Clinical Characteristics as Predictors of Early and Delayed Cerebral Infarction in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients: A Meta-Analysis of 4527 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Predictors of delayed cerebral infarction (DCI) and early cerebral infraction (ECI) among aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients remain unclear. We aimed to systematically review and synthesize the literature on predictors of ECI and DCI among aSAH patients. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases comprehensively from inception through January 2024 for observational cohort studies examining predictors of DCI or ECI following aneurysmal SAH. Studies were screened, reviewed, and meta-analyzed, adhering to PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines. The data were pooled as Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using RevMan 5.4 software. Methodologic quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Our meta-analysis included 12 moderate to high-quality cohort studies comprising 4527 patients. Regarding DCI predictors, Higher severity scores (O.R.=1.49, 95%CI [1.12,1.97], P=0.005) and high Fisher scores (O.R.=2.23, 95%CI [1.28,3.89], P=0.005) on presentation were significantly associated with an increased risk of DCI. Also, the female sex and the presence of vasospasm were significantly associated with an increased risk of DCI (O.R.=3.04, 95%CI [1.35,6.88], P=0.007). In contrast, preexisting hypertension (p=0.94), aneurysm treatment (p=0.14), and location (p=0.16) did not reliably predict DCI risk. Regarding ECI, the pooled analysis demonstrated no significant associations between sex (P=0.51), pre-existing hypertension (P=0.63), severity (P=0.51), or anterior aneurysm location versus posterior (P=0.86) and the occurrence of ECI. CONCLUSION: Female sex, admission disease severity, presence of vasospasm and Fisher grading can predict DCI risk post-aSAH. Significant knowledge gaps exist for ECI predictors. Further large standardized cohorts are warranted to guide prognosis and interventions.

The effectiveness and safety of clazosentan in treating aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe event often complicated by cerebral vasospasm (CV). This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in reducing CV, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and the need for rescue therapy in aSAH patients, while evaluating its impact on functional outcomes and mortality. METHODS: We conducted a literature search across multiple databases to identify relevant studies evaluating the effects of clazosentan in aSAH patients. Both cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The primary outcomes were vasospasm incidence, moderate to severe vasospasm, DCI, and the need for rescue therapy. Secondary outcomes included functional outcomes, mortality, and adverse events. The data were pooled as Risk ratios (R/R) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) using RevMan 5.4 software. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies, including 10 published and one unpublished, comprising 8,469 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Clazosentan significantly reduced the incidence of vasospasm (R/R = 0.49: 0.34-0.70), moderate to severe vasospasm (R/R = 0.53: 0.46-0.61), DCI (R/R = 0.70: 0.59-0.82), and the need for rescue therapy (R/R = 0.65: 0.52-0.83) compared to placebo. However, no significant improvement in functional outcomes or mortality rates was observed. Clazosentan was associated with increased rates of pulmonary adverse events (R/R = 1.89: 1.64-2.18), hypotension (R/R = 2.47: 1.79-3.42), and anemia (R/R = 1.49: 1.23-1.79) but no increased risk of hepatobiliary adverse events or cerebral hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Clazosentan demonstrates efficacy in reducing vasospasm, moderate to severe vasospasm, DCI, and the need for rescue therapy in aSAH patients, but does not significantly improve functional outcomes or mortality rates. While associated with specific adverse events, clazosentan may be a valuable adjunctive therapy in the management of aSAH, particularly in a high-risk population for vasospasm.

