Tonic action of endothelin type B and dopamine D3 receptors in spontaneously hypertensive and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats: effects of intrarenally applied selective antagonists.

Endothelins and renal dopamine contribute to control of renal function and arterial pressure in health and various forms of experimental hypertension, the action is mediated by tonic activity of specific receptors. We determined the action mediated by endothelin type B and by dopamine D3 receptors (ETB-R, D3-R) in anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. In rats of both hypertension models infused during 60 min into the interstitium of in situ kidney were either ETB-R antagonist, BQ788 (0.67 mg kg-1 BW h-1) or D3-R antagonist, GR103691 (0.2 mg kg-1 BW h-1). Arterial pressure (MAP), renal artery blood flow (RBF, transonic probe) and renal medullary blood flow (MBF, laser-Doppler) were measured along with sodium, water and total solute excretion (UNaV, V, UosmV). Experiments with ETB-R blockade confirmed their tonic vasodilator action in the whole kidney (RBF) and medulla (MBF) in both hypertension models. In SHR only, the first evidence was provided that ETB-R specifically increases transtubular backflux of non-electrolyte solutes. In DOCA-salt rats ETB-R blockade caused an early decrease in water and salt transport whereas an increase was often reported from many previous studies. The most striking effect of D3-R blockade in SHR was a selective increase in MBF, which strongly suggested tonic vasoconstrictor action of these receptors in the renal medulla; this speaks against prevailing opinion that D3 receptors are virtually inactive in SHR. In our model variant of DOCA-salt rats of D3-R blockade clearly caused a rapid major increase in MAP in parallel with depression of renal haemodynamics.

Sex-Linked Differences in Cardiac Atrophy After Mechanical Unloading Induced by Heterotopic Heart Transplantation.

No information is available about sex-related differences in unloading-induced cardiac atrophy. We aimed to compare the course of unloading-induced cardiac atrophy in intact (without gonadectomy) male and female rats, and in animals after gonadectomy, to obtain insight into the influence of sex hormones on this process. Heterotopic heart transplantation (HT((x)) was used as a model for heart unloading. Cardiac atrophy was assessed as the weight ratio of heterotopically transplanted heart weight (HW) to the native HW on days 7 and 14 after HTx in intact male and female rats. In separate experimental groups, gonadectomy was performed in male and female recipient animals 28 days before HT(x) and the course of cardiac atrophy was again evaluated on days 7 and 14 after HT(x). In intact male rats, HT(x) resulted in significantly greater decreases in whole HW when compared to intact female rats. The dynamics of the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) atrophy after HT(x) was quite similar to that of whole hearts. Gonadectomy did not have any significant effect on the decreases in whole HW, LV, and RV weights, with similar results in male and female rats. Our results show that the development of unloading-induced cardiac atrophy is substantially reduced in female rats when compared to male rats. Since gonadectomy did not alter the course of cardiac atrophy after HTx, similarly in both male and female rats, we conclude that sex-linked differences in the development of unloading-induced cardiac atrophy are not caused by the activity of sex hormones.

Immunologic risk stratification of pediatric heart transplant patients by combining HLA-EMMA and PIRCHE-II.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecular mismatch is a powerful biomarker of rejection. Few studies have explored its use in assessing rejection risk in heart transplant recipients. We tested the hypothesis that a combination of HLA Epitope Mismatch Algorithm (HLA-EMMA) and Predicted Indirectly Recognizable HLA Epitopes (PIRCHE-II) algorithms can improve risk stratification of pediatric heart transplant recipients. Class I and II HLA genotyping were performed by next-generation sequencing on 274 recipient/donor pairs enrolled in the Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation in Children (CTOTC). Using high-resolution genotypes, we performed HLA molecular mismatch analysis with HLA-EMMA and PIRCHE-II, and correlated these findings with clinical outcomes. Patients without pre-formed donor specific antibody (DSA) (n=100) were used for correlations with post-transplant DSA and antibody mediated rejection (ABMR). Risk cut-offs were determined for DSA and ABMR using both algorithms. HLA-EMMA cut-offs alone predict the risk of DSA and ABMR; however, if used in combination with PIRCHE-II, the population could be further stratified into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups. The combination of HLA-EMMA and PIRCHE-II enables more granular immunological risk stratification. Intermediate-risk cases, like low-risk cases, are at a lower risk of DSA and ABMR. This new way of risk evaluation may facilitate individualized immunosuppression and surveillance.

