Cases of Pediatric Pyelonephritis: A Single-Center Retrospective Study from an Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Endemic Area in Japan.

Background: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli has been increasingly recognized as the cause of upper urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. We have been using flomoxef at our department since 2017 as the first-line empiric therapy for children diagnosed with UTIs, and we avoid using carbapenems, which are considered the first-line treatment for ESBL-producing E. coli. However, reports on the use of flomoxef for UTIs are limited, especially for pediatric patients. The presence of vesicoureteral reflux at the onset of pyelonephritis is a concern. Severe vesicoureteral reflux can lead to repeated UTI and future deterioration of renal function, but the indication for voiding urethrography, which closely examines the presence of vesicoureteral reflux complications, is controversial. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the laboratory findings, treatment, and clinical course of 96 pyelonephritis cases experienced at our department over a 7-year period from April 2014 to March 2021. Results: ESBL-producing E. coli were identified as the cause of pyelonephritis in 51% of cases, and this value was significantly higher (88%) in 2017. No significant differences were found in the febrile period or recurrence rate between the flomoxef-initiated group and other antibiotics groups. We also examined clinical indicators to predict vesicoureteral reflux and found no significant differences in ultrasonographic findings of hydronephrosis. Conclusion: In the present series, 51% of all pyelonephritis cases were found to be caused by ESBL-producing E. coli, with a significant increase in recent years. Flomoxef may be a useful alternative to carbapenem for ESBL-producing E. coli and the initial antibiotic of choice for upper UTIs in children. The indication for voiding cystourethrography should be carefully determined.

Class III ß-Tubulin Expression Is of Value in Selecting nab -Paclitaxel and Gemcitabine as First-Line Therapy in Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Nab -paclitaxel and gemcitabine (GnP) or FOLFIRINOX (a combination of leucovorin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin [FFX]) is currently recognized as the standard first-line regimen for unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Class III ß-tubulin (TUBB3) has the potential to predict resistance to taxane in various tumors; therefore, this study aimed to clarify whether TUBB3 is a predictive marker for GnP response. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 113 patients with PDAC who received GnP or FFX as first-line chemotherapy and examined immunohistochemically the TUBB3 expression in specimens obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. RESULTS: High TUBB3 expression was associated with a significantly lower disease control rate ( P = 0.017) and shorter progression-free survival (PFS) ( P = 0.019), and multivariate analysis revealed that TUBB3 expression was an independent variable for PFS in the GnP first-line group ( P = 0.045). In addition, in the FFX first-line group, TUBB3 expression was not correlated with PFS or overall survival (OS). In all 113 patients, TUBB3 expression was not also associated with OS. CONCLUSIONS: Class III ß-tubulin might be a predictive factor for the response of GnP, but not a prognostic factor for OS, helping the selection of an optimized first-line chemotherapy regimen for unresectable PDAC.

One-step versus two-step distal self-expandable metal stent placement: A multicenter prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Two methods of transpapillary covered self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement are used for distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO): after initial drainage by plastic stent (two-step method) and without previous drainage (one-step method). METHODS: In total, 90 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer and distal MBO were enrolled in this prospective multicenter randomized study and allocated to one-step (n = 45) and two-step (n = 45) groups. The main outcome was the time to recurrent biliary obstruction (TRBO). Secondary outcomes were the rates of early and late adverse events, survival time, the time required for bilirubin level reduction, and cost-effectiveness. RESULTS: The median TRBO did not differ significantly between the one-step and two-step groups (not available vs 314 days, P = 0.134). SEMS migration occurred significantly more frequently in the two-step group (14.3% vs 0%, P = 0.026). No significant difference was observed between groups in early (7.3% vs 14.3%, P = 0.483) or late (12.2% and 11.9%, P = 1) adverse events other than RBO, survival time (P = 0.104), or the median number of days required to reach a bilirubin level considered to be acceptable for chemotherapy administration (<3 mg/dL; P = 0.881). The total costs of stent placement and reintervention were significantly lower in the one-step SEMS group (3347 vs 5465 US dollars, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The superiority of TRBO with two-step SEMS placement was not demonstrated. One-step SEMS placement might be a promising method from the viewpoints of cost-effectiveness and less invasiveness (UMIN-CTR clinical trial registration number: UMIN000016010).