Systolic blood pressure reduction strategies in acute ischemic stroke patients following endovascular thrombectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is no clear consensus on ideal systolic blood pressure (SBP) target post-endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke. This study intends to investigate the relationship between reducing SBP and clinical outcomes and to determine the therapeutic efficacy of moderate and intensive SBP reduction post EVT. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across five electronic databases to identify studies relevant to our analysis. Data from these studies were then analyzed using pooled relative risk (RR) along with their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for our categorical outcomes. functional independence at 90 days post-EVT was defined as a modified Rankin score (mRS) 0-2. RESULTS: Our meta-analysis included eight studies with 2922 patients: 1376 patients were treated with intensive SBP reduction, 306 with moderate SBP reduction, and 1243 with standard SBP reduction. There was no difference in the risk of functional independence at 90 days post-EVT with both intensive-SBP reduction (target 120-140 mmHg, relative risk (RR) =1.05, 95 % CI 0.82, 1.34, p = 0.72) and moderate-SBP reduction (>160 mm Hg) (RR= 0.95, 95 % CI 0.69, 1.31, p = 0.76) compared with standard SBP reduction (>180 mm Hg). The risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) did not significantly differ between standard-SBP reduction and intensive-SBP reduction (RR = 0.93, 95 % CI 0.66, 1.31, p = 0.36) or moderate-SBP reduction (0.72 (95 % CI [0.28, 1.87], p = 0.50) groups, respectively. Intensive-SBP reduction significantly decreased the risk of hemicraniectomy. CONCLUSIONS: We did not identify any difference in functional independence at 90 days in acute ischemic stroke patients with either intensive-SBP reduction or moderate-SBP reduction compared with standard SBP reduction post-EVT.

Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Endovascular Therapy for Cerebral Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet therapy is pivotal in endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms. However, there is a lack of studies comparing ticagrelor to clopidogrel in patients with aneurysms undergoing endovascular therapy. Additionally, the existing literature lacks adequate sample size, significant subgrouping, and follow-up, making our study important to cover these gaps. METHODS: We searched 5 databases to collect all relevant studies. Categorical outcomes were pooled as relative risk (R.R.) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). In the single-arm meta-analysis, outcomes were pooled as proportions and their corresponding 95% CI. RESULTS: This comprehensive analysis of 18 studies involving 2,427 patients. For thromboembolic events, the pooled (R.R.) did not show significant differences, whether considering overall events. A similar pattern was observed for thromboembolic events stratified by aneurysmal rupture status, with no significant differences in overall events. Hemorrhagic events did not also exhibit significant differences in previously mentioned stratifications. Furthermore, there were no substantial differences in death and mRS (0-2) on discharge between Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel. Single-arm meta-analyses for Ticagrelor demonstrated low rates of thromboembolic events, hemorrhage, death, and favorable mRS scores, with associated confidence intervals (CIs). Main line of endovascular treatment did not significantly affect either thromboembolic or hemorrhagic outcomes with Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant differences in key outcomes like thromboembolic events, hemorrhagic events, mortality rates, and favorable mRS (0-2) upon discharge in the studied patients between Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel. Moreover, the single-arm meta-analysis for Ticagrelor revealed low rates of thromboembolic events, hemorrhage, mortality, and high rates of favorable mRS scores.

Efficacy and safety of argatroban in the management of acute ischemic stroke: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a leading cause of death and disability. AIS is caused by an embolus or thrombus that restricts blood flow to the brain tissue. Despite intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy, a substantial number of patients do not achieve effective reperfusion. Argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, can potentially improve neurological outcomes in AIS patients. However, there are conflicting results in the medical literature regarding the efficacy and safety of argatroban in this context. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of argatroban as monotherapy or adjunct therapy for acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Five major databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy and safety of using argatroban alone or in combination with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) in the management protocol of the AIS. We used Review Manager Software (RevMan 5.4.1) for data analysis. RESULTS: We included 1393 patients from eight RCTs (of them, 726 were treated with argatroban alone or combined with r-TPA, while 667 received the placebo, standard therapy (standard treatments based on current guidelines including antihypertensive, antiplatelet agents, and statins) or endovascular r-TPA). Neither argatroban vs control nor argatroban with r-TPA vs r-TPA showed significant difference regarding the activity in daily living; (SMD= 1.69, 95% CI [-0.23, 3.61]; p = 0.09), (SMD= 0.99, 95% CI [-0.88, 2.86]; p = 0.30), respectively. Also, there was no significant difference in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at seven days, the number of patients achieving modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0-1 or 0-2 at 90 days (p > 0.05). Argatroban did not significantly increase the risk of adverse events or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), or major systemic bleeding compared to control or r-TPA (p > 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: Argatroban does not demonstrate superior efficacy compared to placebo or standard therapy in terms of ADL, NIHSS and mRS outcomes. Importantly, argatroban does not significantly increase the incidence of adverse events, including symptomatic ICH and systemic bleeding.