Nutritional value and sensory properties of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fillets enriched with sustainable and natural feed ingredients.

Declines across global fishery stocks forced aquaculture feed manufacturers to search for new and sustainable components. Therefore, the aim of study was assessing nutritional value and sensory properties of meat of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed for 116 days with two blends. The control feed contained 5% of fishmeal and vegetable oils (rapeseed and soybean) as sole fat sources. While in the experimental diet half of the fishmeal was replaced with a blend of microalgae (Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp.), macroalgae (Laminaria digitata) and vegetable oil was replaced with salmon oil. Proximate composition, energy value, fatty acid profile of meat, nutritional characteristics of fat and protein as well as culinary properties of fillets were assessed. Fillets of carp fed experimental diet had a higher level of protein, lower level of fat and energy value. Intramuscular fat of fish fed with the experimental diet had a better parameters of quality. Protein in the meat of fish from both groups was characterized by a high quality comparing to the protein standard. Our study showed that meat of carp fed with experimental feed enriched with sustainable and natural feed ingredients can be a sensorily attractive source of nutritious ingredients in the human diet.

Plasma biochemistry, gene expression and liver histomorphology in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with different dietary fat sources.

Demand for omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids has become global challenge for aquaculture and different components have been used to increase nutritional value of fillets. The aim of this study was to evaluate influences of feeds on zootechnical parameters, biochemical plasma parameters, expression of lipid-dependent genes, hepatocyte histomorphologies, and fatty acid profiles in common carp fillets. We compared a control diet (CTRL), mimicking a commercial feed formulation for common carp, with three diets containing blends of vegetable oils and a DHA-rich alga (Schizochytrium sp.) included at 3.125% (CB1) or 1.563% (CB2), and 2.1% salmon oil (CB3). The study revealed no differences in final body weight of fish fed CB1-3 diets in comparison with significantly lower CTRL. Concentrations of all biochemical parameters in plasma increased gradually in fish fed CB1-3 diets when compared to CTRL diet, with exception of triacylglycerol levels. Expression of hepatic fas, elovl-5a and pparα genes increased significantly in fish fed CB1 and CB2. Additionally, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accumulation in muscle tissue was directly proportional to the amounts supplied in the diets. Our study revealed that carp fillet profiles can be manipulated for DHA and EPA-contents using enriched diets, depending on the source of fat.

Quality improvement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) meat fortified with n-3 PUFA.

The effect of carp feeding with n-3 PUFA-enriched feed (Schizochytrium sp. meal or salmon oil) on nutritional quality indicators (proximal composition, fatty acid profile of fat) and culinary quality (color parameters, texture, sensory properties) was evaluated. Highly significant effects of carp nutrition on chemical composition and fat characteristics, L* and a* color parameters, muscle fiber size, endomysium thickness, moisture and taste of fillets were determined. Fillets obtained from carps fed with the experimental feed contained less protein and more crude fat and had larger muscle fibers, but scored more highly in the sensory evaluation of moisture and fishy taste. In the fat of carp fed the enriched feed, a greater share of total PUFA, n-3 PUFA, total EPA and DHA, n-3/n-6 ratio, and a smaller share of total MUFA were observed compared with control fish. However, no effect of nutrition on the texture of carp fillets, assessed either instrumentally or using sensory methods, was found. The use of Schizochytrium sp. meal as a source of EPA and DHA gave much better results than salmon oil, as it allowed a higher content of these valuable fatty acids to be achieved, without compromising quality.

Rapid blood pressure increase after renal denervation in anaesthetized rats: interaction of oxidative stress and neuronal nitric oxide synthase.

We showed previously that in anaesthetized rats acute noninvasive renal denervation (DNX) induced an increase in arterial blood pressure (MABP), unlike the usual hypotensive effect. Here we aimed to establish the background of such unusual response, especially the role of oxidative stress as suggested by an earlier study. The contribution of oxidative stress was explored by studying the effects on DNX-induced MABP increase of pretreatment with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (apocynin, APO), a powerful antioxidant and antihypertensive agent, and N(omega)-propyl-L-arginine (L-NPA), a blocker of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In anaesthetized Wistar rats maintained on standard (STD) or high-salt (HS) diet sequential right- and left-side DNX was performed. MABP responses were examined without pretreatment and after APO (20 mg/day on two preceding days) and L-NPA (1 mg/kg/h throughout experiment), given alone or combined. In untreated rats, bilateral DNX increased MABP by 6% on STD and 15% on HS diet (P < 0.01 or less); the difference between MABP responses was highly significant (P = 0.002). In STD rats APO or APO + L-NPA treatment failed to alter post-DNX MABP increases whereas L-NPA alone reversed the response and a significant 7% decrease occurred. In HS rats APO and L-NPA given alone reversed the MABP response and significant decreases of 14% (P = 0.001) and 8% (P = 0.01), were seen. Surprisingly, with L-NPA + APO pretreatment only abolishment (not reversal) of post-DNX pressure increase occurred. The results suggest that both systemic, intrarenal and brain oxidative stress, and excessive nNOS activity, mostly in the brain, determine the unexpected post-DNX pressure increase.

Arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation in rats with salt-induced blood pressure increase: minor hypotensive effect but improvement of renal haemodynamics.

High salt (HS) intake can lead to hypertension, probably the result of the predominance of vasoconstrictor reactive oxygen species over vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). We aimed to examine if the supposed NO deficiency and the resultant blood pressure increase could be corrected by supplementation of L-arginine, the substrate, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a co-factor of NO synthases. Wistar rats without known genetic background of salt sensitivity were exposed to HS diet (4%Na) for 10 or 26 days, without or with supplementation with oral L-arginine, 1.4 mg/kg b.w. daily, alone or together with intraperitoneal BH4, 10 mg/kg daily. Systolic blood pressure (SBP, tail-cuff method) was measured repeatedly and found to increase ~40 mmHg after 26 days; L-arginine and BH4 did not significantly attenuate this increase. At the end of chronic studies, in anaesthetized rats the diet- and treatment-induced changes in renal haemodynamics were assessed. HS diet selectively decreased (-30%, P < 0.03) the inner medullary blood flow (IMBF, laser-Doppler flux) without changing total or cortical renal perfusion. Arginine supplementation tended to raise all renal circulatory parameters, and distinctly increased IMBF, to 61% above the HS diet level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, unlike in confirmed genetically determined salt-dependent hypertension, L-arginine and BH4 supplementation failed to attenuate the SBP increase observed after exposure to HS diet. On the other hand, arginine increased total and regional renal perfusion, especially IMBF. This suggests that the delivery of arginine increased intrarenal NO synthesis, an action of renoprotective potential which presumably countered the harmful influence of the local tissue oxidative stress.

Long-course preoperative chemoradiation versus 5 × 5 Gy and consolidation chemotherapy for clinical T4 and fixed clinical T3 rectal cancer: long-term results of the randomized Polish II study.

BACKGROUND: This trial evaluated whether preoperative short-course radiotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy (CCT) were superior to chemoradiation in rectal cancers with clinical (c)T4 or fixed cT3. Previously, we reported early results showing no differences in the radical surgery rate (primary end point). In the short-course/CCT group, we observed lower acute toxicity of preoperative treatment and better overall survival (OS). We updated results to determine whether the benefit in OS was sustained and to evaluate late complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with cT4 or fixed cT3 rectal cancer were randomized either to preoperative 5 × 5 Gy and three cycles of FOLFOX4 or to chemoradiation (50.4 Gy with bolus 5-Fu, leucovorin and oxaliplatin). RESULTS: Patients (N = 515) were eligible for analysis, 261 in the short-course/CCT group and 254 in the chemoradiation group. The median follow-up was 7.0 years. The difference in OS was insignificant [hazard ratio (HR) 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-1.15; P = 0.38). However, the difference in early OS favouring short-course/CCT previously reported was observed again, being 9% at 3 years (95% CI 0.5% to 17%). This difference disappeared later; at 8 years OS was 49% in both groups. There was no difference in disease-free survival (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.75-1.19; P = 0.65) at 8 years 43% versus 41% in the short-course/CCT group versus the chemoradiation group, respectively. The corresponding values for cumulative incidences of local failure and distant metastases did not differ and were HR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.70-1.23, P = 0.60, 35% versus 32% and HR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.68-1.23, P = 0.54, 36% versus 34%, respectively. The rate of late complications was similar (P = 0.66), grade 3+ being 11% versus 9% in the short-course/CCT group versus the chemoradiation group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The superiority of preoperative short-course/CCT over chemoradiation was not demonstrated. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: The trial is registered as ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00833131.

Intraventricular placement of a spring expander does not attenuate cardiac atrophy of the healthy heart induced by unloading via heterotopic heart transplantation.

