Exposure of cinnamyl alcohol in co-culture of BEAS-2B and dendritic cells: Interaction between CYP450 and cytokines.

The prevalence of fragrances in various hygiene products contributes to their sensorial allure. However, fragrances can induce sensitization in the skin or respiratory system, and the mechanisms involved in this process are incompletely understood. This study investigated the intricate mechanisms underlying the fragrance's effects on sensitization response, focusing on the interplay between CYP450 enzymes, a class of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and the adaptive immune system. Specifically, we assessed the expression of CYP450 enzymes and cytokine profiles in culture of BEAS-2B and mature dendritic cells (mDC) alone or in co-culture stimulated with 2 mM of a common fragrance, cinnamyl alcohol (CA) for 20 h. CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, and CYP2A13 were analyzed by RT-PCR and IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). Through RT-PCR analysis, we observed that CA increased CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 expression in BEAS-2B, with a further increased in BEAS-2B-mDC co-culture. Additionally, exposure to CA increased IL-12p70 levels in mDC rather than in BEAS-2B-mDC co-culture. In regards to IL-18, level was higher in BEAS-2B than in BEAS-2B-mDC co-culture. A positive correlation between the levels of IL-10 and CYP1B1 was found in mDC-CA-exposed and between IL-12p70 and CYP1A1 was found in BEAS-2B after CA exposure. However, IL-12p70 and CYP1A2 as well as IL-18, IL-33, and CYP1A1 levels were negative, correlated mainly in co-culture control. These correlations highlight potential immunomodulatory interactions and complex regulatory relationships. Overall, exposure to CA enhances CYP450 expression, suggesting that CA can influence immune responses by degrading ligands on xenosensitive transcription factors.

Phenotypic and functional profile of IFN-α-differentiated dendritic cells (IFN-DCs) from HIV-infected individuals.

Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals. Different from the conventional protocol for DC differentiation based on the cytokine IL-4 (IL4-DCs), several studies have suggested obtaining DCs by culturing monocytes with type I IFN (IFN-α) to yield IFN-DCs, as performed in cancer therapy. To evaluate the phenotypic and functional characteristics, monocytes from HIV-infected subjects were differentiated into IFN-DCs or IL4-DCs, pulsed with chemically inactivated HIV and stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. A comparative analysis between both types of monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) showed that immature IFN-DCs were phenotypically distinct from immature IL4-DCs at the baseline of differentiation, presenting a pre-activated profile. From the functional profile, we determined that IFN-DCs were capable of producing the cytokine IL-12 p70 and of inducing the production of IFN-γ by CD4 + T lymphocytes but not by TCD8+ lymphocytes. Our results suggest that IFN-DCs derived from HIV-infected individuals are able to recognize and present viral antigens to induce TCD4+ cellular immunity to HIV.

Characterization of monocyte-derived dendritic cells used in immunotherapy for HIV-1-infected individuals.

AIMS: A therapeutic vaccine based on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) has been shown to represent a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer and viral infections. Here, we characterized the MDDCs used as an immunogen in a clinical trial for an anti-HIV-1 therapeutic vaccine. PATIENTS & METHODS: Monocytes obtained from 17 HIV-infected individuals were differentiated into MDDCs and, after loading with autologous HIV, the cells were characterized concerning surface molecule expression, migratory and phagocytosis capacity, cytokine production and the induction of an effective cell-mediated immune response. RESULTS: The MDDCs were able to induce antigen-specific responses in autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a large interindividual variability, the results suggested that MDDCs present the potential to promote immune responses in vaccinated patients.

Using Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy to Treat HIV: How Can This Strategy be Improved?

Harnessing dendritic cells (DC) to treat HIV infection is considered a key strategy to improve anti-HIV treatment and promote the discovery of functional or sterilizing cures. Although this strategy represents a promising approach, the results of currently published trials suggest that opportunities to optimize its performance still exist. In addition to the genetic and clinical characteristics of patients, the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy depends on the quality of the vaccine product, which is composed of precursor-derived DC and an antigen for pulsing. Here, we focus on some factors that can interfere with vaccine production and should thus be considered to improve DC-based immunotherapy for HIV infection.