Osteoporosis and Leptin: A Systematic Review.

Background: Leptin has a great effect on bone through direct or indirect involvement in bone remodeling. Considering the ambiguities that exist regarding the effect of leptin on bone and bone-related diseases including osteoporosis, in this study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review of various studies on the effect of leptin on osteoporosis, which may find an answer to the existing ambiguities. Methods: The search was performed to review studies on the effects of leptin on osteoporosis by using several databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Electronic searches were conducted on 5 Jan 2023. There was no limit on the publication date of the articles. The risk of bias for the animal study was assessed with the CAMARADES checklist, and the study quality assessment was also assessed based on the guidelines for in vivo experiments (ARRIVE). In this study, the risk of bias (quality) of human studies was assessed using the quality assessment checklists by NHLBI. Results: Overall, 34 articles were included for data extraction and quality assessment. Overall, 27 human studies and seven animal studies were included in the article. The results of most of the studies conducted in this study showed that leptin has a physiological role in maintaining bone mass and better bone quality and reduces bone marrow adipogenesis and increases bone mineral density (BMD). As plasma leptin levels increased, BMD values or bone formation biomarkers increased. Conclusion: Leptin has an inhibitory role against bone resorption and increasing osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels, which, as a result, maintains bone density and reduces osteoclast activity, and has a positive relationship with increasing osteocalcin.

Prevalence of stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence in multiples sclerosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Urinary incontinence (UI), encompassing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urge urinary incontinence (UUI), is a prevalent and debilitating condition in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), profoundly impacting their quality of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to elucidate the worldwide prevalence rates of SUI and UUI among MS patients. This study was conducted by examining observational studies published between 2000 and 2023. An exhaustive literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The Meta-prop method facilitated pooled prevalence estimation of UUI and SUI, while Egger tests assessed publication bias. In total, 27 studies with 15,052 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The findings revealed a high random effect pooled prevalence of UUI at 41.02% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 30.57-51.89; I2 = 99%, p < 0.001) and SUI at 25.67% (95% CI: 19.30-32.58%; I2 = 94.9%, P < 0.001). Additionally, the pooled prevalence of mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) was reported at 18.81% (95% CI: 7.55-33.48; I2:95.44%, p < 0.001). The high heterogeneity observed suggests variable prevalence across populations and highlights the intricate nature of UI in MS. These findings underscore the critical need for dedicated supportive, therapeutic, and rehabilitative interventions to manage this common complaint in MS patients effectively.

The association between bilirubin levels, and the incidence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the association between plasma bilirubin levels and the incidence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus across all populations. METHODS: Several databases were searched, including PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase (Elsevier), to identify relevant cohort studies. All cohort studies that reported the risk ratio along with a 95% confidence interval were included. The association between bilirubin levels and metabolic syndrome or diabetes was reported as a pooled RR with a 95% CI in the forest plot. All analyses were conducted using STATA version 17, with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Out of the 10 studies included in the analysis, four investigated the effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. When these four studies were combined, the pooled RR was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.83; I2: 88.61%; P heterogeneity <  0.001), indicating a significant association between hyperbilirubinemia and decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Five of the 10 studies evaluated the effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the incidence of metabolic syndrome, and the pooled RR was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.73; I2: 78.13%; P heterogeneity <  0.001), indicating a significant association between hyperbilirubinemia and decreased risk of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that elevated levels of bilirubin may have a significant protective effect against the development of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.

Strengthening primary health care for effective response to pandemics: a systematic review.

Background: Affordability, accessibility and quality of services provided by a primary healthcare system can contribute significantly to the mitigation and management of a pandemic or disease outbreak. A strong primary healthcare system will mitigate the pressure on health systems during crises. Aims: We aimed to identify the specific capabilities required to establish a resilient primary healthcare system that could respond effectively to a health crisis, and highlight any research gaps. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest from 2000 to 2021. Using extracted data, we mapped the studies and categorized published research into a framework of 6 building blocks. A graphical and tabular representation of the data was then provided. Results: A total of 4276 studies were retrieved, out of which 28 met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Data extraction was based on the study design, year of publication, country, type of communicable disease, and main interventions used for building resilient primary healthcare systems. Most of the studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic and many of them emphasized digital health. Conclusion: This review summarizes more than 20 years of research on how primary healthcare systems responded to public health emergencies. It provides a broad overview of the subject matter and existing research gaps for intervention planning and policymaking.

