 22 (2.6%) (HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.95-5.9, log rank test p <0.001). Within G1, patients in Group 1B presented more events: 18(5.3%) vs 4 (2%) (HR 2.46 CI 95% 1.06-7.3, log rank test p <0.05). In the regression model, CR assessed by LVEF and additionally by elastance was the only significant outcome predictor (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.83-5.6, p <0.001). Conclusions: In an exercise Stress Echo negative for ischemia, CR behavior evaluated by elastance allowed us to identify a subgroup with a worse long-term prognosis in patients with normal LVEF response.

Fisiopatología y pronóstico de la deformación longitudinal regional durante el eco estrés con dipiridamol / Pathophysiology and Prognosis of Apical Longitudinal Strain During Dipyridamole Stress Echocardiography

RESUMEN Introducción: El strain longitudinal apical regional permite corroborar el diagnóstico de alteraciones regionales de la motilidad parietal sobre una base cuantitativa, pero faltan datos sobre su valor pronóstico a largo plazo. Objetivos: Evaluar el correlato fisiológico y el valor pronóstico del strain longitudinal apical en el eco estrés con dipiridamol frente a la motilidad parietal. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, que incluyó 150 pacientes remitidos para eco estrés con dipiridamol. Se evaluó el strain longitudinal apical, la reserva coronaria (RC) de la arteria descendente anterior y el análisis visual de la motilidad parietal. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos. Grupo1: pacientes con strain longitudinal apical normal y Grupo 2: con strain anormal. Se realizó seguimiento por 36 ± 9,3 meses. Evento mayor fue definido como: muerte, infarto de miocardio, revascularización e internación por causa cardíaca. Resultados: Fueron incluidos en el análisis 142 pacientes (8 pacientes fueron excluidos por ventana ultrasónica subóptima), 87 (61,3%) en el Grupo 1 y 55 (38,7%) en el Grupo 2. No hubo diferencias en el strain longitudinal apical en reposo entre ambos grupos. Durante el apremio, los pacientes del Grupo1 evidenciaron mejor motilidad parietal visual y una RC más alta (p < 0,001). La RC y los cambios del strain longitudinal apical presentaron una correlación positiva (coeficiente r de Pearson = 0,89, p < 0,0001). En el seguimiento hubo 24 eventos mayores. Los pacientes del Grupo1 tuvieron una mejor supervivencia libre de eventos (p<0,01) y el strain longitudinal apical demostró ser un predictor independiente de evento, mejor que el análisis de motilidad parietal (p = 0,002 vs p = 0,1), en el análisis de regresión logística. Conclusiones: El strain longitudinal apical tiene muy buena correlación con: la reserva de velocidad del flujo coronario y se asocia mejor con el pronóstico a largo plazo. El strain longitudinal apical anormal durante el eco dipiridamol predijo un peor resultado, independientemente del análisis visual de la motilidad parietal.

ABSTRACT Background: Regional apical longitudinal strain can corroborate the diagnosis of regional wall motion abnormalities on a quantitative basis, but data on long-term prognostic value are lacking. Objectives: To evaluate the physiological correlate and the prognostic value of apical longitudinal strain versus wall motility during dipyridamole stress echocardiography. Methods: Retrospective study, which included 150 patients referred for dipyridamole stress echocardiography. Apical longitudinal strain, anterior descending artery coronary reserve, and visual analysis of wall motility were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1: patients with normal apical longitudinal strain, and Group 2: abnormal strain. Follow-up was carried out for 36 ± 9.3 months. Major event was defined as: death, myocardial infarction, revascularization and hospitalization for cardiac causes. Results. Eighty-seven patients (61.3%) in Group 1 and 55 (38.7%) patients in Group 2 were included (8 patients were excluded due to a suboptimal ultrasound window). There were no differences in apical longitudinal strain at rest between the groups. During the stress, Group 1 patients showed better visual wall motility and a higher coronary reserve (p < 0.001). The coronary reserve showed a linear correlation with the changes in the apical longitudinal strain (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.89, p < 0.0001). At follow-up, there were 24 major events. Group 1 patients had better event-free survival (p < 0.01) and apical longitudinal strain proved to be a better independent event predictor than wall motion analysis (p = 0.002 vs p = 0.1) in logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: Apical longitudinal strain has a very good correlation with physiological standards -coronary flow velocity reserve- and its association with long-term prognosis is better. Abnormal apical longitudinal strain during dipyridamole stress echocardiography predicted a worse outcome, regardless of visual wall motion analysis.

