Clinical Decision Support systems: A step forward in establishing the clinical laboratory as a decision maker hubA CDS system protocol implementation in the clinical laboratory.

Background: New tools for health information technology have been developed in recent times, such as Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems, which are any digital solutions designed to help healthcare professionals when making clinical decisions. The study aimed to show how we have adopted a CDS system in the San Juan de Alicante Clinical Laboratory and facilitate the implementation of our protocol in other clinical laboratories. We have user experience and the motivation to improve healthcare tools. The improvement, measurement, and monitoring of interventions and laboratory tests has been our motto for years. Materials and methods: A descriptive research was conducted. All stages in the design of the project are as follows: 1. Set up a multidisciplinary workgroup. 2. Review patients' data. 3. Identify relevant data from main sources. 4. Design the likely outcomes. 5. Define a complete integration scenario. 6. Monitor and track the impact. To set up this protocol, two new software systems were implemented in our laboratory: AlinIQ CDS v8.2 as Rule Engine, and AlinIQ AIP Integrated Platform v1.6 as Business Intelligence (BI) tool. Results: Our protocol shows the workflow and actions that can be done with a CDS system and also how it could be integrated with other monitoring systems, as well as some examples of KPIs and their outcomes. Conclusions: CDS could be a great strategic asset for clinical laboratories to improve the integration of care, optimize the use of laboratory tests, and add more clinical value to physicians in the interpretation of results.

PadChest: A large chest x-ray image dataset with multi-label annotated reports.

We present a labeled large-scale, high resolution chest x-ray dataset for the automated exploration of medical images along with their associated reports. This dataset includes more than 160,000 images obtained from 67,000 patients that were interpreted and reported by radiologists at San Juan Hospital (Spain) from 2009 to 2017, covering six different position views and additional information on image acquisition and patient demography. The reports were labeled with 174 different radiographic findings, 19 differential diagnoses and 104 anatomic locations organized as a hierarchical taxonomy and mapped onto standard Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) terminology. Of these reports, 27% were manually annotated by trained physicians and the remaining set was labeled using a supervised method based on a recurrent neural network with attention mechanisms. The labels generated were then validated in an independent test set achieving a 0.93 Micro-F1 score. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the largest public chest x-ray databases suitable for training supervised models concerning radiographs, and the first to contain radiographic reports in Spanish. The PadChest dataset can be downloaded from http://bimcv.cipf.es/bimcv-projects/padchest/.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales for Men.

The dual control model (DCM) postulates the involvement of relatively independent inhibitory and excitatory systems, which together provide a "double control" over sexual response and associated behavior (Janssen & Bancroft, 2007). Based on this model, the Sexual Inhibition and Sexual Excitation Scales assess the propensity for sexual excitation and sexual inhibition. This research focused on analyzing some psychometric properties of this questionnaire and developing a Spanish version in men. The sample consisted of 823 heterosexual men of ages ranging from 18 to 74 years. Confirmatory factor analysis generated a version of the scale that consisted of 34 items (11 items with the worst factor loadings were eliminated) distributed in four factors (one sexual excitation factor and three sexual inhibition factors). This is consistent with the DCM of sexual response. The four factors demonstrated good reliability coefficients except for sexual inhibition due to the threat of performance consequences, which was found to have a low internal consistency. Consequently, this is something that will be addressed in future studies. The four factors were found to have good test-retest reliability. The measures of the Sexual Inhibition and Sexual Excitation Scales had good validity properties and a coherent relationship with sexual sensation seeking and erotophilia.

