Isolation forest-voting fusion-multioutput: A stroke risk classification method based on the multidimensional output of abnormal sample detection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Stroke has become a major disease threatening the health of people around the world. It has the characteristics of high incidence, high fatality, and a high recurrence rate. At this stage, problems such as poor recognition accuracy of stroke screening based on electronic medical records and insufficient recognition of stroke risk levels exist. These problems occur because of the systematic errors of medical equipment and the characteristics of the collectors during the process of electronic medical record collection. Errors can also occur due to misreporting or underreporting by the collection personnel and the strong subjectivity of the evaluation indicators. METHODS: This paper proposes an isolation forest-voting fusion-multioutput algorithm model. First, the screening data are collected for numerical processing and normalization. The composite feature score index of this paper is used to analyze the importance of risk factors, and then, the isolation forest is used. The algorithm detects abnormal samples, uses the voting fusion algorithm proposed in this article to perform decision fusion prediction classification, and outputs multidimensional (risk factor importance score, abnormal sample label, risk level classification, and stroke prediction) results that can be used as auxiliary decision information by doctors and medical staff. RESULTS: The isolation forest-voting fusion-multioutput algorithm proposed in this article has five categories (zero risk, low risk, high risk, ischemic stroke (TIA), and hemorrhagic stroke (HE)). The average accuracy rate of stroke prediction reached 79.59 %. CONCLUSIONS: The isolation forest-voting fusion-multioutput algorithm model proposed in this paper can not only accurately identify the various categories of stroke risk levels and stroke prediction but can also output multidimensional auxiliary decision-making information to help medical staff make decisions, thereby greatly improving the screening efficiency.

LA-ViT: A Network With Transformers Constrained by Learned-Parameter-Free Attention for Interpretable Grading in a New Laryngeal Histopathology Image Dataset.

Grading laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) based on histopathological images is a clinically significant yet challenging task. However, more low-effect background semantic information appeared in the feature maps, feature channels, and class activation maps, which caused a serious impact on the accuracy and interpretability of LSCC grading. While the traditional transformer block makes extensive use of parameter attention, the model overlearns the low-effect background semantic information, resulting in ineffectively reducing the proportion of background semantics. Therefore, we propose an end-to-end network with transformers constrained by learned-parameter-free attention (LA-ViT), which improve the ability to learn high-effect target semantic information and reduce the proportion of background semantics. Firstly, according to generalized linear model and probabilistic, we demonstrate that learned-parameter-free attention (LA) has a stronger ability to learn highly effective target semantic information than parameter attention. Secondly, the first-type LA transformer block of LA-ViT utilizes the feature map position subspace to realize the query. Then, it uses the feature channel subspace to realize the key, and adopts the average convergence to obtain a value. And those construct the LA mechanism. Thus, it reduces the proportion of background semantics in the feature maps and feature channels. Thirdly, the second-type LA transformer block of LA-ViT uses the model probability matrix information and decision level weight information to realize key and query, respectively. And those realize the LA mechanism. So, it reduces the proportion of background semantics in class activation maps. Finally, we build a new complex semantic LSCC pathology image dataset to address the problem, which is less research on LSCC grading models because of lacking clinically meaningful datasets. After extensive experiments, the whole metrics of LA-ViT outperform those of other state-of-the-art methods, and the visualization maps match better with the regions of interest in the pathologists' decision-making. Moreover, the experimental results conducted on a public LSCC pathology image dataset show that LA-ViT has superior generalization performance to that of other state-of-the-art methods.

Capability of Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify Safe and Unsafe Postures during Weight Lifting Tasks Using Inertial Sensors.

