Water-Food Nexus Assessment in Agriculture: A Systematic Review.

The Water-Food Nexus (WF) has been proposed to reach equitable, balanced, and sustainable access to water and food resources in the face of the growing population demand. Therefore, developing models to assess them has become more relevant. This work systematically reviews the literature on the tools used to evaluate water and food resources between 2002 and 2020. Furthermore, it reports a critical analysis of the software used to assess the WF Nexus quantitatively. The models analyzed were Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Common Agricultural Policy Regional Impact (CAPRI), Global Food and Water System (GFWS), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Water Evaluation And Planning system (WEAP), and Soil Water Atmosphere Plant (SWAP). We deduced that the following are necessary in evaluating the WF Nexus: (1) the capacity to generate future scenarios, (2) a global application, and (3) the application in case studies. The present paper is the first review to provide an overview of the software applied to evaluate WF Nexus, including the advantages and disadvantages of the tools found. They can help build sustainability criteria when designing policies that reduce water and food security risks and promote efficient water and food use.

Vaginal tubulovillous adenoma: a clinicopathologic and molecular study with review of the literature.

Vaginal villous or tubulovillous adenomas (TVA) are uncommon tumors histologically similar to their intestinal counterparts. After reviewing the literature, we report the eighth case of TVA, which presented as a polypoid tumor in the vagina, at suburethral level, in a 19-yr-old woman with Arnold-Chiari type II malformation and a myelomeningocele at birth. The tumor consisted of long villi lined by columnar cells with brush borders, pseudostratified nuclei, and foci of high-grade atypia. Immunohistochemistry was positive for cytokeratin 7, estrogen and progesterone receptors, CA19.9, p16, p53, and Ki-67 (53%), with a normal membranous pattern for ß-catenin, but negative for cytokeratin 20, CDX2, carcinoembryonic antigen, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin. Neither human papillomavirus nor mutations in the K-RAS, BRAF, or LKB1/STK11 genes were detected. Although a rare neoplasm, awareness of this tumor is important as it must be distinguished from colonic adenocarcinoma or other malignant or benign conditions. The existence of 2 previously reported malignant cases merging with TVAs, and the presence of foci of high-grade dysplasia (p53-positive) in the present case, support TVA as a premalignant lesion.

Localized neurofibromatosis of the female genital system: a case report and review of the literature.

Neurofibromatosis within the female genital tract is uncommon. The vulva is the most frequent genital location, but it has rarely been reported in the context of the vagina, uterine cervix or ovaries. In spite of its rarity, neurofibroma is a neoplasm that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses, especially in patients with neurofibromatosis. In this paper we describe the case of a 71-year-old patient with pelvic pain and a uterine mass who underwent a hysterectomy after having been diagnosed with an 11-cm neurofibroma occupying the myometrium of the entire uterine corpus. There were no neurofibromas in the endometrium, serosa, fallopian tubes or ovaries. The patient had an unknown von Recklinghausen's disease.

Mild TiIII- and Mn/ZrIV-catalytic reductive coupling of allylic halides: efficient synthesis of symmetric terpenes.

Two new efficient methods for the regioselective homocoupling of allylic halides using either catalytic TiIII or the combination Mn/ZrIV catalyst have been developed. The regio- and stereoselectivity of the process proved to increase significantly when the Mn/ZrIV catalyst is used as the coupling reagent and when cyclic substituted allylic halides are used as substrates. The use of Lewis acids such as collidine hydrochloride allowed the quantity of catalyst to be lowered up to 0.05 equiv. We have proved the utility of these protocols with the synthesis of different terpenoids such as (+)-beta-onoceradiene (1), (+)-beta-onocerine (2), squalene (5), and advanced key-intermediates in the syntheses of (+)-cymbodiacetal (3) and dimeric ent-kauranoids as xindongnin M (4a).

Couplings of benzylic halides mediated by titanocene chloride: synthesis of bibenzyl derivatives.

Titanocene monochloride catalyzes the homocoupling of benzylic halides and benzylic gem-dibromides to give the corresponding bibenzyl and stilbenyl systems. Exposure of benzylic bromides to Ti(III) in the presence of aldehydes gave rise to the Barbier-type products. Examples of the utility of the herein described processes are included.

Solid-phase selenium-catalyzed selective allylic chlorination of polyprenoids: facile syntheses of biologically active terpenoids.

Regioselective halogenation of the terminal isopropylidene unit of different acyclic polyolefinic polyprenoids (farnesyl acetate, geranylgeranyl acetate, squalene, etc.) using NCS/catalytic polymer-supported selenenyl bromide is described; good to excellent yields are obtained (68-96%). The first applications of this protocol include the concise synthesis of bioactive terpenoids 1-3.

Regio- and diastereoselective reductive coupling of vinylepoxides catalyzed by titanocene chloride.

[reaction: see text] The Ti(III)-catalyzed reaction of a series of vinylepoxides leads, with regio- and E-diastereoselectivity control, to good-to-excellent yields of the corresponding homocoupling products. This homocoupling reaction, which involves a new C-C bond-forming method, takes place via a S(N)2' process between an allyltitanium species and the starting vinylepoxide. The process can be used for the rapid and efficient formation of highly valuable intermediates for organic synthesis, as well as new interesting homologues of natural products.

Reductive coupling of terpenic allylic halides catalyzed by Cp2TiCl: a short and efficient asymmetric synthesis of onocerane triterpenes.

[reaction: see text] Titanocene chloride catalyzes the regioselective alpha,alpha'-homocoupling of terpenic allylic halides. This process has been employed in the short and effective synthesis of terpenoids such as beta-onoceradiene (1), beta-onocerin (2), and squalene (3). Evidence is presented for eta1-allyltitanium species being involved in the coupling.

Organización y funcionamiento de los sistemas de salud de Perú y Chile / Organization and function of health system of Peru and Chile

El presente trabajo de salud pública, elaborado por personal de la Escuela Superior de Policía que conforma el Equipo de Trabajo No. 03 del Curso, compara la organización y funcionamiento de los sistemas de salud del Perú y de Chile, haciendo referencia al desarrollo nacional alcanzado a la fecha. Detalla, asimismo, la organización del sector salud de ambos países, análisis: semejanzas y diferencias, financiamiento, estado de daño a la salud, conclusiones y recomendaciones