Spanish version of the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women: Factorial structure, reliability and validity evidences / Versión española del Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women: estructura factorial, fiabilidad y evidencias de validez

Background/Objective: The Dual Control Model suggests that sexual excitation and associated behaviors are the result of the balance between relatively independent excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. Based on this theoretical model, the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women (SESII-W) was developed to evaluate excitation and inhibition dimensions in women. The aim was to adapt and validate the SESII-W in the Spanish population. Method: A sample of 1,380 heterosexual women (aged 18 to 52) completed the Spanish SESII-W, together with other related instruments. After the translation and adaptation of the SESII-W, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed. Results: CFA resulted in a version consisting of 33 items divided into eight sub-factors, which were grouped into two higher-order factors (Sexual Excitation and Sexual Inhibition). The sub-factors demonstrated adequate internal consistency values except for Sexual Power Dynamics and Concerns about Sexual Function. Test-retest reliabilities were good. Their scores correlated with erotophilia, sexual sensation seeking, age at first intercourse, and number of sexual partners in the expected direction. Conclusions: The Spanish version of SESII-W has adequate psychometric guarantees for use in clinical practice and research, although it would be necessary to further revise factors that showed a lower level of reliability (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El Modelo de Control Dual plantea que la excitación sexual y conductas asociadas son resultado del balance de mecanismos de inhibición y excitación relativamente independientes. Basado en este modelo teórico, se desarrolló el Sexual Excitation/ Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women (SESII-W), que permite la evaluación de las dimensiones excitación/inhibición sexuales en mujeres. El objetivo fue adaptar y validar el SESII-W en población española. Método: Una muestra de 1.380 mujeres heterosexuales (edad 18-52 años) completó el SESII-W junto con otros cuestionarios afines. Después de la traducción y adaptación lingüística se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). Resultados: El AFC dio lugar a una versión de 33 ítems organizados en ocho subfactores, agrupados en dos factores de orden superior (Excitación Sexual e Inhibición Sexual). Los subfactores muestran aceptables valores de consistencia interna a excepción de Dinámicas sexuales de poder y Preocupaciones por el funcionamiento sexual. La fiabilidad test-retest fue aceptable. Sus puntuaciones correlacionaron en la dirección esperada con erotofilia, búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales, edad de la primera relación sexual y número de parejas sexuales. Conclusiones: La versión española del SESII-W presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para su uso en clínica e investigación, aunque las subescalas con menor fiabilidad deberían ser revisadas (AU)

Spanish version of the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women: Factorial structure, reliability and validity evidences.

Background/Objective: The Dual Control Model suggests that sexual excitation and associated behaviors are the result of the balance between relatively independent excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. Based on this theoretical model, the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women (SESII-W) was developed to evaluate excitation and inhibition dimensions in women. The aim was to adapt and validate the SESII-W in the Spanish population. Method: A sample of 1,380 heterosexual women (aged 18 to 52) completed the Spanish SESII-W, together with other related instruments. After the translation and adaptation of the SESII-W, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed. Results: CFA resulted in a version consisting of 33 items divided into eight sub-factors, which were grouped into two higher-order factors (Sexual Excitation and Sexual Inhibition). The sub-factors demonstrated adequate internal consistency values except for Sexual Power Dynamics and Concerns about Sexual Function. Test-retest reliabilities were good. Their scores correlated with erotophilia, sexual sensation seeking, age at first intercourse, and number of sexual partners in the expected direction. Conclusions: The Spanish version of SESII-W has adequate psychometric guarantees for use in clinical practice and research, although it would be necessary to further revise factors that showed a lower level of reliability.

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El Modelo de Control Dual plantea que la excitación sexual y conductas asociadas son resultado del balance de mecanismos de inhibición y excitación relativamente independientes. Basado en este modelo teórico, se desarrolló el Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women (SESII-W), que permite la evaluación de las dimensiones excitación/inhibición sexuales en mujeres. El objetivo fue adaptar y validar el SESII-W en población española. Método: Una muestra de 1.380 mujeres heterosexuales (edad 18-52 años) completó el SESII-W junto con otros cuestionarios afines. Después de la traducción y adaptación lingüística se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). Resultados: El AFC dio lugar a una versión de 33 ítems organizados en ocho subfactores, agrupados en dos factores de orden superior (Excitación Sexual e Inhibición Sexual). Los subfactores muestran aceptables valores de consistencia interna a excepción de Dinámicas sexuales de poder y Preocupaciones por el funcionamiento sexual. La fiabilidad test-retest fue aceptable. Sus puntuaciones correlacionaron en la dirección esperada con erotofilia, búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales, edad de la primera relación sexual y número de parejas sexuales. Conclusiones: La versión española del SESII-W presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para su uso en clínica e investigación, aunque las subescalas con menor fiabilidad deberían ser revisadas.

