Adenocarcinoma in a hemorrhoidectomy specimen: case report and review of the literature.

Our purpose is to report a case of unexpected anal adenocarcinoma found in a hemorrhoidectomy specimen. A review of the literature, with emphasis on extramucosal anal adenocarcinoma as a pathologic entity, is included. Our patient presented with a 2-year history of grade III prolapsing internal hemorrhoids. A hemorrhoidectomy was performed and gross examination of the specimen was unremarkable. The pathologic evaluation revealed microinvasive well-differentiated adenocarcinoma at the squamocolumnar junction. There was neither an apparent connection with the overlying mucosa nor an in situ component. A metastatic workup ruled out any other site of malignancy. At follow-up 18 months after surgery, no evidence of malignancy or recurrence was observed. An unexpected extramucosal anal adenocarcinoma in a hemorrhoidectomy specimen is a very exceptional finding. Review of the literature does not support routine histopathological examination of hemorrhoidectomy specimens.

Internal anal sphincter: advances and insights.

The internal anal sphincter, the smooth muscle component of the anal sphincter complex, has an ambiguous role in maintaining anal continence. Despite its significant contribution to resting anal canal pressures, even total division of the internal anal sphincter in surgery for anal fistulas may fail to compromise continence in otherwise healthy subjects. However, recently reported abnormalities of the innervation and reflex response of the internal anal sphincter in patients with fecal incontinence indicate its significance in maintaining continence. The advent of sphincter-saving surgery and restorative proctocolectomy has re-emphasized the major contribution of the internal anal sphincter to resting pressure and its significance in preventing fecal leakage. The variable effect of rectal excision on rectoanal inhibitory reflex has led to a reappraisal of the significance of this reflex in discrimination of rectal contents and its impact on anal continence. Electromyographic, manometric, and ultrasonographic evaluation of the internal anal sphincter has provided new insights into its pathophysiology. This article reviews advances in our understanding of internal anal sphincter physiology in health and disease.

Distal mucus fistula following resection for perforated sigmoid diverticular disease.

A retrospective study of 62 consecutive patients undergoing resection of perforated diverticular disease was undertaken to assess influence of distal stump closure (DSC) or creating a distal mucus fistula (DMF) on subsequent restoration of bowel continuity. Forty-one patients underwent DSC and 21 DMF. Mean operating time and hospital stay were 164 min and 30 days for patients undergoing DSC compared with 142 min and 18 days for those undergoing DMF. Of the 54 survivors, 44 underwent reversal (25/35; DSC, 19/19; DMF). Mean operative time and hospital stay was 208 min and 17 days for DSC compared to 143 min and 10 days for DMF (P = 0.0003). Overall mortality and morbidity of either groups were comparable. Distal mucus fistula can often be safely created following resection of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis. This may result in higher reversal rates and significantly reduces the operating time and hospital stay without compromising the outcome.

Prospective comparative study of abnormal distal rectoanal excitatory reflex, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, and single fiber density as markers of pudendal neuropathy.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to determine the role of abnormal distal rectoanal excitatory reflex (RAER) as a marker of pudendal neuropathy and to compare results with pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) and single fiber density (SFD) estimation. METHODS: Fifteen female patients (mean age, 47.1 (range, 20-70) years) referred to the pelvic floor laboratory with pelvic floor disorders (fecal incontinence, 13 patients; constipation, 2 patients) were evaluated prospectively with neurophysiologic tests and balloon reflex manometry for evidence of pudendal neuropathy. RESULTS: Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency provided evidence of pudendal neuropathy in ten patients (67 percent) and was normal in five patients (33 percent). Increased SFD confirmed denervation of the external anal sphincter in 12 patients (80 percent), being normal in 3 patients (20 percent). Distal RAER was abnormal in 13 patients (87 percent) and was normal in 2 patients (13 percent). In ten patients (67 percent), the three diagnostic modalities were in complete agreement, correctly identifying neuropathy in nine patients (60 percent) and excluding nerve damage in one patient (7 percent). Distal RAER was normal despite prolonged PNTML and increased SFD in one patient (7 percent). In two patients (13 percent), distal RAER was abnormal or absent despite normal PNTML and SFD. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was normal in the presence of abnormal distal RAER and increased SFD on electromyography in two patients (13 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal distal RAER compares favorably with current neurophysiologic tests used to diagnose pudendal neuropathy.

Unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Impact on outcome of anal sphincter repair.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to study the effect of unilateral pudendal neuropathy on the results of anal sphincter repair. METHOD: Fifteen female patients who underwent external sphincter repair for fecal incontinence were studied. In all instances, incontinence was the result of obstetric delivery injury. Anal manometry and neurophysiologic investigations to document sphincter defects and pudendal neuropathy were performed in all patients. Sphincter repair was performed using an overlapping suture technique. RESULTS: All patients had anterior sphincter defects. Seven patients (47 percent) had pudendal neuropathy: six (85 percent) had unilateral neuropathy, and one (15 percent) had bilateral neuropathy. Six patients (40 percent) had excellent results; three (20 percent) had good results; four (27 percent) were improved; two (13 percent) experienced no improvement after sphincter repair. All patients with excellent results had normal pudendal nerve terminal motor latency on both sides. Of the three patients with good results, one patient had unilateral pudendal neuropathy. The patients in the remaining two groups (improved and failed) had unilateral (six patients) or bilateral (one patient) pudendal neuropathy. CONCLUSION: We conclude that both pudendal nerves must be intact to achieve normal continence after sphincter repair. Patients with unilateral pudendal neuropathy are more likely to have poor than to have good postoperative function.

Perianal Crohn's disease. Results of local surgical treatment.

PURPOSE: This study relates our experience with local surgical management of perianal Crohn's disease. METHOD: Of 1,735 patients with Crohn's disease seen between 1980 and 1990, records of 66 patients (3.8 percent) with symptomatic perianal Crohn's disease treated by local operations were retrospectively reviewed to study outcome of local surgical intervention. RESULTS: All patients had intestinal disease that was limited to the colon in 32 patients (48 percent), ileocolonic region in 22 patients (33 percent), and ileum in 12 patients (18 percent). Types of perianal disease encountered included perianal suppuration (57), anal fistula (47), anal fissure (21), anal stenosis (5), gluteal abscess (3), scrotal abscess (2), and anovaginal fistula (2). A total of 321 episodes of anal complications necessitated 256 local surgical interventions. Local anorectal operations performed included simple incision and drainage of abscess (57), fistulotomy (35), incision and drainage of complex anorectal abscesses and fistulas and insertion of seton (24), internal sphincterotomy (6), fissurectomy (1), and anal dilation (3). Of 24 patients with horseshoe abscesses and fistulas managed with insertion of a seton and 35 patients who underwent fistulotomy as a primary procedure or in conjunction with drainage of an abscess, none experienced fecal incontinence as a direct result of the operation. Thirteen patients required proctectomy to control perianal disease, and a similar number underwent total proctocolectomy for extensive intestinal disease. Forty patients (61 percent) continue to retain a functional anus. CONCLUSION: Patients with symptomatic low anal fistula involving minimum sphincter musculature can be treated safely with fistulotomy. In treatment of patients with horseshoe abscesses and high fistulas, aggressive local surgical intervention using a seton permits preservation of the sphincter and good postoperative function.

Unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Significance and implications.

PURPOSE: Obstetric trauma and excessive defecatory straining with perineal descent may lead to pudendal neuropathy with bilateral increase in pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies (PNTML). We have frequently observed unilateral prolongation of PNTML. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of unilateral pudendal neuropathy are discussed. METHODS: Records of 174 patients referred to pelvic floor laboratory for anorectal manometry and PNTML testing were reviewed. Computerized and manometry was performed using dynamic pressure analysis, and PNTML was determined using a pudendal (St. Mark's) electrode. RESULTS: No response was elicited from pudendal nerves to electric stimulation from both sides in 14 patients (8 percent) and from one side in 24 patients (13.8 percent). Bilateral PNTML determination was possible in only 136 patients (78 percent), of whom 83 patients (61 percent) had no evidence of neuropathy, revealing normal PNTML on both sides. Of 53 patients (39 percent) with delayed conduction in pudendal nerves, in 15 patients (28 percent), PNTML was abnormally prolonged on both sides, with an abnormal mean value for PNTML. In the remaining 38 patients (72 percent), PNTML was abnormal on one side; in 27 patients with an abnormal mean PNTML and in 11 patients with a normal mean PNTML. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of patients with pelvic floor disorders have only unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Patients with unilaterally prolonged PNTML should be considered to have pudendal neuropathy, despite normal value for mean PNTML. This fact may be relevant in planning surgical treatment and in predicting prognosis of patients with sphincter injuries.

Spectrum of abnormal rectoanal reflex patterns in patients with fecal incontinence.

