Potential mechanisms for osteopathic manipulative treatment to alleviate migraine-like pain in female rats.

Introduction: Migraines are the leading cause of disability in the United States, and the use of non-pharmaceutical treatments like osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) has shown promise. Despite its potential, the lack of mechanistic understanding has hindered widespread adoption. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of OMT in treating acute migraines and unravel its underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: Female rats were subjected to a "two-hit" approach to induce migraine-like pain. This involved bilateral injections of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) into the trapezius muscle (1st hit) followed by exposure to Umbellulone, a human migraine trigger, on Day 6 post-CFA (2nd hit). Soft tissue and articulatory techniques were applied to the cervical region for acute abortive or repeated prophylactic treatment. Cutaneous allodynia and trigeminal system activation were assessed through behavioral tests and immunohistochemical staining. Results: Following Umbellulone inhalation, CFA-primed rats exhibited periorbital and hind paw allodynia. Immediate application of OMT after Umbellulone inhalation as an abortive treatment partially alleviated cutaneous allodynia. With OMT applied thrice as a prophylactic measure, complete suppression of tactile hypersensitivity was observed. Prophylactic OMT also prevented the increase of c-fos signals in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and the elevation of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in trigeminal ganglia induced by CFA and Umbellulone exposure at 2 h post-inhalation. Discussion: These findings provide mechanistic insights into OMT's migraine-relief potential and underscore its viability as a non-pharmacological avenue for managing migraines.

The Forgotten Youth: Responding to Mental Health Needs Among Confined Youth in the Time of COVID-19.

As COVID-19 sweeps across the country, individuals within the carceral system face an increased risk of contracting the virus, and as a result, heightened risk for mental health symptoms. We discuss how COVID-19 appears to be exacerbating mental health inequities for children within the carceral system and the need to respond accordingly. Children within the carceral system represent a particularly vulnerable population, and the majority of detained or confined youth identify as Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). As juvenile detention centers in multiple states report cases of COVID-19, children who are confined are experiencing higher rates of illness and fear of illness. It is crucial to consider how the mental health of children who are confined will be disproportionately affected compared with the general population. We provide recommendations to revise practices to improve and reduce mental health outcomes among confined children.

Impact of Child Sexual Abuse on Socioeconomic Attainment in Adulthood.

PURPOSE: While child sexual abuse (CSA) victimization is linked to adverse mental and behavioral health outcomes, few studies have examined the association between CSA and socioeconomic attainment in adulthood, particularly for men. This study assesses the impacts of CSA victimization on socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood, separately for men and women. METHODS: Analyses are based on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health restricted use dataset. Adolescent to Adult Health is a nationally representative cohort of teenagers in grades 7-12 (1994-1995; N = 20,000) followed to ages 33-44 (2016-2018; N = 12,300). These analyses were based on N = 10,119 participants. We used propensity score weighting to equate on observed confounders of those who experienced CSA victimization with those who had not. All analyses were conducted in the R statistical software. RESULTS: In this analytical sample, 25.2% of women and 9.8% of men reported of having been sexually abused as a child. Results from propensity score weighted models showed that by their late 30s, men and women who experienced CSA had lower educational attainment, lower odds of being financially stable, and a decrease in household income compared to their peers. CSA was associated with lower odds of being employed among women only. DISCUSSION: Findings from this study suggest that men and women who survive CSA, experience socioeconomic disadvantages in adulthood relative to peers who did not experience CSA. Preventive programs and treatment and other services for survivors of CSA could positively impact individuals' economic productivity over the life course, reducing the individual and societal costs associated with CSA victimization.