Use of an Ecological Model to Study Sexual Satisfaction in a Heterosexual Spanish Sample.

Sexual satisfaction is a key factor in sexual health and has been associated with quality of life. However, few studies have focused on the factors related to sexual satisfaction in the population in Spain. The main goal of this research was to analyze the predictive capacity of an ecological model for the study of sexual satisfaction in a Spanish sample of 723 men and 851 women, with mean age equal to 36.28 (SD = 12.59) and who were in a heterosexual relationship. We analyzed, using structural equation modeling, the degree to which sexual satisfaction was related to different variables. These variables were the following: personal variables (depression and sexual attitudes); interpersonal variables (relationship satisfaction, sexual function, and sexual assertiveness); social variables (social support, parenthood, and annual income); and cultural variables (political ideology, religion, and religious practice). In men, sexual satisfaction was directly predicted by relationship satisfaction and sexual function. Furthermore, political ideology, religious practice, social support, annual income, initiation sexual assertiveness, and sexual attitudes were indirectly associated with sexual satisfaction. In women, sexual satisfaction was directly predicted by relationship satisfaction, sexual function, sexual assertiveness, and sexual attitudes. In addition, political ideology, religious practice, and social support were indirectly associated with sexual satisfaction. Implications for research and therapy are also discussed.

Beliefs and environmental behavior: the moderating effect of emotional intelligence.

Recent decades have seen a proliferation of studies aiming to explain how pro-environmental behavior is shaped by attitudes, values and beliefs. In this study, we have included an aspect in our analysis that has been rarely touched upon until now, that is, the intelligent use of emotions as a possible component of pro-environmental behavior. We applied the Trait Meta Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24) and the New Environmental Paradigm scale to a sample of 184 male and female undergraduate students. We also carried out correlation and hierarchical regression analyses of blocks. The results show the interaction effects of the system of environmental beliefs and the dimensions of emotional intelligence on glass recycling attitudes, intentions and behavior. The results are discussed from the perspective of research on how the management of emotions guides thought and behavior.

Variables asociadas a la experiencia de abuso en la pareja y su denuncia en una muestra de mujeres / Factors Associated with the Intimate Partner Violence and their Complaint in a Sample of Women

Se examinan algunos factores asociados a la experiencia de abuso de pareja en la mujer y al hecho de denunciar estos abusos. Se evaluaron la sintomatología psicopatológica, las actitudes sexuales machistas y las variables sociodemográficas en 900 mujeres (300 que habían denunciado a sus parejas por abusos, 300 que nunca lo habían hecho y 300 de la población general), con edades entre 18 y 72 años. El abuso sufrido por la mujer en el ámbito marital se asocia a síntomas psicopatológicos y a actitudes sexuales machistas. La decisión de denunciar a la pareja depende de la intensidad del propio abuso y de que la mujer tenga un rol social más liberal y por tanto menos ajustado a los estándares tradicionales de género.

Some factors associated with intimate partner violence and their complaint among women is here examined. Psychopathological symptoms, sexist attitudes and some sociodemographic variables were assessed in a sample of 900 women (300 women who reported partner abuse, 300 women who never reported partner abuse and 300 women in the general population). The age range was from 18 to 72 years old. The abuse suffered by women within marriage is associated with psychopatological symptoms and sexist attitudes. The women's decision to report partner abuse depends on both the intensity of the abuse and women's values as more liberal and less conformed by traditional gender standards.