Occupational ergonomics aims to optimize the work environment and to enhance both productivity and worker well-being. Work-related exposure assessment, such as lifting loads, is a crucial aspect of this discipline, as it involves the evaluation of physical stressors and their impact on workers' health and safety, in order to prevent the development of musculoskeletal pathologies. In this study, we explore the feasibility of machine learning (ML) algorithms, fed with time- and frequency-domain features extracted from inertial signals (linear acceleration and angular velocity), to automatically and accurately discriminate safe and unsafe postures during weight lifting tasks. The signals were acquired by means of one inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed on the sternums of 15 subjects, and subsequently segmented to extract several time- and frequency-domain features. A supervised dataset, including the extracted features, was used to feed several ML models and to assess their prediction power. Interesting results in terms of evaluation metrics for a binary safe/unsafe posture classification were obtained with the logistic regression algorithm, which outperformed the others, with accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of up to 96% and 99%, respectively. This result indicates the feasibility of the proposed methodology-based on a single inertial sensor and artificial intelligence-to discriminate safe/unsafe postures associated with load lifting activities. Future investigation in a wider study population and using additional lifting scenarios could confirm the potentiality of the proposed methodology, supporting its applicability in the occupational ergonomics field.

Alzheimer's Disease Evaluation Through Visual Explainability by Means of Convolutional Neural Networks.

Background and Objective: Alzheimer's disease is nowadays the most common cause of dementia. It is a degenerative neurological pathology affecting the brain, progressively leading the patient to a state of total dependence, thus creating a very complex and difficult situation for the family that has to assist him/her. Early diagnosis is a primary objective and constitutes the hope of being able to intervene in the development phase of the disease. Methods: In this paper, a method to automatically detect the presence of Alzheimer's disease, by exploiting deep learning, is proposed. Five different convolutional neural networks are considered: ALEX_NET, VGG16, FAB_CONVNET, STANDARD_CNN and FCNN. The first two networks are state-of-the-art models, while the last three are designed by authors. We classify brain images into one of the following classes: non-demented, very mild demented and mild demented. Moreover, we highlight on the image the areas symptomatic of Alzheimer presence, thus providing a visual explanation behind the model diagnosis. Results: The experimental analysis, conducted on more than 6000 magnetic resonance images, demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed neural networks in the comparison with the state-of-the-art models in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and localization. The best results in terms of metrics are the best with STANDARD_CNN and FCNN with accuracy, precision and recall between 98% and 95%. Excellent results also from a qualitative point of view are obtained with the Grad-CAM for localization and visual explainability. Conclusions: The analysis of the heatmaps produced by the Grad-CAM algorithm shows that in almost all cases the heatmaps highlight regions such as ventricles and cerebral cortex. Future work will focus on the realization of a network capable of analyzing the three anatomical views simultaneously.

The Naples Prognostic Score Is a Useful Tool to Assess Surgical Treatment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Different prognostic scores have been applied to identify patients with non-small cell lung cancer who have a higher probability of poor outcomes. In this study, we evaluated whether the Naples Prognostic Score, a novel index that considers both inflammatory and nutritional values, was associated with long-term survival. This study presents a retrospective propensity score matching analysis of patients who underwent curative surgery for non-small cell lung cancer from January 2016 to December 2021. The score considered the following four pre-operative parameters: the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, serum albumin, and total cholesterol. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis were performed to evaluate the relationship between the score and disease-free survival, overall survival, and cancer-related survival. A total of 260 patients were selected for the study, though this was reduced to 154 after propensity score matching. Post-propensity Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant correlation between the Naples Prognostic Score, overall survival (p = 0.018), and cancer-related survival (p = 0.007). Multivariate Cox regression analysis further validated the score as an independent prognostic indicator for both types of survival (p = 0.007 and p = 0.010, respectively). The Naples Prognostic Score proved to be an easily achievable prognostic factor of long-term survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after surgical treatment.

Artificial Intelligence to Early Predict Liver Metastases in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Prospectives.

BACKGROUND: Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based analysis represents an evolving medical field. In the last few decades, several studies have reported the diagnostic efficiency of AI applied to Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to early detect liver metastases (LM), mainly from colorectal cancer. Despite the increase in information and the development of different procedures in several radiological fields, an accurate method of predicting LM has not yet been found. This review aims to compare the diagnostic efficiency of different AI methods in the literature according to accuracy, sensibility, precision, and recall to identify early LM. METHODS: A narrative review of the literature was conducted on PubMed. A total of 336 studies were screened. RESULTS: We selected 17 studies from 2012 to 2022. In total, 14,475 patients were included, and more than 95% were affected by colorectal cancer. The most frequently used imaging tool to early detect LM was found to be CT (58%), while MRI was used in three cases. Four different AI analyses were used: deep learning, radiomics, machine learning, and fuzzy systems in seven (41.18%), five (29.41%), four (23.53%), and one (5.88%) cases, respectively. Four studies achieved an accuracy of more than 90% after MRI and CT scan acquisition, while just two reported a recall rate ≥90% (one method using MRI and CT and one CT). CONCLUSIONS: Routinely acquired radiological images could be used for AI-based analysis to early detect LM. Simultaneous use of radiomics and machine learning analysis applied to MRI or CT images should be an effective method considering the better results achieved in the clinical scenario.