Long Term Prognostic Value of Contractile Reserve Assessed by Global Longitudinal Strain in Patients with Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricle (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) at rest has shown prognostic value in patients (pts) with severe aortic stenosis (SAS). Contractile reserve (CR) during exercise stress echo (ESE) estimated via GLS (CR-GLS) could better stratify the asymptomatic patients who could benefit from early intervention. AIMS: To determine the long-term prognostic value of CR-GLS in patients with asymptomatic SAS with an ESE without inducible ischemia. Additionally, to compare the prognostic value of CR assessed via ejection fraction (CR-EF) and CR-GLS. METHODS: In a prospective, single-center, observational study between 2013 and 2019, 101 pts with asymptomatic SAS and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 55% were enrolled. CR was considered present with an exercise-rest increase in LVEF (Simpson's rule) ≥ 5 points and > 2 absolute points in GLS. Patients were assigned to 2 groups (G): G1: 56 patients with CR-GLS present; and G2: 45 patients CR-GLS absent. All patients were followed up. RESULTS: G2 Patients were older, with lower exercise capability, less aortic valve area (AVA), a higher peak aortic gradient, and less LVEF (71.5% ± 5.9 vs. 66.8% ± 7.9; p = 0.002) and GLS (%) at exercise (G1: -22.2 ± 2.8 vs. G2: -18.45 ± 2.4; p = 0.001). During mean follow-up of 46.6 ± 3.4 months, events occurred in 45 pts., with higher incidence in G2 (G2 = 57.8% vs. G1 = 42.2%, p < 0.01). At Cox regression analysis, CR-GLS was an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events (HR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.09-3.58, p = 0.025). Event-free survival was lower for patients with CR-GLS absent (log rank test p = 0.022). CR-EF was not outcome predictive (log rank test p 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with asymptomatic SAS, the absence of CR-GLS during ESE is associated with worse prognosis. Additionally, CR-GLS was a better predictor of events than CR-EF.

Analysis of The Left Atrial Function Using Two-Dimensional Strain in Patients with Recent Diagnosis of Hereditary Hemochromatosis.

Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic condition associated with a systemic iron overload. Heart failure is an important cause of mortality. It has been demonstrated early stages of systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction in previous studies. The aim of the study is to compare the left atrial (LA) function between asymptomatic HH patients and a control group using 2D speckle tracking. Prospective study. LA strain, LA strain rate and LA volumetric parameters during the reservoir, conduit and contraction phases were studied. The LA Stiffness Index was calculated by the ratio between E/e and LA reservoir strain. 30 patients with HH (90% males, 47 ± 18 years old) and 30 healthy controls (85% males, 45 ± 13 years old) were included. LA volume was similar in both groups. No differences were observed in LA ejection fraction (EF), LA passive EF and LA active ejection fraction between both groups. On the contrary, the HH group had lower LA strain during the reservoir (31.5 ± 6.5% vs 38.3 ± 7.9%; P=0.002), and conduit phases (-18 ± 7% vs -23.3 ± 6.4%; P=0.01) and lower LA conduit strain rate (-1.7 ± 0.7 seg-1 vs -2.1 ± 0.5 seg-1; P=0.02) than controls. The LA stiffness index was significantly higher in the HH group (0.25 ± 0.9 vs 0.19 ± 0.6; P=0.01) Early abnormalities in the LA function could be detected by using 2D speckle tracking study despite no evidence of changes in atrial size or volumetric parameters.

