RESUMO
A graduação é um momento de transição na vida dos jovens, da vida estudantil à profissional. Por ser um ob-jeto repleto de afetos, práticas, inserido dentro de uma instituição e ligado ao quotidiano dos estudantes, a graduação é pensada de forma contextualizada. Buscamos estudar a representação social da graduação, dentro da abordagem estrutural, em três diferentes contextos de pensamento: descritivo, normativo e prático. O estudo contou com 340 estudantes de psicologia de três universidades públicas do sudeste do Brasil, que responderam a um questionário contendo os esquemas cognitivos de base e a técnica das escolhas sucessivas por blocos. Os dados dos esquemas cognitivos de base (scb) foram analisados com os cálculos de valência, enquanto que as escolhas sucessivas por blocos (cpb) permitiram o cálculo do índice de distância de Guimelli e a construção de árvores máximas. Os resultados mostram que tanto em contexto descritivo quanto em contexto normativo o pensamento se estrutura com dois polos opostos, um de esperança e evolução e outro de anseios e dificuldades. No contexto descritivo o pensamento é baseado na ideia de conhecimento, por sua vez, no contexto normativo a ideia de mais alta probabilidade de ser central é o trabalho. No contexto prático o polo de anseios e dificuldades quase desaparece, o pensamento é mais voltado à finalidade dos estudos e a ideias positivas e agradáveis da graduação, com a ideia de diagnóstico de centralidade mais provável sendo o crescimento. Tal resultado nos levanta a questão da polifasia cognitiva dentro da estrutura representacional.
La carrera de pregrado es un momento de transición para los jóvenes, de la vida estudiantil a la profesional. Por ser un objeto lleno de afectos, prácticas, inserto en una institución y vinculado a la cotidianidad de los estudiantes, la carrera es pensada de forma contextua-lizada. Buscamos estudiar la representación social de la carrera de pregrado dentro del enfoque estructural, en tres contextos de pensamiento: descriptivo, normativo y práctico. Participaron 340 estudiantes de psicología de tres universidades públicas del sureste de Brasil, que respondieron un cuestionario que contenía los esquemas cognitivos básicos (scb) y la técnica de elecciones sucesivas por bloques (cpb). Los datos de los scb fueron analizados con cálculos de valencia, mientras que las cpb permitieron el cálculo del índice de distancia de Guimelli y la construcción de árboles de máximos. Los resultados muestran que tanto en un contexto descriptivo como en uno normativo, el pensamiento se estructura con dos polos opuestos, uno de esperanza y evolución, y otro de angustias y dificultades. En el contexto descriptivo, el pensar se fundamenta en la idea de saber; en el contexto normativo, la idea con mayor probabilidad de ser central es el trabajo. En el contexto práctico, el polo de las angustias y dificultades casi desaparece, el pensamiento está más centrado en el propósito de los estudios y las ideas positivas y agradables de la carrera, siendo la idea más probable de diagnóstico central el crecimiento. Este resultado plantea la cuestión de la polifasia cognitiva dentro de la estructura representacional.
Undergraduate education is a moment of transition for young adults from educational to professional life. Because it is an object full of affections, practices, inserted within an institution and linked to the students' daily lives, undergradutae studies are thought of in a contextualized way. Therefore, the research aimed to study the social representation of undergraduate psychology studies based on the structural approach, within three different thought contexts: descriptive, normative, and practical. The participants were 340 undergraduate psychology students from three public universities in southeast Brazil. They answered a questionnaire using basic cognitive schemes (scb) and the successive choices by block (cpb) techniques. The data of the scb was analyzed by valence calculation, and the data of the cpb was used to calculate Guimelli's distance index and to elaborate maximum trees. Results show that in descriptive and normative contexts, thought is structured by two opposed poles: one of hope and evolution and another of yearnings and difficulties. In the descriptive context, thought is based on the idea of knowledge, whilst in the normative context, 'work' is the most likely central idea. In the practical context, the pole of yearnings and difficulties almost disappears. Thought is more related to study aims and to positive and pleasant ideas of the undergraduate studies, with the idea of development being most likely the central one. Such results elicit the question of cognitive polyphasia in the representational structure.