An important complication of the prolonged left ventricle assist device support in patients with heart failure is unloading-induced cardiac atrophy which proved resistant to various treatments. Heterotopic heart transplantation (HTx) is the usual experimental model to study this process. We showed previously that implantation of the newly designed intraventricular spring expander can attenuate the atrophy when examined after HTx in the failing heart (derived from animals with established heart failure). The present study aimed to examine if enhanced isovolumic loading achieved by implantation of the expander would attenuate cardiac post-HTx atrophy also in the healthy heart. Cardiac atrophy was assessed as the ratio of the transplanted-to-native heart weight (HW) and its degree was determined on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after HTx. The transplantation resulted in 32±3, 46±2, 48±3 and 46±3 % HW loss when measured at the four time points; implantation of the expander had no significant effect on these decreases. We conclude that enhanced isovolumic loading achieved by intraventricular implantation of the expander does not attenuate the development of cardiac atrophy after HTx in the healthy heart. This indicates that such an approach does not represent a useful therapeutic measure to attenuate the development of unloading-induced cardiac atrophy.

Sex-linked differences in the mortality in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats with aorto-caval fistula: effects of treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme alone and combined with inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase.

We found recently that in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats (TGR) addition of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHi) to treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), surprisingly, increased the mortality due to heart failure (HF) induced by creation of the aorto-caval fistula (ACF). Since TGR exhibit sex-related differences in mortality, we examined here if such differentiation exists also in the response to the treatment with ACEi (trandolapril), alone or combined with sEHi [cis-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)cyclohexyloxy]benzoic acid, (c-AUCB)]. ACEi improved survival in males to 74 % (vs. 0 %) and in females to 65 % (vs. 32 %). ACEi and sEHi combined also improved the survival in male ACF TGR, however, it was significantly less (38 %) than after ACEi alone. In contrast, in females the combined treatment significantly improved the final survival rate (84 %). There were no significant sex-linked differences in survival rate in untreated or treated normotensive Hannover Sprague-Dawley rats. In conclusion, in HF patients with co-existing hypertension and RAS hyperactivity, the sex may co-determine the rate of HF progression, and can influence the effectiveness of the therapeutic measures applied. Therefore, in the relevant pre-clinical studies the sex-linked differences should be seriously considered. Our data indicate that TGR might be an optimal model for such studies.

Evidence for the homogeneous ferromagnetic phase in (Ga,Mn)(Bi,As) epitaxial layers from muon spin relaxation spectroscopy.

Ferromagnetic semiconductor thin layers of the quaternary (Ga,Mn)(Bi,As) and reference, ternary (Ga,Mn)As compounds, epitaxially grown under either compressive or tensile strain, have been characterized from a perspective of structural and magnetization homogeneity. The quality and composition of the layers have been confirmed by secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). A thorough evaluation of the magnetic properties as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field has been performed by means of SQUID magnetometry and low-energy muon spin relaxation (µSR) spectroscopy, which enables studying local (on the nanometer scale) magnetic properties of the layers. The results testify that the ferromagnetic order builds up almost homogeneously below the Curie temperature in the full volume fraction of both the (Ga,Mn)As and (Ga,Mn)(Bi,As) layers. Incorporation of a small amount of heavy Bi atoms into (Ga,Mn)As, which distinctly enhances the strength of spin-orbit coupling in the quaternary (Ga,Mn)(Bi,As) layers, does not deteriorate noticeably their magnetic properties.

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme blockade, alone or combined with blockade of soluble epoxide hydrolase, on the course of congestive heart failure and occurrence of renal dysfunction in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats with aorto-caval fistula.

We showed recently that increasing kidney epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by blocking soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme responsible for EETs degradation, retarded the development of renal dysfunction and progression of aorto-caval fistula(ACF)-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats (TGR). In that study the final survival rate of untreated ACF TGR was only 14 % but increased to 41 % after sEH blockade. Here we examined if sEH inhibition added to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade would further enhance protection against ACF-induced CHF in TGR. The treatment regimens were started one week after ACF creation and the follow-up period was 50 weeks. RAS was blocked using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi, trandolapril, 6 mg/l) and sEH with an sEH inhibitor (sEHi, c-AUCB, 3 mg/l). Renal hemodynamics and excretory function were determined two weeks post-ACF, just before the onset of decompensated phase of CHF. 29 weeks post-ACF no untreated animal survived. ACEi treatment greatly improved the survival rate, to 84 % at the end of study. Surprisingly, combined treatment with ACEi and sEHi worsened the rate (53 %). Untreated ACF TGR exhibited marked impairment of renal function and the treatment with ACEi alone or combined with sEH inhibition did not prevent it. In conclusion, addition of sEHi to ACEi treatment does not provide better protection against CHF progression and does not increase the survival rate in ACF TGR: indeed, the rate decreases significantly. Thus, combined treatment with sEHi and ACEi is not a promising approach to further attenuate renal dysfunction and retard progression of CHF.