Valoración de la reserva contráctil y cronotrópica en estudios de eco estrés negativos para isquemia miocárdica / Contractile and chronotropic reserve assessment in stress echocardiography studies negative for myocardial ischemia

RESUMEN Introducción: Si bien el principal objetivo del ecocardiograma estrés (EE) es analizar los cambios en la motilidad parietal, el análisis de otras variables como la reserva contráctil (RCon) por el método de elastancia y la reserva cronotrópica (RCro) permiten agregar valor pronóstico al estudio. No obstante, las mismas no suelen analizarse ni informarse en la mayoría de los estudios de EE en nuestro medio. Objetivos: Comparar las características clínicas y ecocardiográficas de pacientes a quienes se les realizó un EE con ejercicio negativo para isquemia miocárdica de acuerdo con la presencia o no de RCon y RCro. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo realizado sobre 73 pacientes con EE con ejercicio, sin isquemia. De acuerdo con la presencia o ausencia de RCon y RCro se los dividió en tres grupos. Grupo 1: presencia de ambas reservas; grupo 2: presencia de solo una reserva y grupo 3: ausencia de ambas reservas. La RCon se determinó mediante el cociente entre la tensión arterial sistólica y el volumen de fin de sístole tanto en reposo como en estrés (Valor normal: > 2) y la RCro se definió como el aumento mayor al 80% de la frecuencia cardíaca basal. Resultados: Se incluyeron 73 pacientes (64% varones, edad 63 ± 12 años). En el Grupo 1 se incluyeron 23 pacientes (62% varones, 59,8 ± 12,5 años), en el grupo 2, 29 pacientes (65% varones, 60,7 ± 13 años) y en el grupo 3, 21 pacientes (65% varones, 68,8 ± 7,8 años). Los pacientes sin ninguna reserva fueron más añosos y presentaron una tendencia a mayor prevalencia de los factores de riesgo tradicionales, más antecedentes de IAM y mayor uso de betabloqueantes. Desde el punto de vista ecocardiográfico, este mismo grupo presentó menores valores de fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) y strain longitudinal global (SLG) tanto en reposo como en esfuerzo, mayor masa ventricular, y en la ergometría menor cantidad de minutos de ejercicio realizado. Se realizó una regresión logística binaria con aquellas variables asociadas a la ausencia de RCon y RCro. La edad (OR 1,12, IC95% 1,02-1,22; p = 0,01) y el valor de SLG en reposo (OR 0,68, IC95% 0,51-0,90; p= 0,008) fueron las variables asociadas en forma independiente a la ausencia de ambas reservas. En una curva ROC, un valor de SLG de -18% fue el mejor punto de corte (área bajo la curva 0,72; IC 95% 0,57-0,87). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con EE negativo para isquemia miocárdica, y que además presentan ausencia de RCon y RCro tienen un perfil de riesgo más elevado. Esto podría estar asociado a mayor riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares durante el seguimiento.

ABSTRACT Background: While the primary objective of the stress echocardiography (stress echo) is to assess wall motion abnormalities, evaluation of other variables, such as contractile reserve (CR) via elastance, and chronotropic reserve (ChR), may add prognostic value to the study. However, these are unusually evaluated or reported in most stress echo studies in our field. Objectives: To compare clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in patients undergoing an exercise stress echo with negative results for myocardial ischemia based on the presence or absence of CR and ChR. Methods: A rRetrospective study in 73 patients, with exercise stress echo and no ischemia. Patients were divided into three groups, based on the presence or absence of CR and ChR. Group 1: presence of both; Group 2: presence of either of the two, and Group 3: absence of both. The CR was established using as the systolic blood pressure and end-systolic volume ratio, both at rest and under stress (normal value: >2), and the ChR was defined as a more than 80% increase in baseline heart rate. Results: The study enrolled 73 patients (64% males, aged 63±12 years). Group 1 included 23 patients (62% males, agedaged 59.8±12.5 years); Group 2 included 29 patients (65% males, aged 60.7±13 years), and Group 3 included 21 patients (65% males, aged 68.8±7.8 years). Patients with no reserve were older and showed a tendency to higher prevalence of traditional risk factors, a longer history of AMI and increased use of beta blockers. In the Echocardiographicallyechocardiographic study, his group had lower values of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) both at rest and under stress, a larger ventricular mass, and less minutes of exercise according toin the exercise stress test. A binary logistic regression was performed using variables associated with the absence of CR and ChR. Age (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.22; p=0.01) and GLS at rest (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.90; p=0.008) were variables independently associated with the absence of both reserves. On a ROC curve, a GLS of -18% was the best cutoff point (area under the curve 0.72). Conclusion: Patients with a stress echo negative for myocardial ischemia and absence of CR and ChR have a higher risk profile. This could be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events during the follow-up.