The association between periodontal diseases and helicobacter pylori: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies.

INTRODUCTION: Various studies have examined the association between periodontitis and helicobacter pylori and reported conflicting results. The aimed of this systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the association between these two variables. METHODS: Electronic databases including PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Sciences and Medline (Elsevier) were searched using the relevant keywords. All observational studies comparing the association between periodontitis and helicobacter pylori were considered. The Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) checklist was used for assessing quality of included studies. All statistical analyses were completed using STATA (Version 16). RESULTS: Twenty-three studies with 8,638 patients (15 case-control with 2,366 patients and 8 cross-sectional with 6,272 patients) were included in this meta-analysis. After combining the selected studies, the odds of presence the Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with the periodontal disease was 2.47 (OR: 2.47; 95% CI: 2.01, 3.03; I2: 50.87%; P: 0.001). Also, the odds after combining case-control studies was 2.77 (OR: 2.77; % 95 CI: 2.11, 3.66; I2: 37.16%; P: 0.049) and after combining cross-sectional analytical ones, it was equal to 2.07 (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.62, 2.65; I2: 43.25%; P: 0.050). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this meta-analysis, the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and the periodontal disease is evident.

Gender-based violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations for future.

BACKGROUND: Gender-based violence (GBV) includes any physical, sexual, psychological, economic harms, and any suffering of women in the form of limiting their freedom in personal or social life. As a global crisis, COVID-19 has exposed women to more violence, which requires serious actions. This work aims to review the most critical dimensions of the GBV against women, effective factors on it, and strategies for combating it during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to provide recommendations for future pandemics. METHODS: This study was conducted based on PRISMA-ScR. First, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were searched in April 2021 with no time limitation and location using the related keywords to COVID-19 and GBV. The searched keywords were COVID-19, gender-based violence, domestic violence, sexual violence, women, violence, abuse, and their synonyms in MESH and EMTREE. Duplicates were removed, titles and abstracts were screened, and then the characteristics and main results of included studies were recorded in the data collection form in terms of thematic content analysis. RESULTS: A total of 6255 records were identified, of which 3433 were duplicates. Based on inclusion criteria 2822 titles and abstracts were screened. Finally, 14 studies were eligible for inclusion in this study. Most of these studies were conducted in the United States, the Netherlands, and Iran, mostly with interventional and qualitative methods. CONCLUSIONS: Strengthening ICT infrastructure, providing comprehensive government policies and planning, government economic support, social support by national and international organizations should be considered by countries worldwide. It is suggested that countries provide sufficient ICT infrastructure, comprehensive policies and planning, economic support, social support by collaboration between national and international organizations, and healthcare supporting to manage incidence of GBV against women in future pandemics.

Social Determinant of Mental Health in Immigrants and Refugees: A Systematic Review.

Background: Refugees are the most vulnerable to mental health problems of all migrant groups. Epidemiological studies measuring the prevalence of mental health disorders in resettled refugee populations have found high rates of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. To investigate the evidence of Social Determinant of Mental Health in Immigrants and Refugees Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest databases electronically. The interval selected for searching articles was between 2000-2021. After selecting articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, data were extracted, and the results were summarized. Results: Among 306 initial studies, 11 studies were the inclusion criteria. In these studies, the target population was people who had immigrated to countries or become refugees for various reasons. In 7 of 11 studies, social factors affecting the mental health of refugees were examined. In four studies, these factors were examined in immigrants. In most studies, social determinants of mental health were common among refugees and migrants. Conclusion: Improving each of the determinants of health plays an important role in increasing the level of mental health of immigrants and refugees.