Intraductal placement of a fully covered metal stent with a long string for distal malignant biliary obstruction without endoscopic sphincterotomy: Prospective multi-center feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Stent migration and sludge clogging are characteristic problems in biliary covered self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement. Intraductal placement without endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) may help reduce their occurrence. We examined the feasibility of intraductal placement of a covered SEMS with a long string without ES in patients with unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). METHODS: This was a prospective multi-center observational study. Forty patients with distal MBO were enrolled between July 2016 and August 2018. We evaluated recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), adverse events other than RBO, and reintervention associated with intraductal placement without ES. RESULTS: Both technical and functional success rates were 100% (40/40). The rate of adverse events other than RBO was 5% (2/40). The RBO rate was 33% (13/40), and the median time to RBO was 339 days. RBO was mainly caused by overgrowth on the papillary side, occurring in six patients; all such patients had pancreatic cancer and a distance between the papilla and the stricture of ≤20 mm. Other causes were overgrowth at the hepatic side in two patients and sludge in five patients. No instances of stent migration occurred. Success rates of endoscopic transpapillary reintervention and stent removal using the string were 92% (12/13) and 77% (10/13), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intraductal placement without ES using a long-stringed covered SEMS is a promising option for distal MBO. Since overgrowth on the papillary side is frequent, the procedure should be avoided in patients with short distances between the stricture and the papilla. (Clinical Trial Registry: UMIN000023370).

Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor with Elevated Peripheral Interleukin-6 Level Shows Prolonged Fever and Delayed Puberty.

Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT), classified as a sex cord-stromal tumor, is a rare neoplasm. This is an instructive case report of JGCT accompanied by augmented interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. A 13-year-old girl with prolonged fever and delayed puberty was diagnosed with JGCT of the left ovary based on an imaging study and pathological investigation. Although it was not clear whether IL-6 was secreted from the tumor cells, her serum level of IL-6 was very high. After tumorectomy, the patient's symptoms immediately disappeared, her IL-6 level decreased, and she entered puberty. Therefore, augmented IL-6 secretion production induced by tumors should be considered a potential cause of prolonged fever and/or delayed puberty.

Predictive factors for the mortality of acute pancreatitis on admission.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The revised Atlanta classification is widely used for the evaluation of acute pancreatitis (AP) severity. However, this classification cannot be used within 48 hours of AP onset. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive factors of mortality in patients with AP on admission. METHODS: We evaluated the association between AP mortality and clinical parameters at the time of admission in patients with AP from April 2013 to December 2017 at one university hospital and one tertiary care referral center. RESULTS: A total of 203 consecutive patients were enrolled. Nine patients (4.4%) died despite multidisciplinary treatment. In a multivariable analysis, hematocrit ≥ 40% (odds ratio [OR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.13; P = 0.021), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ≥ 40 mg/dL (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.11-1.42; P < 0.001), base excess < -3.0 mmol/L (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.26; P = 0.004), and inflammation extending to the rectovesical excavation (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10-1.30; P < 0.001) on admission were significantly associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Among the imaging findings, inflammation extending to the rectovesical excavation was the only independent predictive factor for mortality in AP. This simple finding, obtained on computed tomography without contrast agent on admission, might be a promising prognostic factor for AP.

Impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy on the diagnosis of subepithelial tumors: A propensity score-matching analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Immunohistological evaluations are essential for diagnosing subepithelial tumors (SET). However, endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling using fine-needle aspiration (FNA) needles is limited in its ability to procure core tissue for immunostaining. Fine-needle biopsy (FNB) needles may mitigate this limitation. The present study aimed to examine the efficacy of FNB needles for procuring samples that enable the diagnosis of SET. METHODS: One hundred sixty patients were included in the study and separated into those whose samples were obtained using FNB needles (FNB group) and those whose samples were procured using FNA needles (FNA group). Groups were compared regarding the conclusive diagnosis rate and unwarranted resection rate. Propensity score matching was introduced to reduce selection bias. RESULTS: Rates at which conclusive diagnoses were reached through adequate immunohistological evaluations were 82% and 60% in the FNB and FNA groups, respectively; this difference was significant (P = 0.013). Unwarranted resection rate was significantly lower in the FNB group (2%) than in the FNA group (14%; P = 0.032). Multivariate analyses showed that lesions ≤20 mm were a significant risk factor for lower conclusive diagnosis rates following the use of FNB needles (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Fine-needle biopsy needles can be useful for obtaining samples that facilitate the diagnosis of SET and for avoiding unwarranted resections. However, FNB needles may be less advantageous for small SET.

Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with myeloid sarcoma without bone marrow involvement in Japan.

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare neoplastic condition that is often described in association with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MS in childhood has received little attention, particularly in Japan. We carried out a nationwide retrospective analysis of Japanese children diagnosed with MS without bone marrow involvement. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of MS at younger than 20 years of age between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2013. There was a predominance of males (8:2), and the median age at MS diagnosis was 4 years. Sites of involvement varied and included skin (n = 3), head and/or neck (n = 2), and multiple sites (n = 2). Karyotypes were evaluated in seven patients, with one individual carrying t(8;21) and t(9;11). Four patients developed bone marrow involvement 2-55 months after diagnosis of MS. All patients received chemotherapy for de novo AML and two individuals received HSCT in first remission. Seven of ten patients survived for 50-152 months (median, 93 months) without disease after initial chemotherapy. This retrospective study confirmed that pediatric MS without bone marrow involvement in Japan is a very rare disease. MS patients responded favorably to therapies for de novo AML, and HSCT in first remission was not indicated for all patients.

The utility and efficacy of self-expandable metal stents for treating malignant gastric outlet obstructions in patients under best supportive care.

PURPOSE: Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) may be used to effectively palliate malignant gastric outlet obstructions (GOOs), but their utility and efficacy in patients under best supportive care (BSC) have not been explored. METHOD: In this multicenter retrospective study, we reviewed data on patients under BSC who underwent endoscopic SEMS placement to treat malignant GOO without chemotherapy. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the procedure. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 208 patients. SEMS placement was technically successful in 207 (99.5%) and clinically successful in 164 (78.8%). The mean procedure time was 25.6 ± 2.8 min. Stent dysfunction later developed in 30 (14.4%) patients, of whom 90% (27/30) underwent reintervention. The procedure-related mortality rate was 1.44%; all deaths were due to pneumonia. Subgroup analysis by Karnofsky performance status (KPS) revealed that neither technical success, stent dysfunction, reintervention rate, procedure-related pneumonia or death, nor death within 14 days differed between patients with good and poor KPS. However, the clinical success rate and the median survival time were significantly lower and shorter, respectively, in those with poor KPS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Duodenal SEMS placement is an effective palliative treatment for malignant GOO in BSC patients. Although the GOO score did not dramatically improve in patients with poor KPS, the procedure was safe and palliatively feasible. Procedure-related pneumonia was fatal; thus, it is essential to proceed with great caution. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000028367.

Bleeding risk of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in patients undergoing antithrombotic therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Bleeding events related to endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) are rare. However, for patients treated with antithrombotic agents, the bleeding risk of EUS-FNA is uncertain. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the bleeding event rate associated with EUS-FNA in patients receiving antithrombotic treatment. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 742 consecutive patients who underwent EUS-FNA for solid lesions between 2008 and 2015. We compared the bleeding event rates among patients who were not administered antithrombotic agents, those whose agent use was discontinued, those who continued treatment with aspirin or cilostazol, and those who were administered heparin as a replacement. RESULTS: There were 131 patients (17.7 %) treated with antithrombotic agents. Seven experienced bleeding events, and the overall bleeding event rate was 0.9 % (7/742). All bleeding events were intraoperative; there were no postoperative bleeding episodes. Subgroup analysis by antithrombotic agent revealed bleeding event rates of 1.0 % (6/611), 0 % (0/62), 1.6 % (1/61), and 0 % (0/8) for the non-administration, discontinuation of agents, continuation of aspirin or cilostazol, and heparin replacement groups, respectively. Only one severe bleeding event necessitated hemostatic treatment (1/742; 0.1 %); this occurred in a patient in the non-administration group, and there were no severe bleeding events in patients receiving antithrombotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a low incidence of EUS-FNA-related bleeding in patients receiving antithrombotic treatment. The bleeding event rate was low even in patients who underwent EUS-FNA while continuing aspirin or cilostazol.

