Epiretinal membrane formation and optic disc vascularisation in type 2A macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

PURPOSE: To describe a rare clinical finding of epiretinal membrane (ERM) and abnormal optic disc vascularisation in type 2A macular telangiectasia (MacTel). CASE DESCRIPTION: A 52-year-old asymptomatic healthy male was examined in the retina clinic. In both eyes, corrected visual acuity was 20/20, N6. Anterior segment examination and intraocular pressure were both normal in both eyes. RESULTS: The right eye's dilated fundus examination revealed loss of retinal transparency and superficial intraretinal crystals. A thick ERM extending from the optic disc to the macula obscured the details of the underlying perifoveal region in the left eye fundus. The diagnosis of bilateral type 2 MacTel was confirmed by confocal blue reflectance imaging, fluorescein angiography (FA), and macular optical coherence tomography (OCT). The left eye macular OCT scan also revealed a thick ERM without causing significant retinal traction. Furthermore, FA of the left eye revealed early hyperfluorescence with intense late leakage at the inferior aspect of the optic disc, giving the impression of abnormal optic disc vascularisation. No other cause for the disc vascularisation could be identified. OCT scan through the area with the optic disc leakage revealed a tuft of irregular hyperreflective tissue lying over the ERM. OCT angiography imaging confirmed the vascularity within the tuft of hyperreflective tissue over the ERM. Over a two-year period, no changes in clinical or imaging features were observed. CONCLUSION: In type 2A MacTel eyes, ERM formation and abnormal disc vascularisation are uncommon findings. More histopathologic research is needed to characterise these membranes.

Vitreomacular interface abnormalities in type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

PURPOSE: To describe the different types of vitreomacular interface abnormalities (VMIA) seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel) and explain the possible reasons for its development. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, type 2 MacTel eyes with macular volumetric OCT imaging protocol were included to identify different types of VMIA such as abnormal PVD, vitreomacular traction (VMT), ERM, and lamellar and full-thickness macular hole. The VMIA findings were then correlated with different MacTel disease stages and visual acuity. RESULTS: One thousand forty-three OCTs of 332 type 2 MacTel eyes from 169 patients at different visits were examined. VMIA was detected in 709 (68%) of those OCT scans in 216 (65%) eyes. There were 273 (39%), 31 (4%), 89 (13%), 7 (1%), and 381 (54%) OCT scans with vitreomacular adhesion, VMT, ERM, and inner and outer lamellar macular holes discovered respectively. VMIA eyes had a high frequency of abnormal PVD (p = 0.001) and retinal pigment clumps (RPCs) [p = 0.032]. Eyes with abnormal PVD (p = 0.034) and RPC (p = 0.000) had a higher rate of ERM development. RPC was linked to an increased risk of developing ERM (odd ratio 2.472; 95% CI 1.488-4.052). RPC and ERM contributed significantly to poor visual acuity (0.661 ± 0.416, 20/92). CONCLUSION: OCT reveals a high frequency of VMIA in advanced type 2 MacTel eyes. RPC could be responsible for the development of anomalous PVD, as well as subsequent VMIAs and ERM. Additional work is required to examine the long-term changes and surgical outcomes of these eyes.

Ocular manifestations following COVID-19 vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Immunologic and inflammatory adverse effects following vaccination against COVID-19 are being reported. While some reactions may develop denovo others concern its immunogenic effect in patients with pre-existing inflammatory conditions. METHODS: Retrospective consecutive patients diagnosed with ocular inflammatory manifestations within 8 weeks of receiving COVID-19 vaccination who presented to a tertiary eye care centre in South India. RESULTS: Ninety-eight eyes of 67 patients presenting with ocular inflammatory manifestations within 8 weeks following COVID-19 vaccination were studied. The mean age was 43 years (+/- 14.82; range 19-80 years). The most common presentations were anterior uveitis (n = 31, 31.7%), followed by panuveitis (n = 24, 24.5%). The mean time to onset of symptoms was 25 days (+/- 15.48; range 2-55 days) following a dose of vaccine. Among all patients, 39 (58.2%) had a previous history of ocular inflammation. Mean presenting visual acuity was 0.4 (0-4) logMAR units and mean final visual acuity was 0.2 (0-4) logMAR units. The causes for reduced vision included of cystoid macular edema (n=2, 2%), chorioretinal atrophy (n=2.2%), optic atrophy (n=1.1%), retinal vascular occlusion (n=1.1%) and acute retinal necrosis (n=1.1%). CONCLUSION: Infective and immunogenic adverse events should be watched out for after COVID-19 vaccination. It is difficult to establish causality for such manifestations, nevertheless, most of them were mild and had good final visual outcomes.

Retinal OCT findings in acute central retinal artery occlusion of varying severity at different disease stages - a retrospective, observational study.