Equivalencia factorial y métrica de la Double Standard Scale por sexo y edad / Factorial and metric equivalence of Double Standard Scale by gender and age

La Double Standard Scale (DSS) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar la doble moral sexual y, en ocasiones, para compararla entre sexos. El interés por el estudio de la doble moral sexual radica en que constituye una variable asociada a la salud sexual. A pesar de que hay varios estudios que se han interesado por las propiedades psicométricas de la DSS, ninguno de ellos se ha planteado examinar su equivalencia entre hombres y mujeres, o entre adolescentes y adultos. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la invarianza factorial y analizar el funcionamiento diferencial del ítem por sexo y edad. Para ello, se evaluó a una muestra de 2.248 sujetos peruanos (1.063 adolescentes -46% jóvenes y 54% jovencitas- y 1.185 adultos -51% varones y 49% mujeres). Los resultados muestran una equivalencia factorial de ajuste perfecto mediante el parcelamiento de ítems respecto al sexo, siendo el funcionamiento diferencial despreciable. En cambio, con respecto a la edad, se descarta la invarianza, aunque el funcionamiento diferencial es depreciable. En definitiva, se podrán contrastar las puntuaciones de la DSS entre sexos, pero no entre adolescentes y adultos.

The Double Standard Scale (DSS) is an instrument used to assess the sexual double standard, and appropriate, to make comparisons between sexes. The interest in the study of the sexual double standard is a variable associated with sexual health. Although, several studies have been interested in the psychometric properties of the DSS, none of them has been raised considering their equivalence between men and women, or between adolescents and adults. This study has the objective, examine the factorial invariance and analyze differential item functioning by sex and age. A sample of 2,248 Peruvian subjects (1.063 adolescent - 46% boys and 54% girls- and 1.185 adult -51% men and 49% women-) was evaluated. Results obtained demonstrate a perfect fit factorial equivalence by categorizing of items about gender, and the differential item functioning is negligible. In contrast, with respect to age, invariance is discarded, but the differential item functioning is negligible. In conclusion, DSS scores can be contrasted between genders, but not between adolescents and adults.

Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A).

The aim of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the scales of the Spanish version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992). Two samples of 939 and 109 Spanish adolescents ages 14 to 18 years were assessed with the MMPI-A in their school environment. The first sample responded to the inventory once, whereas the second sample responded to it on 2 occasions with a 2-week interval between sessions. Results showed no significant differences in means or variances between the first and the second test administration for most MMPI-A scales. Test-retest reliability ranged between .62 (Amorality, Ma(1)) and .92 (Immaturity, IMM); most correlations exceeded .70. Internal consistency values for the MMPI-A scales in the pretest and posttest were very similar overall. External validity of the MMPI-A was demonstrated through several significant correlations between its scales and YSR/11-18 syndromes and social interaction measures. The highest correlations were established between the Anxious/Depressed YSR/11-18 scale and other MMPI-A scales such as Schizophrenia (Sc), Welsh's Anxiety (A), Adolescent-Anxiety (A-anx) and Adolescent-Alienation (A-aln), and between the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale and the MMPI-A Adolescent-Social Discomfort (A-sod) scale.

Implicación de competencias psicosociales, problemas de conducta y variables de personalidad en la predicción de la ansiedad social ante la interacción social en adolescentes: diferencias de sexo y edad / Implication of psychosocial competencies, behavioural problems and personality variables in the prediction of social interaction anxiety in adolescents: Sex and age differences