Influence of Ventricular Wringing on the Preservation of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Cardiac Amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of myocardial wringing on ventricular function in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA). METHODS: Fifteen healthy volunteers (group 1) and 34 patients with CA (17 with left ventricular ejection fractions [LVEFs] ≥ 53% [group 2] and 17 with LVEFs < 53% [group 3]) were evaluated using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. A control group of mass-matched patients (n = 20) with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and LVEFs ≥ 53% was also included. Longitudinal strain (LS), circumferential strain, and LV twist and torsion were calculated. Deformation index (DefI), a new parameter of wringing, calculated as twist/LS, that takes into account actions that occur simultaneously during LV systole (i.e., longitudinal shortening and twist), was evaluated. Torsional and wringing parameters were calculated according to LVEF. RESULTS: Lower global values of LS and circumferential strain were observed among patients with CA (LS: group 1, -20.6 ± 2.5%; group 2, -11.6 ± 4.1%; group 3, -9.0 ± 3.1%; circumferential strain: group 1, -22.7 ± 4.9%; group 2, -14.4 ± 8.0%; group 3, -13.6 ± 3.8%; P < .001 for both). Torsion did not vary between group 2 and group 1 (2.5 ± 1.1°/cm vs 2.7 ± 0.8°/cm, P = NS). In contrast, DefI was greater in group 2 than in group 1 (-1.8 ± 0.8°/% vs -1.0 ± 0.3°/%, P < .01). Torsion and DefI were lower in group 3 (1.2 ± 0.7°/cm and -1.1 ± 0.6°/%, respectively, P < .001 for both) than in group 2. DefI was similar in patients with LV hypertrophy (-1.7 ± 0.6°/%, P = NS) and group 2. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CA, preservation of LVEF depends on greater ventricular wringing. DefI, a parameter that integrates the twist and the simultaneous longitudinal shortening of the left ventricle, is a more accurate indicator of the efficacy of this mechanism.

Ecografía Doppler strain 2D en la evaluación de la función ventricular en pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de hemocromatosis hereditaria / Two-dimensional Strain Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Ventricular Function in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Hereditary Hemochromatosis

RESUMEN Introducción: La hemocromatosis hereditaria es una enfermedad genética que genera una sobrecarga sistémica de hierro, y en etapas avanzadas, puede afectar el corazón. El compromiso miocárdico precoz por esta enfermedad no ha sido suficientemente investigado. Objetivo: Comparar mediante ecocardiografía Doppler convencional y strain 2D un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de hemocromatosis hereditaria vs. un grupo control. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de hemocromatosis hereditaria, no tratados. Se les realizó un ecocardiograma Doppler convencional y con strain bidimensional para evaluar la deformación longitudinal, radial y circunferencial, y el giro y torsión del ventrículo izquierdo. Resultados: Participaron 23 varones con hemocromatosis hereditaria (46 ± 18 años) y 20 sujetos control (45 ± 15 años). No hubo diferencias en los espesores y tamaños ventriculares. Los pacientes con hemocromatosis hereditaria tuvieron una fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo menor (59 ± 4% vs. 62 ± 4 %; p = 0,01). No hubo diferencias en cuanto a ESPAM, TAPSE u onda s´ del ventrículo izquierdo. Se observó una disminución significativa del strain en los pacientes con HH, con mayor compromiso de la deformación radial (37 ± 12 % vs. 55 ± 17 %; p = 0,01) y circunferencial (−19,5 ± 2,8 % vs. −22,5 ± 2,8 %; p = 0,001), y, en menor medida, de la longitudinal (−19 ± 1,8 % vs. −21,1 ± 2,5 %; p=0,04). También este grupo tuvo menor rotación apical, menor giro (17,7 ± 13° vs. 25 ± 7°; p = 0,03) y menor torsión (2,3 ± 1,8 °/cm vs. 3,3 ± 1,1 °/cm; p = 0,03). No hubo correlación entre los diferentes tipos de deformación y los parámetros bioquímicos del metabolismo férrico. Conclusiones: La ecocardiografía y especialmente la evaluación del strain 2D es capaz de detectar de manera temprana ligeras alteraciones de la mecánica ventricular en pacientes asintomáticos, con sobrecarga sistémica de hierro por hemocromatosis hereditaria.