PURPOSE: To study the optical coherence tomography (OCT) changes in eyes with acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) of different severity and at different disease stages. METHODS: The study included acute CRAO cases of < 7 days duration, imaged on OCT at various time points. Based on the OCT findings at presentation, cases were classified into three severity groups: mild, moderate, and severe. OCT scans were evaluated and classified into four-time intervals based on symptom duration. RESULTS: There were 39 eyes from 38 patients with acute CRAO who underwent 96 OCT scans. At presentation, the study had 11, 16, and 12 cases of mild, moderate, and severe CRAO, respectively. Middle retinal layer opacification was more common in mild CRAO cases, which caused inner retinal layer thinning over time. Moderate CRAO cases had total inner retinal layer opacification, which resulted in retinal thinning over time. Prominent middle limiting membrane (p-MLM) sign was seen in mild and moderate CRAO eyes while were not visualised in severe CRAO. This sign gradually faded out over time. Other OCT findings in higher grades of CRAO included inner retinal fluid, neurosensory detachment, internal limiting membrane detachment, hyperreflective foci, and posterior vitreous opacities. Regardless of the CRAO grade, the final end-point seen was inner retinal layer thinning over time. CONCLUSION: OCT in CRAO is a useful for determining the severity of retinal ischemia, disease stage, tissue damage mechanism, and final visual outcome. More prospective studies analysing a larger number of cases at fixed time points will be required in the future. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial Registration Number: Not applicable.

REal-world treatment outcomes after delayed intRavitreal therapy in center-involving diabetic macular edema - RETORT study.

PURPOSE: To compare real-life data on delayed intravitreal treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) patients to early treatment. METHODS: In this single-centre, retrospective, interventional, comparative study, DME patients were divided into two groups based on when they received treatment: Group 1 - received treatment within 24 weeks and Group 2 - at or after 24 weeks from the time of treatment advice. Visual acuity and central subfield thickness (CSFT) changes were compared at various time points. Reasons for delaying treatment were noted. RESULTS: The study included 109 (Group 1-94; Group 2-15) eyes. When treatment was advised, demographic profile, diabetes duration, glucose control and VA between two groups were comparable. At this point, CSFT was higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p = 0.036). At injection time, Group 2 had better VA and lower CSFT than Group 1 (p < 0.05). Group 2's VA (53.4 ± 12.67) was significantly lower than Group 1's (57.38 ± 20.01) after 1-year treatment. At 1-year, CSFT decreased in Group 1 and increased in Group 2. Group 1 had mean improvement of + 7.6 letters and Group 2 had a decline of -6.9 letters. Group 2 required more intravitreal anti-VEGF (median - 3; IQR: 2-4), steroid injections (median - 4; IQR: 2-4) and focal laser sessions (median - 4; IQR: 2-4). CONCLUSION: Late-treated DME eyes needed more injections and focal laser sessions than early treated eyes. Adherence to early treatment of DME in real-life will help prevent long-term vision loss.

Lincoff's Rule Is Not Followed in Pediatric Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments.

PURPOSE: To validate Lincoff's rules (LRs) in cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in the pediatric age group and to identify factors in cases LR was not followed. METHOD: This was a retrospective study where 98 pediatric patients with RRD were identified through surgery records. Forty case sheets with complete record of ocular examination and surgical findings were analyzed. Visible or suspected preoperative retinal break identified using the LR and actual intraoperative retinal break noted was recorded. Validity of LR was tested and analysed. RESULT: The median age of the study participants was 11 years ranging from 5 to 18 years. There were 35 (88%) boys and 5 (12%) girls in the study. Myopia was noted in 13 (33%) eyes and in 21 (53%) eyes, there was a history of preexisting ocular trauma. Moderate degree of agreement with a Cohen's kappa 0.41 was noted with regards to LR validity in pediatric RRD. LR was validated in non-myopic eyes (p = 0.022), inferior RD (p < 0.001), and those with anteriorly located retinal breaks (p < 0.001). Other attributes such as history of trauma (p = 0.08), lens status (p = 0.489), macula sparing RRD (p = 0.882), and chronicity of RRD (p = 0.612) did not have a statistically significant association with validity of LR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the presence of anterior retinal break (p = 0.011) and presence of inferior RD (p = 0.022) as the two most important attributes in a RD for agreement of LR. CONCLUSION: LRs fail to accurately identify the exact location of the retinal break due to its posterior location and absence of posterior vitreous detachment in most cases with pediatric RRDs.

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Anterior Uveitis following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination in an Asian Indian Female.

PURPOSE: To describe a case of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV 1) infection following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in an Asian Indian female. METHODS: Retrospective case report. RESULT: A 40-year-old female presented with decreased vision, pain, and photophobia of 2 weeks duration. She reported receiving the second dose of COVISHIELDTM (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) 1 week prior to the onset of ocular symptoms. Left eye examination revealed granulomatous anterior uveitis. Aqueous sample from the left eye tested positive for HSV1 by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method. She was managed with oral antiviral therapy, topical steroids, and cycloplegic agent and showed significant improvement of inflammation within 1 week and resolved within 3 weeks. CONCLUSION: This report demonstrates a potential association of HSV 1 anterior uveitis with COVID-19 vaccination. A high index of suspicion of viral etiology is warranted when uveitis presents with reduced corneal sensations and pigmented keratic precipitates, following a recent history of COVID-19 vaccination.