En la actualidad se asume que existen varios factores implicados en la ansiedad ante la interacción social. En este estudio se pretende determinar en qué medida ciertas variables psicológicas influyen en la ansiedad social de adolescentes normales y si el papel de las mismas difiere en función del sexo y de la edad. Una muestra de 961 (412 varones y 549 mujeres) adolescentes españoles (M=15,63; DT=1,32) fue evaluada mediante el YSR/11-18, el MMPI_A y la SIAS. Los resultados indican que se ha encontrado una diferencia significativa en la ansiedad social respecto al sexo y curso escolar. La mayoría de las correlaciones encontradas entre la ansiedad ante la interacción social y las variables evaluadas por el YSR/11-18 y MMPI-A fueron significativas, aunque bajas, en ambos sexos y en los dos grupos de edad. Las variables incluidas en los modelos de regresión de los hombres y mujeres explicaron el 33,50% y el 40.40% de la ansiedad ante la interacción social, respectivamente; las incluidas en los modelos de adolescentes de menor y mayor edad lograron explicar el 24,60% y el 41,50% de dicha ansiedad. Se discuten estas diferencias de sexo y edad a la hora de explicar la naturaleza de la ansiedad experimentada en situaciones interpersonales de acuerdo a las propuestas teóricas existentes (AU)

At present it is assumed that there are several factors involved in social interaction anxiety. This study seeks to determine whether certain psychological variable have an influence on normal adolescent social anxiety, and if the role of these differ according to sex and age. A sample of 961 (412 males and 549 females) Spanish adolescents (M=15.63; SD=1.32) was assessed using the YSR/11-18, MMPI-A and SIAS. Results indicate that significant sex and age differences were found in social anxiety. Most of the correlations found between social interaction anxiety and the variables assessed by YSR/11-18 and MMPI-A were found to be significant, although low in both sexes and both age groups. Variables included in the regression models for men and women explained 33,50% and 40,40% of the variance in social interaction anxiety, respectively; those included in the models of eldest and youngest adolescents were able to explain the 24,60% and 41,50% of the variance in social interaction anxiety. We discuss these sex and age differences in order to explain the nature of anxiety experienced in interpersonal situations according to the existing theoretical proposals (AU)

Evaluación de factores asociados a la ansiedad social y a otras psicopatologías en adolescentes / Assessment of factors associated to social anxiety and other psychopatologies in adolescents

Introduction The study of factors associated with anxiety and social phobia is a subject of recent interest in mental health. Specifically, shyness in children seems to act as an early expression of social phobia that may later consolidate into a clinical entity. The presence of certain psychopathologies and particular styles of child rearing in parents, are perceived by their children, are associated with the emergence of social phobia in adolescence. On the other hand, social anxiety disorder during adolescence or early adulthood may predict subsequent depressive disorders. The presence of both disorders (anxiety and social phobia) during adolescence increases the probability of suffering from them recurrently in early adulthood. Family structure and cohesion as well as stressful life events have been found to be associated with mood disorders during the childhood-youth period. However, studies conducted with young subjects are scarce, even though understanding the factors associated to different psychopathologies in the youth has proven of great value in clinical practice and epidemiology. For this reason, we attempt to evaluate, in a sample of three groups of adolescents (social anxiety, other psychopathologies and without psychopathologies) the possible demographical factors, competences and clinical indexes that could be associated with the different conditions under consideration. Methodology A sample of 1012 adolescents (582 women and 430 men) with an average age of 15.80 years (SD = 1.48) fulfilled a series of tests to assess demographical variables, psychosocial competences and clinical indexes. Results The difference between the average scores in the Escala de Ansiedad en Interacción Social -SIAS- was significant for the variables sex and the school year. Sex and couple relationships significantly affect the probability of manifesting social anxiety and other psychopathologies, respectively. Some competences significantly affect the probability of social anxiety, whereas others affect the probability of developing other psychopathologies. The majority of the 46 clinical indexes assessed demonstrate a significant effect on the probability of developing both conditions. Discussion and conclusions The results indicate that, in line with previous studies, the average score of women in the SIAS is slightly higher than in men. The average score in the SIAS of the young people from formative cycles was slightly higher than in the subjects from the obligatory secondary education and high schools. Very few studies have informed on the differences in social anxiety associated with the educational level. Women presented significantly higher probability of suffering from social anxiety than men. Unexpectedly, adolescents who maintained couple relationships also showed significantly higher probabilities than the rest of suffering from other psychopathologies. Some psychosocial competences, especially those related to the situations of social interactions, have a significant effect on the probability of developing social anxiety, whereas others (social and behavioural) influence other psychopathologies. In general and to a large extent, the findings are coherent and explainable, although some of them are contradictory. This could be caused by the difficulty to evaluate the complex construct of psychosocial competences. The majority of the evaluated clinical indexes showed a significant effect on the probability of developing of social anxiety and other psychopathologies. This effect is more evident in the group of young people with other psychopathologies than in the group of adolescents with social anxiety. Previous studies have found similar results, especially in the indexes referring to the general measures of anxiety and depression, specific measures of anxiety and avoidance of social situations and personality.