ABSTRACT Background: Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder characterized by systemic iron overload which can involve the heart in advanced stages. Early myocardial involvement has not been thoroughly investigated. Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of conventional Doppler-echocardiography and 2D strain echocardiography in a group of patients with newly diagnosed hereditary hemochromatosis vs. a control group. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed hereditary hemochromatosis without treatment were included. All the patients underwent conventional Doppler echocardiography and 2D strain echocardiography with evaluation of left ventricular longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain, twist and torsion. Results: Twenty-three male patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (46±18 years) and 20 male controls (45±15 years) were included. There were no differences in ventricular dimensions and wall thickness. Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (59±4% vs. 62±4%; p=0.01). There were no differences in MAPSE, TAPSE and left ventricular s' velocity. There was a significant decrease in global strain in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, with greater involvement of radial strain (37±12 % vs. 55±17%; p=0.01) and circumferential strain (-19.5±2.8% vs. -22.5±2.8%; p=0.001), and less involvement of longitudinal strain (-19±1.8% vs. -21.1±2.5%; p=0.04). Myocardial rotation showed lower twist (17.7±13° vs. 25±7°; p=0.03) and lower torsion (2.3±1.8°/cm vs. 3.3±1.1 °/cm; p=0.03). There was no correlation between the different strain parameters and iron metabolism. Conclusions: Echocardiography, and particularly 2D strain analysis can detect early abnormalities of ventricular mechanics in asymptomatic patients with systemic iron overload due to hereditary hemochromatosis.

El comportamiento del strain longitudinal regional depende de la reserva coronaria en un análisis simultáneo durante el eco-estrés con dipiridamol / The Behavior of Regional Longitudinal Strain Depends on Coronary Flow Reserve in a Simultaneous Analysis during Dipyridamole Stress Echocardiography

RESUMEN Introducción: Está poco estudiado el comportamiento del strain longitudinal regional y global en relación al valor de la reserva coronaria. Objetivos: Comparar el comportamiento del strain longitudinal apical y global con el valor de la reserva coronaria de la arteria descendente anterior y secundariamente comparar estas respuestas con el análisis visual de la motilidad parietal durante el eco-estrés con dipiridamol. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 179 pacientes (edad 68,7 ± 7,8), 90 hombres (50,3%). En el pico del efecto de dipiridamol, se midió la reserva coronaria, simultáneamente al strain longitudinal y el análisis visual de la contractilidad. Se organizó a los pacientes en dos grupos: grupo 1: reserva coronaria ≥ 2 y grupo 2: < 2. Strain apical se definió como el promedio de 4 segmentos apicales y global de los 17 segmentos. Se consideró normal a todo incremento del strain. Resultados: Se incluyeron 113 pacientes (63,12%) en el grupo 1 y 66 (36,87%) en el grupo 2. Strain apical: el 96,77% del grupo 1 incrementaron su valor con el apremio, mientras que, en el grupo 2, el 95,31% presentaron una caída (p < 0,0001). Strain global: el 82,8% del grupo 1 presentaron incremento de sus valores, en cambio, en el grupo 2, el 78,8% empeoraron (p < 0,01). Análisis de la motilidad parietal posdipiridamol: el 96,46% del grupo 1 tenían motilidad parietal conservada y el 54,5% del grupo 2 (solo en 4 pacientes aumentó el strain apical). Conclusiones: Se comprobó una estrecha correlación entre la reserva coronaria y el strain longitudinal. El strain longitudinal apical resultó ser superior del global. El strain apical demostró tener una mejor correlación con la reserva coronaria que con el análisis visual de la contractilidad.

