Análisis de las horas de trabajo autónomo al implementarse el sistema de créditos en odontología / Analysis of self-employed hours when implementing the credit system in dentistry

Introducción: El Sistema de Créditos Transferibles fue desarrollado para traducir la carga de trabajo de los estudiantes en créditos académicos que son reconocidos en todos los países, apuntando al logro del aprendizaje. El aprendizaje autónomo es un objetivo que la mayoría de los programas educativos promueven como una opción estratégica para conectar la profesión, el entorno de estudio y las expectativas profesionales. Objetivo: Analizar las horas de trabajo autónomo utilizadas por los estudiantes para lograr los resultados de aprendizaje determinados en los programas de asignaturas, su efectividad en cuanto al rendimiento académico y su correspondencia con lo establecido en el plan de estudio, ajustado al Sistema de Créditos Transferibles. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo transversal retrospectivo a partir de datos de un registro manual de estudiantes (n = 54) y docentes (n = 6) respecto a seis asignaturas de primer nivel de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede Temuco. Resultados: Los análisis revelan una incoherencia entre las horas de trabajo autónomo utilizadas por los estudiantes con respecto a lo establecido en el plan de estudio y las horas de trabajo extra-aula estimadas por los profesores. Conclusión: Se concluye que la implementación del Sistema de Créditos Transferibles por sí sola no asegura una mejora en el desempeño de los estudiantes, requiriendo revisar el procedimiento institucional para definirlas; por parte de los docentes una mayor apropiación de los resultados de aprendizajes y la didáctica necesaria para orientar a los estudiantes a obtener un mayor rendimiento del trabajo autónomo, por otro lado, los estudiantes deben ser responsables del uso consciente de dichas horas(AU)

Introduction: The Transferable Credit System was developed to translate student workload into academic credits that are recognized in all countries, aiming at learning achievement. Autonomous learning is an objective that most educational programs promote as a strategic option to connect career, study environment and professional expectations. Objective: Analyzing the hours of autonomous work used by students to achieve the learning outcomes determined in the subject programs, their effectiveness in terms of academic performance and their correspondence with what is established in the study plan, adjusted to the Transferable Credit System. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive analysis was carried out using data from a manual record of students (n= 54) and teachers (n= 6) regarding six first level subjects of the Dentistry course of the Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco campus. Results: The analysis revealed an incoherence between the hours of autonomous work used by the students with respect to what is established in the study plan and the hours of extra-classroom work estimated by the professors. Conclusion: It is concluded that the implementation of the Transferable Credit System alone does not ensure an improvement in student performance, requiring a review of the institutional procedure to define them; on the part of teachers a greater appropriation of the learning outcomes and the didactics necessary to guide students to obtain a higher yield of autonomous work, on the other hand, students must be responsible for the conscious use of these hours(AU)

Educación Meditativa, una metodología para el autocuidado de académicos universitarios / Meditative Education, a Methodology for Self-care of University Scholars

Introducción: Dentro de la cultura organizacional, el profesor universitario es un agente clave para el logro de los aprendizajes, coordinando diariamente las solicitudes de las asignaturas y carrera, junto a las necesidades estudiantiles. Por esto, la docencia es una de las profesiones con mayor riesgo de padecer estrés, así como ansiedad y depresión. Con el objetivo de disminuir dichos factores se han creado programas para docentes con diversas actividades que promueven el autocuidado. Objetivo: Demostrar la efectividad del Programa de Educación Meditativa del Sistema Isha Judd en la disminución de los niveles de estrés, depresión y ansiedad de docentes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile. Métodos: Se desarrollaron 10 talleres presenciales dirigidos por facilitadores del Sistema ISHA Judd. Los inscritos se dividieron en tres grupos que sesionaron los lunes, en horarios diferidos (n = 22). Las reuniones fueron cada 15 días, cada sesión se dividió en seis momentos. En la primera y última sesión se realizaron Test Depresión y Ansiedad de Beck, Escala de Autoestima de Rossemberg, Escala de Estrés Percibido y encuesta de bienestar del Sistema Isha Judd. Resultados: El nivel de estrés del grupo bajó en 7,2 puntos pasando de moderado a bajo, el nivel de depresión bajó significativamente, al igual que los valores de ansiedad, llegando a leve y mínimo. El nivel de autoestima inicialmente estaba en el rango alto y al finalizar se mantuvo en el mismo rango, pero mejorando el puntaje promedio en 1,88. Conclusión: En aquellos docentes que cumplieron con los requerimientos mínimos del programa, esta metodología impactó positivamente en su satisfacción, mejorando en promedio sus niveles de estrés, ansiedad, depresión y autoestima. Este estudio presenta limitaciones por el número y tipo de muestra por lo que se sugiere realizar una segunda etapa(AU)