Introducción El estudio de factores asociados a la ansiedad y fobia social constituye un tema de reciente interés. Concretamente, la timidez infantil parece actuar como una expresión temprana de la fobia social que más tarde se puede consolidar como cuadro clínico. La percepción de los hijos sobre la presencia de ciertas psicopatologías y de determinados estilos de crianza de los padres se asocia a la aparición de la fobia social en la adolescencia. El trastorno de ansiedad social durante la adolescencia o la adultez temprana puede predecir trastornos depresivos subsecuentes. La presencia de ambos trastornos (ansiedad y fobia social) durante la adolescencia incrementaría la probabilidad de padecerlos de manera recurrente a lo largo de la adultez temprana. La estructura y la cohesión familiar, así como los sucesos estresantes de la vida, se han asociado con trastornos afectivos en la etapa infanto-juvenil. En la actualidad, los estudios realizados en estas edades son escasos, aun cuando el entendimiento de los factores asociados a distintas psicopatologías en la edad temprana reviste importancia clínica y epidemiológica. Por ello, pretendemos evaluar en una muestra de adolescentes formada por tres grupos (ansiedad social, otras psicopatologías y sin psicopatologías) los posibles factores demográficos, de competencias e índices clínicos que pueden estar asociados a las diferentes condiciones estudiadas. Metodología Una muestra de 1012 adolescentes (582 mujeres y 430 hombres) con una edad media de 15.80 años (DT = 1.48) completó en su medio escolar una serie de pruebas que evalúan variables demográficas, competencias psicosociales e índices clínicos. Resultados La diferencia de medias en las puntuaciones de la Escala de Ansiedad en Interacción Social -SIAS- fue significativa para las variables sexo y curso escolar. El sexo y la relación de pareja ejercieron un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de manifestar ansiedad social y otras psicopatologías, respectivamente. Algunas competencias mostraron un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de presentar ansiedad social, mientras que otras lo hicieron en la probabilidad de desarrollar otras psicopatologías. La mayoría de los 46 índices clínicos evaluados mostró un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de sufrir ambas condiciones. Discusión y conclusiones Los resultados indican que la puntuación media de las mujeres en la SIAS superó ligeramente a la de los hombres, lo que coincide con estudios previos. La puntuación media en la SIAS de los jóvenes que formaron los ciclos formativos fue ligeramente superior a la de los procedentes de educación secundaria obligatoria y de bachillerato. Hay pocos estudios que informen de diferencias en la ansiedad social asociadas al nivel de estudios. Las mujeres presentaron una probabilidad significativamente mayor que los hombres de sufrir ansiedad social. Los adolescentes que mantenían relaciones de pareja también mostraron significativamente más posibilidades que el resto de presentar otras psicopatologías, el cual es un resultado inesperado. Algunas competencias psicosociales, especialmente las que se relacionan con las situaciones de interacción social, han mostrado un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de sufrir ansiedad social, mientras que otras (sociales y de actuación) lo han hecho en la probabilidad de desarrollar otras psicopatologías. En general, gran parte de estos hallazgos tienen coherencia y explicación, aunque algunos son contradictorios, lo que puede deberse a la dificultad de evaluar el constructo de competencias psicosociales por su complejidad. Por último, la mayoría de los índices clínicos evaluados presentó un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de desarrollar ansiedad social y otras psicopatologías. Este último efecto fue más notorio en el grupo de jóvenes con otras psicopatologías que en el grupo de adolescentes con ansiedad social. Diversos estudios encuentran resultados parecidos a los hallados en éste, especialmente en los índices referentes a medidas generales de ansiedad o depresión, específicas de ansiedad y evitación en situaciones sociales, y de personalidad.