Effects of increased myocardial tissue concentration of myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids on the course of cardiac atrophy of the failing heart unloaded by heterotopic transplantation.

The present experiments were performed to evaluate if increased heart tissue concentration of fatty acids, specifically myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids that are believed to promote physiological heart growth, can attenuate the progression of unloading-induced cardiac atrophy in rats with healthy and failing hearts. Heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation (HT(x)) was used as a model for heart unloading. Cardiac atrophy was assessed from the ratio of the native- to-transplanted heart weight (HW). The degree of cardiac atrophy after HT(x) was determined on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after HT(x) in recipients of either healthy or failing hearts. HT(x) of healthy hearts resulted in 23+/-3, 46+/-3, 48+/-4 and 46+/-4 % HW loss at the four time-points. HT(x) of the failing heart resulted in even greater HW losses, of 46+/-4, 58+/-3, 66+/-2 and 68+/-4 %, respectively (P<0.05). Activation of "fetal gene cardiac program" (e.g. beta myosin heavy chain gene expression) and "genes reflecting cardiac remodeling" (e.g. atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression) after HT(x) was greater in failing than in healthy hearts (P<0.05 each time). Exposure to isocaloric high sugar diet caused significant increases in fatty acid concentrations in healthy and in failing hearts. However, these increases were not associated with any change in the course of cardiac atrophy, similarly in healthy and post-HT(x) failing hearts. We conclude that increasing heart tissue concentrations of the fatty acids allegedly involved in heart growth does not attenuate the unloading-induced cardiac atrophy.

Atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide changes after epicardial percutaneous left atrial appendage suture ligation using LARIAT device.

Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure is an alternative treatment for stroke and systemic thromboembolism risk reduction in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the neurohormonal impact of epicardial exclusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) with the LARIAT procedure is unknown. Evaluation of changes in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in AF patients underwent percutaneous LAA suture ligation. Sixty six patients underwent successfully percutaneous LAA suture ligation using LARIAT device. The level of ANP and BNP was measured before and 3 months after procedure. Mean ANP level before procedure was 249 ± 77 pg/mL (range from 95 pg/mL to 503 pg/mL) and mean BNP level was 481 ± 517 pg/mL (range from 34 pg/mL to 2508 pg/mL). Three months after procedure mean ANP level was 249 ± 79 pg/mL (range from 98 pg/mL to 492 pg/mL) and mean BNP level was 495 ± 526 pg/mL (range from 52 pg/mL to 2420 pg/mL). At 3 months follow up after percutaneous LAA suture ligation there were no significant differences in ANP and BNP levels.

Wurtzite (Ga,Mn)As nanowire shells with ferromagnetic properties.

(Ga,Mn)As having a wurtzite crystal structure was coherently grown by molecular beam epitaxy on the {1100} side facets of wurtzite (Ga,In)As nanowires and further encapsulated by (Ga,Al)As and low temperature GaAs. For the first time, a truly long-range ferromagnetic magnetic order is observed in non-planar (Ga,Mn)As, which is attributed to a more effective hole confinement in the shell containing Mn by the proper selection/choice of both the core and outer shell materials.

Vasodilatory responses of renal interlobular arteries to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids analog are not enhanced in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats: evidence against a role of direct vascular effects of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in progression of experimental heart failure.

Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of renal dysfunction and progression of congestive heart failure (CHF) remain poorly understood. Recent studies have revealed striking differences in the role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), active products of cytochrome P-450-dependent epoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid, in the progression of aorto-caval fistula (ACF)-induced CHF between hypertensive Ren-2 renin transgenic rats (TGR) and transgene-negative normotensive Hannover Sprague-Dawley (HanSD) controls. Both ACF TGR and ACF HanSD strains exhibited marked intrarenal EETs deficiency and impairment of renal function, and in both strains chronic pharmacologic inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) (which normally degrades EETs) normalized EETs levels. However, the treatment improved the survival rate and attenuated renal function impairment in ACF TGR only. Here we aimed to establish if the reported improved renal function and attenuation of progression of CHF in ACF TGR observed after she blockade depends on increased vasodilatory responsiveness of renal resistance arteries to EETs. Therefore, we examined the responses of interlobar arteries from kidneys of ACF TGR and ACF HanSD rats to EET-A, a new stable 14,15-EET analog. We found that the arteries from ACF HanSD kidneys rats exhibited greater vasodilator responses when compared to the ACF TGR arteries. Hence, reduced renal vasodilatory responsiveness cannot be responsible for the lack of beneficial effects of chronic sEH inhibition on the development of renal dysfunction and progression of CHF in ACF HanSD rats.