ABSTRACT Background: The behavior of regional and global longitudinal strain in relation to the value of the coronary reserve is poorly studied. Objectives: Compare the behavior of the Apical and global longitudinal Strain with the value of the coronary reserve of the anterior descending artery and as a secondary aim compare these responses with the visual analysis of parietal motility during Echo Stress with Dipyridamole. Materials and methods: Retrospective study of 179 patients (age 68.7±7.8), 90 patients (50.3%) were men. At the peak of the dipyridamole effect, the coronary reserve was measured, simultaneously with the Longitudinal Strain and the visual analisis of contractility. Two groups were divided: Group 1: Coronary reserve ≥2 and Group 2: <2. Apical Strain was defined as the average of 4 apical segments and global as the average of the 17 segments. It was considered normal any increased of deformation. Results: 113 patients (63.12%) were included in Group 1 and 66 (36.87%) in Group 2. Strain Apical: 96.77% of Group 1 increased their strain values with the stress, while in group 2, 95.31% presented a worsening strain values (p<0.0001). Global Strain: 82.8% of Group 1 had an increase in their values, while in Group 2, 78.8% showed worsening (p<0.01). Post Dipyridamole parietal Motility Analysis: 96.46% of Group 1 had preserved parietal motility and only 54.5% of Group 2 (4 patients had increased apical Strain in this group). Conclusions: There was a close correlation between the coronary reserve of the anterior descending artery and the contractile reserve evaluated by regional apical longitudinal strain of the 4 apical segments, which was superior to the use of global strain. The Apical Strain showed a better correlation with ADA coronary reserve than with the visual analysis of contractility.

Perfiles ecocardiográficos del strain 2D permiten diferenciar a la amiloidosis cardíaca de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica con fracción de eyección conservada / Two-dimensional Strain Echocardiography Differentiates Cardiac Amyloidosis from Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Preserved Ejection Fraction

RESUMEN Introducción: La fracción de eyección es un parámetro débil para evaluar la función ventricular en la hipertrofia ventricular. Es de fundamental importancia analizar aspectos de la mecánica ventricular que podrían diferenciar una amiloidosis cardiaca de una miocardiopatía hipertrófica. Objetivo: Comparar el comportamiento del strain longitudinal y otros parámetros de la mecánica ventricular entre pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica y amiloidosis cardíaca ambos con fracción de eyección conservada. Material y métodos: Estudio comparativo, prospectivo realizado en 15 pacientes con amiloidosis cardíaca (Grupo G 1) y 15 pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica (G 2), ambos con fracción de eyección conservada (> 50%). Fueron analizados con ecocardiografía por seguimiento de marcas (speckle tracking), parámetros de strain y rotacionales del VI. El strain longitudinal se obtuvo a partir de planos apicales de 4, 3 y 2 cámaras. El strain circunferencial y la rotación ventricular a partir de planos transversales del VI. Se calculó el giro: suma de rotación apical y basal (°), torsión (giro / distancia base-ápex del VI (°/cm)) y los nuevos parámetros: producto de deformación (multiplicación entre el strain longitudinal global y el strain circunferencial apical); índice de deformación (°/%): (giro / strain longitudinal) y el cociente fracción de eyección / strain longitudinal global Resultados: Los pacientes con amiloidosis cardíaca presentaron valores significativamente menores de fracción de eyección (58,08% ± 6,16 vs. 67,15% ± 8,09; p = 0,012) y de strain longitudinal global (-12,61% ± 4,32 vs. -17,15% ± 3,95; p = 0,008) a expensas de los segmentos basales. No se constataron diferencias significativas con el giro, la torsión, el strain circunferencial y el radial. El producto entre strain longitudinal y el circunferencial apical resultó disminuido mientras que el cociente fracción de eyección / strain longitudinal global se encontró aumentado de manera significativa en los pacientes con amiloidosis. Conclusiones: El producto strain longitudinal x strain circunferencial apical y el cociente fracción de eyección / strain longitudinal global son parámetros útiles que permiten diferenciar pacientes con amiloidosis cardíaca de pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica.