Exploration of the psychometric characteristics of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale in a Spanish adolescent sample.

Social phobia is an excessive concern about scrutiny by other people in situations the person considers embarrassing or humiliating. The purpose of this study is to explore the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the social fear and social avoidance subscales of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and to analyze the score distribution of both subscales. To this end, we assessed a sample of 1,012 Spanish adolescents attending school. The results of a first-order factor analysis indicate the existence of a dominant factor in both subscales of the LSAS--as well as three other less relevant factors--and explain most of the variance of the subscales. The internal consistency of the first factor was quite high in both subscales. The LSAS and its two subscales showed adequate theoretical validity with different variables related to social interaction. Finally, the different scores obtained in both subscales make it possible to group adolescents into three clusters with different characteristics. A study of the sociodemographic variables of the components of the clusters showed a significant relation only with sex.

Comorbilidad de la ansiedad social específica y generalizada en adolescentes españoles / Comorbidity of specific and generalized social anxiety in Spanish adolescents

Se explora la comorbilidad entre el trastorno de ansiedad social, incluida la de sus subtipos específico y generalizado, y otros problemas psicopatológicos en adolescentes. Para ello, se evaluaron 961 jóvenes españoles (media de edad= 15,63 años) mediante diferentes autoinformes que miden variables sociodemográficas, competencias e índices clínicos. Los resultados indicaron que los jóvenes con ansiedad social mostraban un porcentaje de comorbilidad superior al presentado por los jóvenes con otras psicopatologías en los índices referentes a la ansiedad y evitación de situaciones sociales. El segundo grupo obtuvo un porcentaje de comorbilidad mayor que el primero en la mayoría de los problemas clínicos medidos por el YSR/11-18 y el MMPI-A. En tan sólo once de los índices clínicos evaluados resultó significativa la diferencia en comorbilidad entre los dos grupos de ansiedad social (específica y generalizada), presentando el primero un porcentaje de comorbilidad inferior

The comorbidity of the social anxiety disorder, including the specific and generalized subtypes, and other psychopathological problems in adolescents is explored. For this purpose, 961 Spanish young people were evaluated (mean age = 15.63 years) by means of various self-reports that measure sociodemographical variables, competences and clinical indexes. Those with social anxiety were divided into two groups: specific and generalized. The results indicated that the adolescents with social anxiety had a higher percentage of comorbidity in the indexes that refer to anxiety and avoidance in social situations, than did the young people with other psychopathologies. The group of generalized social anxiety had a higher percentage of comorbidity than the specific social anxiety group in the majority of the clinical problems measured by the YSR/11-18 and MMPI-A. Only in eleven of the evaluated clinical indexes was the difference in comorbidity between the two groups of social anxiety significant, and the percentage of comorbidity was lower in the first group

[Comorbidity of specific and generalized social anxiety in Spanish adolescents]. / Comorbilidad de la ansiedad social específica y generalizada en adolescentes españoles.

The comorbidity of the social anxiety disorder, including the specific and generalized subtypes, and other psychopathological problems in adolescents is explored. For this purpose, 961 Spanish young people were evaluated (mean age = 15.63 years) by means of various self-reports that measure sociodemographical variables, competences and clinical indexes. Those with social anxiety were divided into two groups: specific and generalized. The results indicated that the adolescents with social anxiety had a higher percentage of comorbidity in the indexes that refer to anxiety and avoidance in social situations, than did the young people with other psychopathologies. The group of generalized social anxiety had a higher percentage of comorbidity than the specific social anxiety group in the majority of the clinical problems measured by the YSR/11-18 and MMPI-A. Only in eleven of the evaluated clinical indexes was the difference in comorbidity between the two groups of social anxiety significant, and the percentage of comorbidity was lower in the first group.