Evaluation of the Motivation to Consent to and to Refuse Organ Donation Among Participants of Educational Meetings Concerning Organ Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Improvement of the consent rate for solid organ donation from deceased donors is a key component of strategies applied in many countries aiming to increase the availability of organs for transplantation. Attitudes toward living and posthumous donation are favorable. Research shows that the outlook on organ donation and the degree of the willingness to become an organ donor are associated with a wide range of variables. The main objective of this study was to identify factors that influence the willingness to donate organs and the reasons for refusing consent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 191 participants (135 female and 56 male) aged 16 to 61 years (mean age 26.86 ± 12.88). A cross-sectional study was conducted during educational meetings concerning organ donation that was addressed to students, teachers, and nurses. Survey tools included the Individual Questionnaire: Study of attitudes toward transplantation, consisting of 26 closed questions (with the consent of the Statistical Office in Krakow). RESULTS: In all, 97.4% of the respondents accepted transplantation from living donors, and 95.8% accepted deceased donations. Of the respondents, 78.5% agreed to posthumous life-saving organ donation. There was a significant difference between the respondents' sex, age, social group, place of living, and the reasons for their willingness to donate organs both posthumously and during their lifetime, as well as reasons for refusal. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that the study group in general had favorable views on treatment involving transplantation and declared willingness to make a posthumous organ donation. These views vary depending on demographic variables. The education on the subject of organ and tissue donation has a positive impact on donation and transplantation rates.

Enhanced Recovery After Kidney Transplantation Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have gained widespread recognition in general surgery, decreasing the length of hospital stay while maintaining equivalent or lower morbidity and increased patient satisfaction. The feasibility of the ERAS protocol has not been studied in kidney transplantation. In this single-center retrospective case series, we describe the outcomes of 45 consecutive deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients subjected to a modified ERAS protocol, and we discuss the potential for future developments. METHODS: Included in the analysis were 45 consecutive deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients from August 2014 to July 2015 in the John Paul II Krakow Specialist Hospital, Krakow, Poland. All patients were subjected to a modified ERAS protocol. The primary outcomes were length of hospital stay and mortality and morbidity rates. A surrogate composite criterion for discharge was ability to attend the transplant clinic weekly with no need for dialysis. The secondary outcome was the rate of unplanned readmissions within the 1st 3 months after transplantation. RESULTS: The median hospital stay was 10 days (range, 6-46). There were no deaths or acute coronary or thromboembolic events. Serious complications requiring surgery occurred in 6.6% of recipients. Three-month graft survival was 97.8%. The unplanned readmission rate was 8.9%. CONCLUSIONS: ERAS protocol is feasible in deceased donor kidney transplantation and renders low morbidity rates and reasonable readmission rate. Further reduction of the length of the hospital stay can be expected with health care system financial policies.

Role of Personal Resources in Depression and Stress in Heart Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Heart transplantation is the primary option for heart failure treatment and increases the survival rate and the quality of life for recipients. However, this surgical intervention induces numerous psychological problems, such as depression and anxiety. Protective factors and personal recourses are a significant force behind healthy adjustment to life stresses. The aim of this study was to assess the role of personal recourses in terms of depression and stress in heart transplant recipients. METHODS: The study involved a sample of 131 post-heart transplant patients. Standardized instruments were used to measure the key constructs: Beck Depression Inventory Short Form for prevalence of depression, Perceived Stress Scale for prevalence distress, and Sense of Coherence (SOC-29), Life Orientation Test, and General Self-Efficacy Scale for measuring personal resources. RESULTS: We found that sense of coherence, optimism, and self-efficacy proved to be significant predictors for the prevalence of both depression and stress. CONCLUSIONS: These result suggest that the assessment of coping strategies and sense of coherence in heart transplant recipients requires exploration. Evaluating coping strategies and sense of coherence before surgery seems significant and begins with developing skills in this domain.