Factors That Affect Stent-Related Complications in Patients with Malignant Obstruction of the Esophagus or Gastric Cardia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement is effective for dysphagia that results from malignant obstruction of the esophagus or gastric cardia; however, stent-related complications may be life-threatening. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify risk factors associated with complications following esophageal stenting. METHODS: Of the 71 patients who underwent SEMS placement for dysphagia as a result of malignant stricture of the esophagus or gastric cardia, 53 patients with squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, without previous SEMS placement, without a fistula, and without recurrent tumor after surgery were retrospectively identified. The occurrence of stent-related complications was used as an endpoint. RESULTS: Stent-related complications were identified in 26 patients (49.1%), and major complications occurred in 14 patients (26.4%). The use of an Ultraflex stent (odds ratio [OR], 6.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54 to 30.00; p=0.011) and prior chemotherapy (OR, 6.13; 95% CI, 1.46 to 25.70; p=0.013) were significantly associated with stent-related complications. Moreover, the use of an Ultraflex stent (OR, 19.60; 95% CI, 2.26 to 170.00; p=0.007) and prior radiation (OR, 25.70; 95% CI, 2.37 to 280.00; p=0.008) significantly increased the risk of major complications. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an Ultraflex stent and prior radiation and/or chemotherapy may represent risk factors for complications following esophageal SEMS placement.

Feasibility of the placement of a novel 6-mm diameter threaded fully covered self-expandable metal stent for malignant hilar biliary obstructions (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Uncovered self-expandable metal stents (USEMSs) are used to treat unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstructions (MHBOs). However, ingrowth is not prevented, and reintervention is often troublesome. A novel 6-mm threaded fully covered self-expandable metal stent (T-FCSEMS) is available that may mitigate these issues. We aimed to clarify the safety and efficacy of T-FCSEMS placement for MHBO. METHODS: Thirty patients underwent T-FCSEMS placements for MHBOs between 2014 and 2015. T-FCSEMSs were used for initial stenting in 17 patients (initial group) and for reinterventions for USEMS occlusions caused by ingrowth in 13 patients (reintervention group). The technical success rates, times to recurrent biliary obstruction, and the reintervention success rates were evaluated. RESULTS: The technical success rates were 94% (16/17) and 92% (12/13) in the initial group and reintervention group, respectively. Intrahepatic bile duct occlusions caused liver abscesses 8 days and 22 days after T-FCSEMS placements in 2 cases (7%) in the initial group, in which T-FCSEMSs were placed across the intrahepatic bile duct bifurcation. The median times to recurrent biliary obstruction were 210 days in the initial group after bilateral placement and 112 days and 152 days in the reintervention group after bilateral and unilateral placements, respectively. During reintervention, T-FCSEMS removal was successful in all patients in whom it was attempted, and the success rate of endoscopic reintervention was 100% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: T-FCSEMS placement is a promising option for both initial stenting and reintervention for MHBO. However, we should consider the possibility of intrahepatic bile duct occlusion.