Assuntos
Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Educação ProfissionalizanteRESUMO
The Covid-19 pandemic has created an informational tide in which rumors in the form of fake news disseminated by individual and official agency communications saturated people with sometimes contradictory messages. Grounded on the perspective of the social psychology of rumors, this study aimed to analyze the unique and differential characteristics of news proven to be fake news in order to obtain criteria for recognizing this phenomenon. We selected posts about Covid-19 shared on social networks by individuals (n = 100) and by official agencies (n = 100) verified as fake news on specialized sites (n = 100). A descending hierarchical classification was performed and fake news presented three singularities: emphasis on conspiracy theories, presentation of alternative truths to those of governments, and promotion of benevolent advice for the protection and cure of the disease. Such results allow the insertion of these characteristics into fake news search algorithms and the adaptation of the communication of official bodies, for the prevention of misinforming news.
A pandemia da Covid-19 criou uma maré informacional na qual boatos em forma de fake news, comunicações individuais e de órgãos oficiais saturam as pessoas com mensagens por vezes contraditórias. A partir da psicologia social dos boatos, objetiva-se estudar as características singulares e diferenciais de notícias comprovadas como fake news, para obter critérios para reconhecer esse fenômeno. Foram selecionadas mensagens sobre Covid-19 compartilhadas em redes sociais por indivíduos (n = 100), por órgãos oficiais (n = 100) e averiguadas como fake news em sítios especializados (n = 100). Uma classificação hierárquica descendente foi realizada e as fake news apresentaram três singularidades: ênfase em teorias da conspiração, apresentação de verdades alternativas às dos governos e promoção de conselhos bondosos para proteger-se e curar-se da doença. Tais resultados permitem a inserção dessas características em algoritmos de busca de fake news e a adaptação da comunicação de órgãos oficiais, para prevenção de notícias que desinformam.
La pandemia de Covid-19 creó una marea informativa en la que los rumores en forma de fake news, comunicaciones individuales y de organismos oficiales bombardean a las personas con mensajes a veces contradictorios. Basado en la psicología social de los rumores, el objetivo es estudiar las características singulares y diferenciales de las noticias comprobadas como fake news, con el fin de obtener criterios que permitan reconocer este fenómeno. Se seleccionaron mensajes sobre Covid-19 compartidos en las redes sociales por individuos (n = 100), por organismos oficiales (n = 100) y verificados como fake news en sitios especializados (n = 100). Se realizó una clasificación jerárquica descendente y las fake news mostraron tres singularidades: énfasis en teorías de conspiración, presentación de verdades alternativas a las de los gobiernos y difusión de consejos benéficos para protegerse y curarse de la enfermedad. Dichos resultados permiten la inserción de estas características en algoritmos de búsqueda de fake news y la adaptación de la comunicación de organismos oficiales, para evitar noticias que desinforman.