PURPOSE: Abnormalities of rectoanal inhibitory or excitatory reflex in patients with fecal incontinence are well described. A spectrum of abnormal responses, other than those already described in the literature, has been observed in some patients with fecal incontinence and forms the subject of this report. METHOD: Forty-three patients with idiopathic or traumatic fecal incontinence were studied to evaluate their reflex responses to balloon distention of the rectum, and results were compared with reflex responses of 29 control subjects with no anorectal complaints. RESULTS: Control subjects revealed normal reflex responses consisting of initial excitation followed by inhibition in the proximal anal canal and an excitatory response in the distal anal canal. Patients who were incontinent revealed five different types of reflex patterns. Eleven patients (25.5 percent) with segmental sphincter defects from obstetric injuries exhibited no distal excitation but had normal response in the proximal anal canal (Group 1). Eleven patients (25.5 percent) with idiopathic incontinence exhibited normal proximal response but an inhibitory as opposed to excitatory response in the distal anal canal (Group 2). Three patients (7 percent) with iatrogenic trauma failed to register an excitatory response in the proximal or distal anal canal but revealed a normal inhibitory reflex (Group 3). Nine patients (21 percent) with idiopathic incontinence revealed excitatory response in the entire anal canal but no inhibition (Group 4). Nine patients (21 percent) with idiopathic incontinence had a normal reflex pattern (Group 5). CONCLUSION: Excitatory and inhibitory components of rectoanal reflexes may selectively be abolished in neurogenic or traumatic insults to visceral and somatic anal sphincters, resulting in altered rectoanal reflex patterns.

Latency measurement of rectoanal reflexes.

PURPOSE: Latency values of rectoanal reflexes may be altered in disorders of the pelvic floor. Evaluation of this relatively uninvestigated aspect of rectoanal reflexes may have diagnostic implications in patients with disorders of defecation. METHODS: We studied the latency of rectoanal inhibitory and excitatory reflexes to sequential balloon distention of the rectum with 60 ml and 120 ml of air in 14 normal controls (mean age, 41.5 (range, 19-66) years), in 14 patients with fecal incontinence (FI) (mean age, 44.2 (range, 28-72) years), and in 14 patients with slow transit constipation (STC) (mean age, 40.6 (range 22-68) years). RESULTS: The mean latency of inhibition (FI = 5.3 seconds; STC = 4.6 seconds; controls = 5.1 seconds) was remarkably similar for the three groups (P = 0.19). The mean latency of excitation in the proximal anal canal (FI = 2.8 seconds; STC = 2.5 seconds; controls = 2.8 seconds) was comparable in the three groups (P = 0.58). The mean latency of excitation in the distal anal canal (FI = 4.8 seconds; STC = 2.6 seconds; controls = 2.7 seconds) was prolonged in patients who were incontinent compared with the other two groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Proximal rectoanal excitation and inhibitory reflexes, when present, have a constant latency, irrespective of the underlying condition. The different latency values for proximal and distal rectoanal excitatory reflexes in patients with FI may indicate disparate denervation damage to the external anal sphincter.

Can manometric parameters predict response to biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence?

PURPOSE: Biofeedback therapy may improve fecal control in up to 50 percent to 92 percent of patients with fecal incontinence. Identification of favorable manometric parameters before biofeedback therapy may help in selection of patients suitable for such therapy. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with fecal incontinence (idiopathic, 11; iatrogenic trauma, 8; obstetric trauma, 9) who underwent biofeedback therapy were studied to determine whether manometric parameters could predict the result of therapy. Biofeedback was given using a computer software program designed to strengthen the external anal sphincter with auditory and visual feedback. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (46.4 percent) achieved excellent results; eight patients (28.6 percent) had good results, but seven patients (24.5 percent) failed to improve after biofeedback therapy. Resting or squeeze anal canal pressure, pressure volume, sphincter length, sphincter fatigue rate, and cross-sectional asymmetry of the entire sphincter before biofeedback failed to reveal any statistically significant differences between responders and nonresponders. However, the cross-sectional asymmetry of the high-pressure zone within the sphincter at rest was greater in nonresponders than in responders (not improved, 25.8 percent; good result, 20.2 percent; excellent result, 15.4 percent; P < 0.07). This difference was even greater on squeeze (not improved, 21 percent; good result, 17.6 percent; excellent result, 13.2 percent; P < 0.04). The number of biofeedback sessions, response on bearing down, and quality of rectoanal excitatory reflex were not reliable indicators of outcome. No statistical difference was found in mean resting and squeeze pressures after biofeedback between responders and non-responders. CONCLUSIONS: Except for increased cross-sectional asymmetry in the high-pressure zone, which may be a forerunner of adverse outcome, manometric parameters before biofeedback do not predict response to biofeedback therapy. Improvement in continence may be independent of resting and squeeze pressures achieved after biofeedback therapy.

Distal rectoanal excitatory reflex: a reliable index of pudendal neuropathy?

