A Phase I Trial of Weekly Nab-paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin With Thoracic Radiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and recommended dose of nab-paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin and thoracic radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nab-paclitaxel was administered weekly with escalating doses, combined with carboplatin area under the curve (AUC) 2 and concurrent standard thoracic radiotherapy. Escalating doses of nab-paclitaxel were as follows: level 0, 30 mg/m2; level 1, 35 mg/m2; level 2, 40 mg/m2; level 3, 45 mg/m2 Results: Twelve patients were enrolled and received the treatment according to the protocol; seven patients (58%) had squamous cell carcinoma and all cases had stage III disease. At level 1, none of the three patients experienced dose limiting toxicity (DLT). At level 2, one of the first three patients experienced a fatal DLT of bronchopulmonary hemorrhage. None of the three more additional patients experienced DLT. At level 3, two of the three patients experienced a DLT of grade 3 febrile neutropenia and grade 4 neutropenia, respectively. Consolidation chemotherapy was provided to 10 of 12 patients. Radiation pneumonitis developed in five of 12 patients (42%). Eight patients (66.7%) showed partial response, and four (33.3%) showed stable disease. For the above reasons, level 2 (40 mg/m2) was considered the recommended dose in this study. CONCLUSION: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with weekly nab-paclitaxel (40 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 2) is a feasible and well-tolerated regimen in patients with previously untreated locally advanced NSCLC. A phase II trial with this regimen is warranted.

Primary adrenal Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors with tumor thrombus of the inferior vena cava: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm that mainly occurs in skeletal tissue but can rarely arise in soft tissues. Recently, small round cell tumors (including Ewing's sarcoma) caused by chromosomal translocations have been collectively termed Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors. We report a rare case of primary adrenal Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors with tumor thrombus. CASE PRESENTATION: A 22-year-old Asian woman was referred to our hospital with a left retroperitoneal tumor 19 cm in diameter. Tumor thrombus was identified from the left adrenal vein to the inferior vena cava, infiltrating the right atrium. Total tumor excision with left adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, and thrombectomy was performed under hypothermic circulatory arrest, followed by seven courses of adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient has shown no signs of recurrence as of 26 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Radical surgery combined with systemic chemotherapy may contribute to good prognosis in patients with primary adrenal Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors.

Carboplatin plus Weekly Paclitaxel with Bevacizumab for First-line Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of weekly paclitaxel (PTX) combined with carboplatin (CBDCA) plus bevacizumab (BEV), followed by maintenance BEV in patients with advanced NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with unresectable stage IIIB and IV NSCLC (n=43) were treated with CBDCA (AUC 6, day 1), BEV (15 mg/kg, day 1), and PTX (70 mg/m(2), days 1, 8, 15) intravenously every 4 weeks, for 3 to 6 cycles, followed by maintenance BEV (15 mg/kg) every 3 weeks. RESULTS: The objective response rate and disease control rate were 67.4% and 90.7%, respectively. The median progression-free survival was 7.6 months. The median overall survival was 17.7 months. Common adverse events were tolerable bone marrow suppression, fatigue, hypertension, and nasal bleeding. CONCLUSION: Weekly administration of PTX combined with CBDCA plus BEV therapy was effective, and well-tolerated by advanced NSCLC patients.

Young adult onset systemic Epstein-Barr virus-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders of childhood.

A 20-year-old woman had a fever, pancytopenia, and liver failure, and was suspected to be suffering from chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, based on the detection of high EBV-DNA and EBV antibody titers at another hospital. At our institution one month later, clinical manifestations had diminished, and antibody titers had decreased but remained elevated relative to normal levels. Four days later, the patient required hospitalization due to fever, liver damage, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Bone marrow examination and lymph node biopsy results showed EBV-positive cytotoxic T-cells that were predominantly CD4-positive. The disease followed a fulminant course and the patient died of multiple organ failure on hospitalization day 11. Because complicated chromosomal aberrations and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements were identified, we diagnosed her as having systemic EBV-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of childhood. This disease type includes a lymphoproliferative disorder that is associated with chronic active EBV infection. However, it is clinically different from the type following acute EBV infection. We consider distinguishing between these two types to be important for selecting an early diagnostic procedure and the optimal therapy.

Effect of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin on clinical outcomes of patients with coagulopathy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

From 2001 to 2012, 71 individuals with hematological diseases received HSCT in our institution. Of these, 41 developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in association with various underlying conditions. The patients who developed DIC after 2008 (n = 23) were treated by recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM), and the others (n = 11) were treated by either heparin and/or antithrombin III concentrate. Seven patients did not receive any anticoagulant therapy. Of note, treatment for coagulopathy by rTM significantly improved clinical outcomes of patients at day 100 and dramatically prolonged their overall survival (P = 0.044). Taken together, rTM is useful to improve clinical outcomes of transplant recipients with coagulopathy.

