Compact setup for spin-, time-, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.

We present a compact setup for spin-, time-, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. A 10 kHz titanium sapphire laser system delivers pulses of 20 fs duration, which drive a high harmonic generation-based source for ultraviolet photons at 21 eV for photoemission. The same laser also excites the sample for pump-probe experiments. Emitted electrons pass through a hemispherical energy analyzer and a spin-filtering element. The latter is based on spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction on an Au-passivated iridium crystal. The performance of the measurement system is discussed in terms of the resolution and efficiency of the spin filter, which are higher than those for Mott-based techniques.

Early Stages of Ultrafast Spin Dynamics in a 3d Ferromagnet.

Prior to the development of pulsed lasers, one assigned a single local temperature to the lattice, the electron gas, and the spins. With the availability of ultrafast laser sources, one can now drive the temperature of these reservoirs out of equilibrium. Thus, the solid shows new internal degrees of freedom characterized by individual temperatures of the electron gas T_{e}, the lattice T_{l} and the spins T_{s}. We demonstrate an analogous behavior in the spin polarization of a ferromagnet in an ultrafast demagnetization experiment: At the Fermi energy, the polarization is reduced faster than at deeper in the valence band. Therefore, on the femtosecond time scale, the magnetization as a macroscopic quantity does not provide the full picture of the spin dynamics: The spin polarization separates into different parts similar to how the single temperature paradigm changed with the development of ultrafast lasers.

Erratum: "Ultrafast demagnetization by hot electrons: Diffusion or super-diffusion?" [Struct. Dyn. 3, 055101 (2016)].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1063/1.4964892.].

Ultrafast demagnetization by hot electrons: Diffusion or super-diffusion?

Ultrafast demagnetization of ferromagnetic metals can be achieved by a heat pulse propagating in the electron gas of a non-magnetic metal layer, which absorbs a pump laser pulse. Demagnetization by electronic heating is investigated on samples with different thicknesses of the absorber layer on nickel. This allows us to separate the contribution of thermalized hot electrons compared to non-thermal electrons. An analytical model describes the demagnetization amplitude as a function of the absorber thickness. The observed change of demagnetization time can be reproduced by diffusive heat transport through the absorber layer.

The influence of the excitation pulse length on ultrafast magnetization dynamics in nickel.

The laser-induced demagnetization of a ferromagnet is caused by the temperature of the electron gas as well as the lattice temperature. For long excitation pulses, the two reservoirs are in thermal equilibrium. In contrast to a picosecond laser pulse, a femtosecond pulse causes a non-equilibrium between the electron gas and the lattice. By pump pulse length dependent optical measurements, we find that the magnetodynamics in Ni caused by a picosecond laser pulse can be reconstructed from the response to a femtosecond pulse. The mechanism responsible for demagnetization on the picosecond time scale is therefore contained in the femtosecond demagnetization experiment.

Imaging spin filter for electrons based on specular reflection from iridium (001).

As Stern-Gerlach type spin filters do not work with electrons, spin analysis of electron beams is accomplished by spin-dependent scattering processes based on spin-orbit or exchange interaction. Existing polarimeters are single-channel devices characterized by an inherently low figure of merit (FoM) of typically 10⁻4-10⁻³. This single-channel approach is not compatible with parallel imaging microscopes and also not with modern electron spectrometers that acquire a certain energy and angular interval simultaneously. We present a novel type of polarimeter that can transport a full image by making use of k-parallel conservation in low-energy electron diffraction. We studied specular reflection from Ir (001) because this spin-filter crystal provides a high analyzing power combined with a "lifetime" in UHV of a full day. One good working point is centered at 39 eV scattering energy with a broad maximum of 5 eV usable width. A second one at about 10 eV shows a narrower profile but much higher FoM. A relativistic layer-KKR SPLEED calculation shows good agreement with measurements.