Reintervention for stent occlusion after bilateral self-expandable metallic stent placement for malignant hilar biliary obstruction.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic reintervention for stent occlusions following bilateral self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement for malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO) is challenging, and time to recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) of the revisionary stent remains unclear. We aimed to clarify a suitable reintervention method for stent occlusions following bilateral SEMS placement for MHBO. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2014, 52 consecutive patients with MHBO who underwent endoscopic reintervention for stent occlusion after bilateral SEMS placement were enrolled at two university hospitals and one tertiary care referral center. We retrospectively evaluated the technical and functional success rates of the reinterventions, and the time to RBO of the revisionary stents. RESULTS: Technical and functional success rates of the reinterventions were 92% (48/52) and 90% (43/48), respectively. Univariate analysis did not determine any significant predictive factors for technical and functional failures. Median time to RBO of the revisionary stents was 68 days. Median time to RBO was significantly longer for revisionary SEMS placement than for plastic stent placement (131 days vs 47 days, respectively; log-rank test, P = 0.005). Revisionary SEMS placement was the only independent factor that was significantly associated with a longer time to RBO of the revisionary stent in the multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis (hazard ratio 0.37; 95% confidence interval 0.14-0.95; P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: Revisionary SEMS placement is a suitable endoscopic reintervention method for stent occlusion following bilateral SEMS placement from the perspective of time to RBO of the revisionary stent.

A phase II prospective study of the trastuzumab combined with 5-weekly S-1 and CDDP therapy for HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of 5-weekly S-1 and cisplatin combined with trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) for HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (AGC). METHODS: This phase II study treatment consisted of S-1 (80-120 mg per day) orally on day 1-21, cisplatin (60 mg/m(2)) intravenously on day 8, and trastuzumab (8 mg/kg on day 1 of the first cycle, followed by 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks) intravenously. The primary end point was 1-year survival rate. The secondary end points included overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), response rate (RR), and safety. RESULTS: A total 22 patients from seven centers were enrolled. In the 20 patients evaluable for analysis, the 1-year survival rate was 70 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 49.9-90.1 %), and median survival time, PFS, and RR were 15.3, 7.5 months and 41.2 %, respectively. Major grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (30 %), anorexia (30 %), leukopenia (25 %), fatigue (20 %), and anemia (15 %). CONCLUSIONS: Five-weekly S-1 and cisplatin combined with trastuzumab showed effective with favorable safety profile in patients with HER2-positive AGC.

Assessment of Factors Affecting the Usefulness and Diagnostic Yield of Core Biopsy Needles with a Side Hole in Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A barbed puncture needle with a side hole was recently developed to improve sample quality and quantity in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). In this study, we retrospectively assessed the usefulness of this puncture needle. METHODS: Factors affecting diagnostic yield, safety, and diagnostic accuracy were investigated in 76 patients who consecutively underwent EUS-FNA for neoplastic lesions at our hospital between January and December 2013. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in all cases; the rates of sample collection and determination of the correct diagnosis were 92.1% and 89.5%, respectively. The mean number of needle passes required for diagnosis was 1.1. Complications included mild intraluminal bleeding in two patients (2.6%). Multivariate analysis revealed that lesion size (≤20 mm) was significantly associated with a decreased chance of determining the correct diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Core biopsy needles with a side hole are safe and provide a satisfactory diagnostic yield. However, the side hole may potentially reduce the rate of making the correct diagnosis in small lesions.