A novel lung injury animal model using KL-6-measurable human MUC1-expressing mice.

KL-6, an epitope of MUC1 mucin expressed on type II pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelia in humans, is a sensitive serum marker for interstitial pneumonia. However, an in vivo model for KL-6 has not been established because no KL-6 epitope is expressed in animals other than humans and apes. To investigate whether KL-6 is detectable in human MUC1-expressing (hMUC1-exp) mice and whether KL-6 level reflects the degree of lung injury, we examined serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of KL-6 and surfactant protein-D (SP-D) in either lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury models. KL-6 was expressed on type II pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelial cells in naïve hMUC1-exp mice. Serum KL-6 levels in these mice were comparable to those in humans, and KL-6 levels in BALF were significantly higher than those in sera. In the LPS model, KL-6 levels in sera and BALF were slightly increased, although SP-D levels were markedly increased. During the inflammatory phase in the BLM model, KL-6 levels in sera were greatly increased, but those in BALF were decreased. Serum KL-6 levels were positively correlated with BALF albumin levels, a representative marker for increased the alveolar-capillary permeability. SP-D levels in sera and BALF were significantly increased compared to the corresponding levels in the LPS model. The increase in serum KL-6 levels appeared to be associated with the disruption of alveolar-capillary barrier after BLM-induced lung injury. This hMUC1-exp mouse can be used for assessment of KL-6 in vivo during lung injury.

Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin safely and effectively rescues acute promyelocytic leukemia patients from disseminated intravascular coagulation.

We treated individuals for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) caused by acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) (n=9) using human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy, and compared the clinical outcomes with historical control patients (n=8) treated with ATRA and/or chemotherapy. Two control patients developed intracranial vascular incidents. On the other hand, no bleeding related mortality was noted in rTM-treated patients. Notably, treatment with rTM rescued patients from DIC earlier than historical controls (log rank test, p=0.019). These results suggest that administration of rTM should be considered for the treatment of individuals with DIC associated with APL.

Thrombomodulin enhances the antifibrinolytic and antileukemic effects of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.

This study found that levels of thrombomodulin (TM) were downregulated in freshly isolated leukemia cells from patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL, n = 7) and acute myelogenous leukemia (n = 14), as compared with CD34(+)/CD38(-) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and CD34(-)/CD33(+)/CD11b(-) promyelocytes isolated from healthy volunteers (n = 3). Exposure of APL NB4 cells to recombinant human soluble TM (rTM, 1500 ng/mL) inhibited clonogenic growth of these cells by approximately 30%, and induced expression of CD11b, a marker of myeloid differentiation, on their surfaces, in association with upregulation of nuclear levels of myeloid-specific transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ε. These antileukemic effects of rTM were mediated by thrombin/activated protein C-dependent mechanisms, as hirudin, an inhibitor of thrombin and a blocking antibody against endothelial receptor for protein C to which activated protein C binds, hampered the ability of rTM to induce expression of CD11b in NB4 cells. This study also found that rTM downregulated expression of Annexin II, a receptor for both plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator, and inhibited plasmin activity in APL cells. Interestingly, rTM significantly enhanced the ability of all-trans retinoic acid to induce growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and inhibited plasmin activity in APL cells. Taken together, these results suggest that administration of rTM should be considered for treatment of individuals with disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with APL.

[A case of sarcoidosis following chemotherapy for follicular lymphoma].

A 53-year-old man, who had received salvage chemotherapy for follicular lymphoma, complained of fever and dry cough. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest showed bilateral diffuse ground-glass opacities with weak F18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography. Transbronchial lung biopsy specimens revealed noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas. His serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level was elevated and ophthalmologic examination showed uveitis. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed, he was treated with corticosteroid eye drops, and his chest ground-glass opacities spontaneously resolved after 2 months. Here, we report a rare case of sarcoidosis with a review of the literature.

[A case of tumor microembolism diagnosed by perfusion scan and transbronchial lung biopsy].

A 70-year-old woman with breast cancer treated with hormonal therapy had progressive shortness of breath for one month. Chest radiograph and computed tomography showed mild interstitial changes, but could not account for her respiratory failure. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis, drug-induced pneumonitis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis, opportunistic infection, and pulmonary edema were considered in the differential diagnosis of the CT findings. A perfusion scan revealed numerous small subsegmental perfusion defects in both lung fields. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) contained some cancer cells, suggesting lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Transbronchial biopsy (TBLB) specimen showed tumor emboli in small pulmonary arteries. Immunohistochemical findings of TBLB specimen were consistent with breast cancer cells. A diagnosis of tumor microembolism caused by breast cancer metastasis was made. Antemortem diagnosis of tumor microembolism is very difficult. Here, we report a case of tumor microembolism diagnosed by perfusion scan and TBLB.