Introduction: Within the organizational culture, the university professor is a key agent for the achievement of learning, coordinating daily the requests of the subjects and majors, together with the students' needs. For this reason, teaching is one of the professions with the highest risk of experiencing stress, as well as anxiety and depression. In order to reduce these factors, programs have been created for teachers with various activities that promote self-care. Objective: To demonstrate the effectiveness of the Meditative Education Program of the Isha Judd System in reducing the levels of stress, depression and anxiety in teachers of the School of Health Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Chile. Methods: Ten face-to-face workshops were conducted by facilitators of the Isha Judd System. The participants were divided into three groups that met on Mondays, at different times (n = 22). The meetings were held every 15 days, each session was divided into six moments. In the first and last session, Beck's Depression and Anxiety Test, Rossemberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and the Isha Judd System wellbeing survey were applied. Results: The stress level of the group decreased by 7.2 points, going from moderate to low, the depression level decreased significantly, as did the anxiety values, reaching mild and minimal. The level of self-esteem was initially in the high range and at the end it remained in the same range, but the average score improved by 1.88 points. Conclusion: In those teachers who met the minimum requirements of the program, this methodology had a positive impact on their satisfaction, improving on average their levels of stress, anxiety, depression and self-esteem. This study has limitations due to the number and type of sample, so a second stage is suggested(AU)

Forensic odontology: Wrong convictions, "bad apples" and "the innocence files".

Forensic odontology (FO) provides expert testimony; however, new criticism has identified FO as one of the fields that must strengthen its scientific foundations. The recent Netflix documentary titled "The Innocence Files", featuring wrongful convictions, dedicates three of its nine episodes almost exclusively to bite mark identification (BMI), one of the most questioned tests performed by FO. Although most of the FO fields have an undoubted utility in forensic and juridical context, only BMI has been questioned in recent years; the derogatory expression "Junk science" is used continuously in the documentary almost as a synonym for FO. We present a scoping review of cases reported in the US National Registry of Exonerations in which FO was false or misleading forensic evidence (F/MFE) leading to wrongful convictions. Although in the 26 cases identified the only declared F/MFE was the BMI (excluding any other type of dental expertise), only in 2 cases (7.69%) was F/MFE the sole contributing factor, and in 4 cases (15.38%) there was F/MFE plus three additional factors. Official misconduct was detected in 19 cases (73.08%) and perjury or false accusation in 16 cases (61.54%). It has already been mentioned how dangerous it is to consider FO as synonymous with "bite mark identification", or even to publicly provide incorrect or decontextualized information. This review shows that erroneous convictions have been exclusively in the field of BMI, and that FO encompasses much more than just BMI. The relationship between the media and forensic sciences has been strained. The perspective of the new culture of risk management in forensics is also discussed.

Effects of natural extracts in the treatment of oral ulcers: A systematic review of evidence from experimental studies in animals.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinical and histopathological effects of natural extracts in the treatment of oral ulcers induced in animal experimental models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a search in the Medline, Scopus, WoS and Embase databases from the start of the databases to December 2020, and also made a manual search of the references. The search and selection were carried out by two researchers independently. The inclusion criteria were: experimental studies in animal models, in english, which complied with the study object. RESULTS: A total of 705 articles were identified. After selection by title, abstract and full text, 19 articles were finally included. Natural extracts of Jasminum grandiflorum, Ficus deltoidea, curcumin and Bixina orellana provoked a significantly greater reduction in the size of the ulcer. Extracts of Salvatora persica, Musa acuminate, Ganoderma lucidum mycelia and Bixina Orellana, as well as preparations of Kouyanqing Granule and curcumin, were able to reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the expression and serum levels of growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Extracts of Piper sarmentosus, Cannabis sativa and Bletilla striata provoked a reduction in the severity of the histological inflammation. No significant differences were observed compared to controls in the treatments with extracts of Cannabis sativa, Aloe barbadensus Miller and Malva sylvestris in reducing the area of the oral ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the natural extracts described in this review presented a positive clinical and histological effect on the cicatrisation of oral ulcers induced in animal models. Key words:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral ulcer, plants, herbs, extracts, medicine, treatment.