ABSTRACT Background: Ejection fraction is a poor parameter to assess left ventricular function in ventricular hypertrophy. It is highly important to analyze aspectis of ventricular mechanics that could differentiate cardiac amyloidosis from hypertrophic car-diomyopathy. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare longitudinal strain and other ventricular mechanical parameters between patientis with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac amyloidosis, both with preserved ejection fraction. Methods: A comparative, prospective study was conducted in 15 patientis with cardiac amyloidosis Group (G) 1 and 15 pa-tientis with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (G2), both presenting preserved ejection fraction (>50%). Patientis were analyzed with speckle tracking echocardiography and strain and left ventricular (LV) rotational parameters. Longitudinal strain was obtained from apical 4-, 3- and 2-chamber planes. Circumferential strain and ventricular rotation were obtained from LV transverse planes. Twist: algebraic sum of apical and basal rotation (°), torsion [twist/LV base-apex distance (º/cm)] and the new parameters: deformation product (global longitudinal strain × apical circumferential strain); deformation index: twist/ longitudinal strain (°/%) and ejection fraction/global longitudinal strain ratio were calculated. Resultis: Patientis with cardiac amyloidosis presented significantly lower ejection fraction (58.08%±6.16 vs. 67.15%±8.09; p=0.012) and global longitudinal strain values (-12.61%±4.32 vs. -17.15%±3.95; p=0.008) at the expense of basal segmentis. No significant differences were found for twist, torsion, and circumferential and radial strain. The product between longitudinal strain and apical circumferential strain decreased, while the ejection fraction/global longitudinal strain ratio was significantly increased in patientis with cardiac amyloidosis. Conclusions: The product of longitudinal strain × apical circumferential strain and the ejection fraction/global longitudinal strain ratio are useful parameters that allow differentiating cardiac amyloidosis from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patientis.

Cirugía de reparación biventricular en pacientes con transposición de los grandes vasos, comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar: ¿Rastelli, Nikaidoh, REV? / Biventricular Repair in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries, Ventricular Septal Defect and Pulmonary Stenosis: Rastelli, Nikaidoh or REV Procedures?

Introducción: La corrección biventricular de la transposición de los grandes vasos con comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar incluye las cirugías de Rastelli, REV (reparation a l'etage ventriculaire) y Nikaidoh. El tratamiento de elección aún es controversial, dada la gran variabilidad anatómica de esta entidad y los resultados subóptimos de las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas propuestas. Objetivos: 1. Evaluar los resultados de las cirugías de corrección biventricular realizadas en nuestro hospital en los pacientes con transposición de los grandes vasos con comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar. 2. Comparar las cirugías de Rastelli y Nikaidoh en términos de morbimortalidad en el subgrupo de pacientes con comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 76 pacientes operados durante el período 1991-2015 en nuestro centro con técnica de Rastelli [n = 60 (78,9%)], Nikaidoh [n = 13 (17%)] y REV [n = 3 (4%)]. Resultados: En el posquirúrgico inmediato, 24 pacientes tuvieron disfunción ventricular, 18 arritmias y 11 estenosis subaórtica. Ninguno presentó insuficiencia aórtica significativa. En la evolución, con un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 9,9 años (± 6 años), 52 pacientes desarrollaron disfunción del conducto ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar, 14 pacientes obstrucción al tracto de salida ventricular izquierdo, 12 pacientes arritmias y 1 paciente insuficiencia aórtica moderada. La sobrevida alejada a los 5 y 10 años fue del 96% y a los 15 años, del 92%. El 55% de los pacientes requirieron reintervención a los 6,2 años (± 5), principalmente por disfunción del conducto ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar (77%). Murieron 9 pacientes, 7 de ellos en el posquirúrgico inmediato. La mortalidad se asoció con comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta (p = 0,02) y con disfunción ventricular (p = 0,02), arritmias (p = 0,01) y reoperaciones (p = 0,0000) en el posquirúrgico inmediato. En el grupo de pacientes con comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta, la cirugía de Rastelli presentó mayor mortalidad (p = 0,01) y obstrucción subaórtica en el posquirúrgico inmediato (p = 0,04) y alejado (p = 0,01) que la de Nikaidoh. Conclusiones: - Los pacientes con cirugía de Rastelli, Nikaidoh y REV tienen buena sobrevida alejada. - Las reintervenciones son frecuentes (55%), principalmente por disfunción del conducto ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar. - En los pacientes con comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta, la cirugía de Nikaidoh surge como mejor opción terapéutica que la de Rastelli.