Psychometric properties of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and separation criterion between Spanish youths with and without subtypes of social anxiety.

In this study, we analyzed the reliability and validity of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and propose a separation criterion between youths with specific and generalized social anxiety and youths without social anxiety. A sample of 1012 Spanish youths attending school completed the SIAS, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, the Youth Self-Report for Ages 11-18 and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent. The factor analysis suggests the existence of three factors in the SIAS, the first two of which explain most of the variance of the construct assessed. Internal consistency is adequate in the first two factors. The SIAS features an adequate theoretical validity with the scores of different variables related to social interaction. Analysis of the criterion scores yields three groups pertaining to three clearly differentiated clusters. In the third cluster, two of social anxiety groups - specific and generalized - have been identified by means of a quantitative separation criterion.

Escala de Miedo a la Evaluación Negativa y Escala de Evitación y Malestar Social: fiabilidad y validez en una muestra de adolescentes españoles / Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale and Social Avoidance and Distress Scale: reliability and validity in a spanish adolescents sample

El objetivo de este estudio es examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Miedo a la Evaluación Negativa (FNES) y la Escala de Evitación y Malestar Social (SADS) en una muestra de 1.012 jóvenes españoles escolarizados. El análisis factorial de primer orden señala la existencia de un factor dominante (alfa=0,85) para la FNES (y otros cinco de menor relevancia), mientras que el método de rotación normalización Oblimin con Kaiser indica que la SADS tiene dos factores (evitación social y malestar social) con valores alfa de 0,77 y 0,73, respectivamente. LA FNES discriminó entre adolescentes con y sin psicopatologías frente a otros con ansiedad social específica y generalizada, mientras que la SADS lo hizo entre cada uno de los cuatro grupos frente al resto. Ambas escalas muestran una validez de constructo adecuada con distintas variables evaluadas por instrumentos específicos de ansiedad fobia social y por otros de screening

The purpose of this study is to explore the psychometric properties of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES) and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) in a sample of 1,012 Spanish adolescents attending school. First order factor analysis indicates the existence of a dominant factor (alpha= 085) in the FNES as well as five other less relevant factors, while the normalizing with Kaiser´s Oblimin rotation methos indicates that the SADS has two factors – social avoidance and social distress, with alpha values of .77 and .73 respectively. TheFNES discriminated adolescents with and without psychopathologies in front of others with specific and generalized social anxiety, while the SADS discriminated each one of the four groups in front of the others. Both scales show adequate construct validity with distinct variables assessed through specific instruments measuring anxiety and social phobia along with other screening instruments

Historia de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés

CONTENIDO: La Universidad existente; sabiduria y de aymaras y quechuas; la instrucción publica en la epoca Colonial, instrucción y educación al fundarse la República; la Universidad oficial; como se fundo la Universidad menor de La Paz; el fundador de la Universidad; sintesis biografica de los miembros del Primer Consejo Universitario; la Universidad menor se erige en Universidad Mayor; el primer estatuto Universitario; materias y cuestiones de bella literatura y de Economia Politica; otros estatutos universitarios; la Universidad dependiente del gobierno; la facultad oficial de Derecho; la facultad oficial de medicina y ramas anexas; escuela de farmacia; escuela de Odontologia; escuela de obstetricia; la facultad de Ciencias Economicas y financieras; facultad oficial de ciencias fisicas y matematicas; facultad de filosofia y humanidades; Instituto Normal Superior

Historia de la Universidad Mayor de San Andres

Contenido:1.La Universidad inexistente.2.La universidad oficial.3.La universidad autarquica o semi-autonoma.4.La universidad plenamente autonoma