[S,S]-EDDS/Fe: A new chelate for the environmentally sustainable correction of iron chlorosis in calcareous soil.

Iron deficiency in crops is usually prevented and cured by the application of synthetic Fe chelates such as EDTA/Fe and the o,o-EDDHA/Fe. However their persistence in soil calls for the implementation of new alternatives that present less of a risk to the environment. This study therefore evaluated the biodegradable chelating agent [S,S]-EDDS as a new source for Fe fertilisation in calcareous soils in relation to its chemical reactivity. The suitability of [S,S]-EDDS/Fe as an Fe fertiliser in a calcareous soil was investigated and compared to the traditional synthetic chelates EDTA/Fe and o,o-EDDHA/Fe. Plant experiments with soybean (Glycine max), 57Fe isotopic labelling, and batch incubations were conducted in a calcareous soil. The Fe concentration of plants treated with [S,S]-EDDS/Fe was similar to those treated with EDTA/Fe. A similar Fe concentration to the o,o-EDDHA/Fe treatment was achieved using a double dose of [S,S]-EDDS/Fe. Despite the degradation of [S,S]-EDDS limiting the durability of [S,S]-EDDS/Fe in soil, the Fe bound to the degradation products may be a determining factor in improving Fe uptake and translocation to leaves in plants treated with [S,S]-EDDS/Fe compared to other Fe sources. Speciation studies by modelling and batch experiments also supported the lower reactivity of [S,S]-EDDS/Fe with calcium compared to that of EDTA/Fe, possibly contributing to the permanence of [S,S]-EDDS/Fe in the calcareous soil. This study demonstrated for the first time, that [S,S]-EDDS may be an environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional synthetic chelating agents such as EDTA or o,o-EDDHA for curing Fe chlorosis in susceptible plants in calcareous soil.

Calcareous soil interactions of the iron(III) chelates of DPH and Azotochelin and its application on amending iron chlorosis in soybean (Glycine max).

In order to find new greener solutions for iron (Fe) induced chlorosis, two new chelating agents, N,N-dihydroxy-N,N'-diisopropylhexanediamide (DPH) and Azotochelin (AZO), were assessed for its effectiveness in mending induced chlorosis in soybean (Glycine max). DPH-Fe and AZO-Fe complexes were firstly tested for their soil interactions and capability to maintain Fe in a bioavailable form. Secondly, 57Fe-chelates of DPH and AZO were applied to the soil in a pot experiment with chlorotic soybean plants. Their growth, SPAD chlorophyll index, and the Fe concentration in plant tissues and the remaining soil were evaluated. An isotope deconvolution analysis by using the concentration of the Fe isotopes was used to distinguish the Fe coming from soil and from the 57Fe labelled fertilizer treatments. AZO and DPH have shown different interactions with soil and its components, with AZO showing less interaction than DPH. The application of AZO and DPH resulted in SPAD increase and Fe content. However, it was found that the Fe in plants had not come from the fertilizer application, but instead from natural sources. This is likely due to dissolution phenomena aided by the chelates added. Overall, AZO and DPH have shown good results in amending Fe induced chlorosis in calcareous soils and for this reason should be regarded as good green-candidates for Fe plant nutrition in calcareous soils.