General Anesthesia Versus Conscious Sedation for Acute Ischemic Stroke Endovascular Therapy: A Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular thrombectomy (E.V.T.) is the primary treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Nevertheless, the optimal choice of anesthetic modality during E.V.T. remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize existing literature from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to guide the selection of the most appropriate anesthetic modality for AIS patients undergoing E.V.T. METHODS: By a thorough search strategy, RCTs comparing general anesthesia (G.A.) and conscious sedation (C.S.) in E.V.T. for AIS patients were identified. Eligible studies were independently screened, and relevant data were extracted. The analysis employed pooled risk ratio for dichotomous outcomes and the mean difference for continuous ones. RCTs quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool 1. RESULTS: In the functional independence outcome (mRS scores 0-2), the pooled analysis did not favor either G.A. or C.S. arms, with an RR of 1.10 [0.95, 1.27] (P = 0.19). Excellent (mRS 0-1) and poor (≥3) recovery outcomes did not significantly differ between G.A. and C.S. groups, with RR values of 1.03 [0.80, 1.33] (P = 0.82) and 0.93 [0.84, 1.03] (P = 0.16), respectively. Successful recanalization significantly favored G.A. over C.S. (RR 1.13 [1.07, 1.20], P > 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: G.A. had superior recanalization rates in AIS patients undergoing endovascular therapy, but functional outcomes, mortality, and NIHSS scores were similar. Secondary outcomes showed no significant differences, except for a higher risk of hypotension with G.A. More trials are required to determine the optimal anesthesia approach for thrombectomy in AIS patients.

Bilateral spontaneous vertebral artery dissection complicated by bilateral posterior cerebral artery occlusion in a migraine patient: a case report with systematic review.

Migraines being a possible risk factor for spontaneous multivessel cervical artery dissection has been previously introduced but rarely discussed in literature. We present the case of a 32-year-old man with a history of migraines and a 2-week history of bilateral neck pain who was found to have bilateral Vertebral Artery dissection by CT angiography. The patient's stroke's etiology was spontaneous dissection followed by thromboembolism caused by bilateral Posterior Cerebral Artery (P1) occlusion. Due to an inability to protect his airway, he was scheduled to have a tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Over the following weeks, the patient continued to be unresponsive to stimuli, unable to follow commands, and unable to exhibit active/purposeful movement. As a result, the patient was transitioned to inpatient palliative care with total parenteral nutrition. We conducted a systematic literature review querying four databases: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Academic Search Complete. Eligibility criteria were applied based on article type, title, abstract, and full text screening. Four case reports and three case-control studies discussing patients with a past medical history of migraines presenting with unilateral or bilateral vertebral artery dissection were identified and included in this review. We describe the possibility of the patient's migraine history and potentially associated vasculopathy as a predisposing factor in the development of Vertebral Artery Dissection. Further research is needed to fully understand the exact mechanism occurring that predisposes migraine patients to spontaneous arterial wall injury.

Safety and efficacy of tirofiban in the management of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: About 30 % of stroke patients have experienced unsuccessful reperfusion following endovascular therapy. Mechanical thrombectomy instruments may contribute to this by stimulating platelet aggregation. Tirofiban is a selective and rapidly activated antagonist of the platelets nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors that can reversibly suppress platelet aggregation. But, data from the medical literature are conflicting regarding its safety and efficacy for stroke patients. Hence, this study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of tirofiban in stroke patients. METHODS: Five major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane library) were searched till December 2022. The Cochrane tool was used for risk of bias assessment, and the RevMan 5.4 was utilized for data analysis. RESULTS: Seven RCTs with 2088 stroke patients were included. Tirofiban significantly increased the number of patients with mRS 0 score after 90 days than control; RR= 1.39, 95 %CI [1.15, 1.69]; p = 0.0006. Additionally, it reduced the NIHSS score after seven days; MD= -0.60, 95 %CI [-1.14, -0.06]; p = 0.03. However, tirofiban increased the incidence of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH); RR= 1.22, 95 %CI [1.03, 1.44]; p = 0.02. Other assessed outcomes showed insignificant results. CONCLUSIONS: Tirofiban was associated with a higher mRS 0 score after three months and a lower NIHSS score after seven days. However, it is associated with higher ICH. Multicentric trials are required to provide more convincing proof of its utility.