Assuntos
Humanos , COVID-19 , Desinformação , Enganação , Psicologia Social , Algoritmos , Rede Social , Representação SocialRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii is a cause of congenital diseases, miscarriages and stillbirths in production animals. In Brazil, non-archetypal genotypes of the parasite may be related to severe disease. Experimental infection with T. gondii was studied in sheep to analyse congenital transmission-related parameters in reinfections with different Brazilian parasite strains. Thirteen T. gondii-seronegative sheep were orally infected with 2 × 103oocysts for the primary infection: G1 (4 animals) were inoculated with TgCatBr71 strain (Type BrI genotype) and G2 andG3 (5 and 4 animals, respectively) withTgCatBr60 strain (Type BrIII genotype). After chronification of infection, the animals were impregnated. A second infection was performed after 60 days of gestation. TheG1 andG3 animals were inoculated withTgCatBr60BrIII and the G2 animals withTgCatBr71 BrI oocysts. The effects of reinfection were compared with a control group (5 animals) through physical examination, ultrasound imaging and serology. Ovine experimental infections were evaluated using mouse bioassays, molecular analysis, serological tests, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. No abortions occurred; a seropositive lamb and a mummified fetus from G2-BrIIIxBrI were produced. The vertical transmission rate detected in lambs from chronically infected sheep was 31.6% (6/19). It is demonstrated that reinfection and subsequent congenital transmission occured in one sheep with a primary Brl infection challenged with BrIII genotype of T. gondii. In a twin pregnancy from G2-BrIIIxBrI, congenital transmission from a latent infection was detected in both lambs. Congenital transmission could not be tracked in three lambs. Overall, previous T. gondii infection may fail to protect against congenital transmission from a reinfection and primary infection induced insufficient protection against vertical transmission which must be taken into account in decision-making for the use of seropositive animals as breeders. Similar trials with larger groups and contemplating host cellular immune response studies should be conducted to evaluate the actual impact of T. gondii reinfection involving different strains in sheep.
RESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências de validade e fidedignidade do Inventário do Livre-Arbítrio (ILA) para a população brasileira, além de traduzir e adaptá-lo para a língua portuguesa. Este é um instrumento dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte busca investigar força das crenças no livre-arbítrio, determinismo e dualismo. A segunda parte busca investigar relações entre esses construtos e a responsabilidade moral. Participaram deste estudo 316 participantes com idades entre 18 e 77 anos que responderam, por meio de uma plataforma on-line, a um questionário sociodemográfico e ao ILA. Tal qual na escala original, a análise fatorial exploratória revelou a existência de três fatores: livre-arbítrio, determinismo e dualismo. Os alfas de Cronbach das subescalas foram, respectivamente, 0,81; 0,75; 0,85. O ILA apresentou boas propriedades psicométricas para população brasileira, recomendando-se seu uso para pesquisas futuras no campo da psicologia social. (AU)
The objective of this study was to search for validity and reliability evidence of the Free Will Inventory (FWI) for the Brazilian population, in addition to translating and adapting it into Portuguese. This instrument is divided into two parts. The first part seeks to investigate strength of beliefs in free will, determinism and dualism. The second part seeks to investigate relationships between these constructs and moral responsibility. A total of 316 participants between 18 and 77 years of age responded via an online platform to a socio-demographic questionnaire and the FWI. As in the original scale, the exploratory factor analysis revealed the existence of three factors: free will, determinism and dualism. Cronbach's alphas of the subscales were, respectively, 0.81; 0.75; 0.85. The FWI presented good psychometric properties for the Brazilian population, and use is recommended for future research in the field of social psychology. (AU)
El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar evidencias de validez y confiabilidad del Inventario de Libre Albedrío (ILA) en la población brasileña, y también traducirlo y adaptarlo para la lengua portuguesa. Este es un instrumento dividido en dos partes. La primera parte investiga la fuerza de creencias en el libre albedrío, determinismo y dualismo. La segunda parte investiga las relaciones entre esos constructos y la responsabilidad moral. Participaron de este estudio 316 personas con edades entre 18 y 77 años respondiendo de manera online a un cuestionario sociodemográfico y al ILA. Como en el estudio original, el análisis factorial exploratorio reveló la existencia de tres factores: libre albedrío, determinismo y dualismo. El alfa de Cronbach de las sub-escalas fueron respectivamente, 0,81; 0,75; 0,85. El ILA presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas en la población brasileña, recomendándose su uso en investigaciones futuras en el campo de la psicología social. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Autonomia Pessoal , Tradução , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Análise FatorialRESUMO