Long-term outcomes of endoscopic gallbladder stenting in high-risk surgical patients with calculous cholecystitis (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recently, endoscopic gallbladder stenting (EGBS) has been performed to prevent recurrences in high-risk surgical patients with cholecystitis. However, evidence regarding the long-term outcomes of EGBS is sparse. We investigated the cholecystitis recurrence rate in high-risk surgical patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and compared the cholecystitis recurrence rates in patients in whom EGBS was performed with those in patients who were observed after percutaneous drainage. METHODS: We studied 64 consecutive high-risk surgical patients with acute calculous cholecystitis who required gallbladder decompression between 2007 and 2014. We divided the patient cohort into patients who underwent observation after percutaneous drainage between 2007 and 2011 (OAPD group) and those who underwent EGBS between 2012 and 2014 (EGBS group), and we compared the groups. RESULTS: The technical success rate of EGBS was 82.9% based on the intention-to-treat analysis. The cholecystitis recurrence rates were 17.2% in the OAPD group and 0% in the EGBS group, a difference that was significant (P = .043). There was also a significant difference between the groups with respect to the time to recurrent cholecystitis, which was determined by using Kaplan-Meier analysis (P = .015). The overall biliary event rates were 24.1% in the OAPD group and 9.1% in the EGBS group, and no significant difference was noted (P = .207). CONCLUSION: EGBS reduced the recurrence of cholecystitis in high-risk surgical patients with calculous cholecystitis. However, stent-related adverse events may occur, and modifications are necessary to reduce these.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related adverse events in patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is frequently performed for the diagnosis and treatment of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). However, the prevalence of ERCP-related adverse events in patients with type 1 AIP has not been evaluated. We aimed to clarify the feasibility of ERCP in patients with type 1 AIP. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 82 consecutive ERCP procedures performed in patients with type 1 AIP from 2004 to 2014 in one university hospital and three tertiary-care referral centers. One hundred four ERCP procedures in chronic pancreatitis and 1123 in non-AIP cohort were enrolled as control groups. We compared the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) between type 1 AIP and control groups. We evaluated the incidence of ERCP-related adverse events and various predictive factors for hyperamylasemia after ERCP. RESULTS: Pancreatography and cholangiography by ERCP were obtained in 78 (95.1%) and 76 (92.7%) patients, respectively. The incidence of PEP, cholangitis, and bleeding was 1.2% (1/82), 0%, and 1.2%, respectively. PEP occurred in type 1 AIP patient with diffuse parenchymal imaging, and the severity was mild. The incidences of PEP were 2.9% (3/104) and 5.4% (61/1123) in chronic pancreatitis and normal cohort, respectively. The incidence of PEP was slightly lower in type 1 AIP than non-AIP cohort (1.2% vs 5.8%, p = 0.119). There were no significant predictive factors for hyperamylasemia after ERCP in type 1 AIP. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ERCP-related adverse events is low in patients with type 1 AIP. ERCP-related procedures are feasible in the diagnosis and treatment of AIP.

Production of thyrotropin receptor antibodies in acute phase of infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus primary infection: a case report of a child.

Various autoantibodies have been reported to be detected during the progression of infectious mononucleosis. We observed a case of infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus primary infection for 2 months, and noticed the transiently increased titer of thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies detected at the acute phase on the 3rd day after admission. At that time, real-time quantitative PCR also revealed the mRNA expressions of an immediate early lytic gene, BZLF1, and a latent gene, EBNA2. The expression of BZLF1 mRNA means that Epstein-Barr virus infects lytically, and EBNA2 protein has an important role in antibody production as well as the establishment of Epstein-Barr virus latency. These results suggest that Epstein-Barr virus lytic infection is relevant to thyrotropin receptor autoantibody production. Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies stimulate thyroid follicular cells to produce excessive thyroid hormones and cause Graves' disease. Recently, we reported the thyrotropin receptor autoantibody production from thyrotropin receptor autoantibody-predisposed Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells by the induction of Epstein-Barr virus lytic infection in vitro. This case showed in vivo findings consistent with our previous reports, and is important to consider the pathophysiology of Graves' disease and one of the mechanisms of autoimmunity.

A Case of Duodenal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Treated with Amrubicin as Second-line Chemotherapy.

We present the case of a Japanese man in his 60s with duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma with distant metastases. Chemotherapy with irinotecan plus cisplatin was initiated as a first-line regimen. However, disease progression was observed after only two cycles. Therefore, amrubicin was administered as a second-line chemotherapy. The patient showed a long-term effect of amrubicin therapy, and the best response was a partial response after seven cycles. For duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma, amrubicin therapy can be considered an effective treatment option as salvage chemotherapy.

Localized IgG4-related Cholecystitis Mimicking Gallbladder Cancer.

We encountered a case of localized IgG4-cholecystitis mimicking gallbladder cancer with focal/segmental type1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). In this case, we were unable to exclude a diagnosis of gallbladder cancer and thus performed radical cholecystectomy. Type1 AIP is often associated with gallbladder lesions, accompanied by generally diffuse, circumferential thickening of the gallbladder wall. Although localized IgG4-related cholecystitis is extremely rare, differentiating this condition from gallbladder cancer is often very difficult.