Diffusion tensor imaging with tractography in surgical resection of brainstem cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Brainstem cavernous malformations are benign subset of cerebral cavernous malformations, which need a special intervention owing to being vital and complex. The diffusion tensor imaging technique, a well-recognized neuroimaging tool, can visualize the white matter tracts and their surroundings and provide promising surgical outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect of preoperative diffusion tensor imaging in patients undergoing surgical resection of brainstem cavernous malformations. Five databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, were searched using a comprehensive search strategy to find any article matching our inclusion criteria. We used Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software to analyze the collected data, get the evidence, and report the results as event rate (ER), with their 95% confidence interval (CI). Twenty-eight studies involving 467 patients matched our criteria and 19 studies entered the analysis. Our analysis showed that, in patients undergoing surgical resection of brainstem cavernous malformations assisted by preoperative diffusion tensor imaging, 82.21% achieved total resection. About 12.4% of patients achieved partial resection, 65.65% improved, 8.07% worsened, 25.04% showed no change, 3.59% experienced postoperative re-bleeding, and 0.87% died. The utilization of preoperative diffusion tensor imaging significantly increased the proportion of improved patients and decreased the proportion of worsened patients. However, further controlled research is needed to draw a definite conclusion about the usefulness of its role.

Comparison of Burr-Hole Craniostomy versus Twist-Drill Craniostomy Operations for Patients with Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) represents one of the most common neurologic disorders in the elderly. However, the optimum surgical option remains questionable. This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy of single burr-hole craniostomy (sBHC), double burr-hole craniostomy (dBHC), and twist-drill craniostomy (TDC) in patients with CSDH. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science until October 2022 for prospective trials. Primary outcomes comprised recurrence and mortality. The analysis was performed using R software, and the results were reported as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Data from 11 prospective clinical trials were included in this network meta-analysis. We found that dBHC significantly decreased recurrence and reoperation rates compared with TDC (RR = 0.55, CI, 0.33-0.90 and RR = 0.48, CI, 0.24-0.94, respectively). However, sBHC showed no difference compared with dBHC and TDC. There was no significant difference among dBHC, sBHC, and TDC regarding the hospitalization duration, complication rates, mortality, and cured rates. CONCLUSIONS: dBHC seems to be the best modality for CSDH compared with sBHC and TDC. It showed significantly less recurrence and reoperation rates compared with TDC. On the other hand, dBHC showed no significant difference with the other comparators regarding complication, mortality, and cure rates in addition to the hospitalization duration.

Jarcho-Levin Syndrome with Splenic Herniation: A Rare Presentation.

BACKGROUND Jarcho-Levin syndrome, also known as spondylothoracic dysplasia and spondylocostal dysplasia, is characterized by varieties of vertebrae and rib anomalies. Jarcho-Levin syndrome is a clinical-radiological diagnosis with clinical evidence of short neck, short trunk, normal-sized limbs, or increased arm span, and vertebral and rib defects on the skeletal survey. CASE REPORT About 400 cases have been reported in world literature and 18 in our Indian literature. We report the case of a one-day-old female baby with a short trunk, short neck, low hairline, apparently long limbs, protuberant abdomen, mild midfacial dysmorphism, low-set ears, and a high-arched palate. There was one cystic swelling over the lateral side of the left hypochondrium sized about 3×3 centimeters, nonpusatile; the skin over the swelling was normal color and free. Radiological findings showed crowding of ribs with pebble-like appearance of the vertebrae and diastematomyelia of the spinal cord (type 2). We report here the first case of Jarcho-Levin syndrome with splenic herniation. To the best of our knowledge there have been no case reports of Jarcho-Levin syndrome with splenic herniation in the literature. CONCLUSIONS Jarcho-Levin syndrome can be easily diagnosed by clinical-radiological findings in newborns, with short trunk having a high index of suspicion. Prenatal diagnosis using level 2 ultrasonography can make it easier to manage the baby after delivery. Management should be from the basic neonatal care to prevention and immediate treatment of recurrent respiratory infections. Spinal surgical intervention to improve the thoracic volume and hence decrease the pulmonary restriction has been tried.