We aimed with the present study to evaluate the effects of FSH treatment (200 mg) split in four or six administrations on ovarian follicle stimulation and in vitro oocyte competence for embryo production in dairy cows with synchronized follicular wave emergence. On random days of the estrous cycle (Day 0), non-lactating Holstein cows received a progesterone (P4)-releasing intravaginal device and 2 mg estradiol benzoate IM. On Day 3, they received 0.530 mg sodium cloprostenol (PGF2α) IM. Control cows (n = 35) received no further treatments, whereas FSH-treated cows received 200 mg FSH split in four (FSH4 group; n = 33) or six (FSH6 group; n = 33) administration regimens. Starting on Day 4, cows in FSH4 group received 200 mg FSH split in four equivalent doses of 50 mg 12 h apart. Cows in FSH6 group received the same total FSH dose split in six equivalent doses of 33.3 mg 12 h apart, but treatments started on Day 3. On Day 7 AM (36 h of "coasting" period for FSH-treated groups), the P4 devices were removed and cows were subjected to ovum pick up (OPU). Viable oocytes were in vitro fertilized using sexed-sorted semen. Although FSH treatment did not (P > 0.1) increase the total number of follicles (Control, 53.2 ± 4.5 vs. FSH-treated, 51.4 ± 3.1), the two hormonal stimulation regimens, FSH4 and FSH6, increased the number of medium follicles (6-10 mm; 5.2 ± 0.5 vs. 18.1 ± 1.4; P < 0.0001) and reduced the number of small follicles (2-5.9 mm; 46.3 ± 5.1 vs. 31.0 ± 2.4 P < 0.0001). Also, FSH treatment or regimen did not increase (P > 0.1) the number of viable oocytes (Control, 12.6 ± 1.26 vs. FSH-treated, 12.70 ± 1.03), recovery rate (Control, 36.5% vs. FSH-treated, 36%) and the number of in vitro produced blastocyst (Control, 4.1 ± 0.52 vs. FSH-treated 4.3 ± 0.5). We concluded that FSH stimulation protocol proposed herein is effective to stimulate the growth of small antral follicle population prior to OPU, but it was ineffective to improve in vitro oocyte competence for embryo production in non-lactating Holstein cows with synchronized follicular wave emergence.
Assuntos
Fertilização in vitro/veterinária , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/farmacologia , Recuperação de Oócitos/veterinária , Indução da Ovulação/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro/métodos , Folículo Ovariano/efeitos dos fármacos , Folículo Ovariano/fisiologiaRESUMO
Probiotics are a promising alternative to improve food animal productivity and health. However, scientific evidence that specific microbes can be used to benefit animal health and performance is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of administering a live culture of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii to newborn dairy calves on subsequent growth, health, and fecal microbiome. Initially, a safety trial was conducted using 30 newborn bull calves to assess potential adverse effects of the oral and rectal administration of F. prausnitzii to neonatal calves. No adverse reactions, such as increased body temperature or heart and respiratory rates, were observed after the administration of the treatments. All calves survived the experimental period, and there was no difference in fecal consistency score, attitude, appetite or dehydration between the treatment groups. The rectal route was not an efficient practice while the oral route ensures that the full dose is administered to the treated calves. Subsequently, a randomized field trial was completed in a commercial farm with preweaned calves. A total of 554 Holstein heifers were assigned to one of two treatment groups: treated calves (FPTRT) and non-treated calves (control). Treated calves received two oral doses of F. prausnitzii, one at treatment assignment (1st week) and another one week later. The FPTRT group presented significantly lower incidence of severe diarrhea (3.1%) compared with the control group (6.8%). Treated calves also had lower mortality rate associated with severe diarrhea (1.5%) compared to control calves (4.4%). Furthermore, FPTRT calves gained significantly more weight, 4.4 kg over the preweaning period, than controls calves. The relative abundance of F. prausnitzii in the fecal microbiota was significantly higher in the 3rd and 5th weeks of life of FPTRT calves than of the control calves, as revealed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our findings showed that oral administration of F. prausnitzii improves gastrointestinal health and growth of preweaned calves, supporting its use as a potential probiotic.