PURPOSE: Denervation of the extrinsic anal sphincter and pudendal neuropathy are confirmed by electrophysiologic or electromyographic testing, techniques that may not be available universally and require special equipment and training. A simple manometric test that is easy to perform and complements existing studies was performed to confirm pudendal neuropathy. METHODS: Fourteen patients with excessive defecatory straining and 30 patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence were studied by electrophysiology and balloon reflex manometry. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) and rectoanal excitatory reflex were evaluated for abnormalities. Results were compared with 20 controls who had no anorectal complaints and who had similar testing performed. RESULTS: In controls, PNTML was normal in all but one person. Rectoanal excitatory reflex could be elicited in all controls with either 20 or 40 ml of air. Four different types of balloon reflex responses were observed in patient groups: diminutive excitation, delayed excitation, excitation at high volume of distention only, and absent excitation. Ten patients with fecal incontinence had normal PNTML but abnormal distal excitatory reflex, 5 patients had abnormal PNTML but normal distal excitatory reflex, and 15 patients had both PNTML and excitatory reflex that were abnormal. In patients with excessive defecatory straining, results of both tests were abnormal in six patients, and eight patients had abnormal excitatory reflex but normal PNTML. CONCLUSION: Pudendal neuropathy may result in abnormalities of excitatory reflex morphology or other characteristics. Abnormal distal excitatory reflex may complement electrophysiologic findings or may serve as a suitable alternative to confirm pudendal neuropathy in centers where facilities for formal testing are not available.

Relationship between manometric anal waves and fecal incontinence.

PURPOSE: The significance of manometric anal waves is uncertain, and their fate and diagnostic importance are unknown. It is conceivable that in neurogenic fecal incontinence (NFI) the frequency and amplitude of these waves may be altered into specific, recognizable patterns. Evaluation of this unexplored relationship between fecal incontinence and anal manometric waves has potential diagnostic use. METHODS: Anal motility was studied in 20 patients, each with NFI and traumatic fecal incontinence (TFI), and results were compared with findings in 20 control subjects to determine changes in frequency and amplitude of anal waves in fecal incontinence. RESULTS: Frequency of slow waves when present (NFI = 9.5/minute; TFI = 9.5/minute; control subjects = 9.1/minute) was identical in the three groups (P > 0.05). Amplitude of slow waves (NFI = mean, 4.3 mmHg; TFI = mean, 3.9 mmHg; control subjects = mean, 6.6 mmHg) was reduced in patients who were incontinent compared with control subjects but failed to reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). Frequency of ultraslow waves when present (NFI = mean, 0.75/minute; TFI = mean, 0.6/minute; control subjects = mean, 1.2/minute) was not statistically different between the three groups (P > 0.05). Amplitude of ultraslow waves (NFI = mean, 10.5 mmHg; TFI = mean, 23.4 mmHg; control subjects = mean, 29.6 mmHg) was significantly reduced in NFI vs. control subjects (P < 0.01) and between TFI vs. control subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Manometric slow and ultraslow waves, when present, retain their frequency characteristics, irrespective of underlying disease. Amplitude of slow waves was not statistically different from control subjects, but the amplitude of ultraslow waves was significantly decreased in patients who were incontinent.

Fecal incontinence.

Fecal incontinence is a common but infrequently reported, imperfectly understood, multifactorial disease with far-reaching socioeconomic and psychological implications. Limited success with somewhat empirical surgical procedures implies that patients should be investigated fully, indications for surgery should be clear, and disability should be serious enough to demand surgical intervention. Dietary adjustments and medical treatment should be tried first. Unwelcome though it is, colostomy may be the ultimate remedy in some patients.

Is simple fistula-in-ano simple?

PURPOSE: A study of 523 fistulas of cryptoglandular origin operated on between January 1985 and December 1991 at the Lehigh Valley Hospital was undertaken for the purpose of establishing whether the "so-called" simple fistula-in-ano has a favorable outcome. High transsphincteric fistulas with or without high blind tract, suprasphincteric, extrasphincteric, and horseshoe fistulas as well as fistulas associated with inflammatory bowel disease were excluded. METHODS: Four-hundred sixty-one patients with anal fistulas classified as simple fistulas-in-ano (uncomplicated transsphincteric, low and high blind track intersphincteric) were studied retrospectively. There were 310 males and 151 females with an average age of 42 years and mean follow-up of 34 months. RESULTS: Thirty (6.5 percent) patients developed recurrent fistulas: 16 (53.3 percent) because of missed internal openings at initial surgery, six (20 percent) attributed to missed secondary tracks, five (16.7 percent) because of premature fistulotomy wound closure, and three (10 percent) because of miscellaneous factors. CONCLUSION: All so-called simple fistulas-in-ano may not have readily detectable primary openings and may possess secondary tracks which preclude their behavior as simple fistulas.

Endometriosis and umbilical swelling.

Umbilical endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an umbilical swelling. The diagnosis is made by histological examination as clinically there may be no relationship between the swelling and menstruation.