Explainable Convolutional Neural Networks for Brain Cancer Detection and Localisation.

Brain cancer is widely recognised as one of the most aggressive types of tumors. In fact, approximately 70% of patients diagnosed with this malignant cancer do not survive. In this paper, we propose a method aimed to detect and localise brain cancer, starting from the analysis of magnetic resonance images. The proposed method exploits deep learning, in particular convolutional neural networks and class activation mapping, in order to provide explainability by highlighting the areas of the medical image related to brain cancer (from the model point of view). We evaluate the proposed method with 3000 magnetic resonances using a free available dataset. The results we obtained are encouraging. We reach an accuracy ranging from 97.83% to 99.67% in brain cancer detection by exploiting four different models: VGG16, ResNet50, Alex_Net, and MobileNet, thus showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Increasing differential diagnosis between lipoma and liposarcoma through radiomics: a narrative review.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare, heterogeneous, and very often asymptomatic diseases. Their diagnosis is fundamental, as is the identification of the degree of malignancy, which may be high, medium, or low. The Italian Medical Oncology Association and European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines recommend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because the clinical examination is typically ineffective. The diagnosis of these rare diseases with artificial intelligence (AI) techniques presents reduced datasets and therefore less robust methods. However, the combination of AI techniques with radiomics may be a new angle in diagnosing rare diseases such as STSs. Results obtained are promising within the literature, not only for the performance but also for the explicability of the data. In fact, one can make tumor classification, site localization, and prediction of the risk of developing metastasis. Thanks to the synergy between computer scientists and radiologists, linking numerical features to radiological evidence with excellent performance could be a new step forward for the diagnosis of rare diseases.

Predicting risk of metastases and recurrence in soft-tissue sarcomas via Radiomics and Formal Methods.

Objective: Soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs) of the extremities are a group of malignancies arising from the mesenchymal cells that may develop distant metastases or local recurrence. In this article, we propose a novel methodology aimed to predict metastases and recurrence risk in patients with these malignancies by evaluating magnetic resonance radiomic features that will be formally verified through formal logic models. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study based on a public dataset evaluating MRI scans T2-weighted fat-saturated or short tau inversion recovery and patients having "metastases/local recurrence" (group B) or "no metastases/no local recurrence" (group A) as clinical outcomes. Once radiomic features are extracted, they are included in formal models, on which is automatically verified the logic property written by a radiologist and his computer scientists coworkers. Results: Evaluating the Formal Methods efficacy in predicting distant metastases/local recurrence in STSs (group A vs group B), our methodology showed a sensitivity and specificity of 0.81 and 0.67, respectively; this suggests that radiomics and formal verification may be useful in predicting future metastases or local recurrence development in soft tissue sarcoma. Discussion: Authors discussed about the literature to consider Formal Methods as a valid alternative to other Artificial Intelligence techniques. Conclusions: An innovative and noninvasive rigourous methodology can be significant in predicting local recurrence and metastases development in STSs. Future works can be the assessment on multicentric studies to extract objective disease information, enriching the connection between the radiomic quantitative analysis and the radiological clinical evidences.

Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence Can Predict Malignancy of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules in the Elderly.

Solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for thoracic surgeons. Although such lesions are usually benign, the risk of malignancy remains significant, particularly in elderly patients, who represent a large segment of the affected population. Surgical treatment in this subset, which usually presents several comorbidities, requires careful evaluation, especially when pre-operative biopsy is not feasible and comorbidities may jeopardize the outcome. Radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI) are progressively being applied in predicting malignancy in suspicious nodules and assisting the decision-making process. In this study, we analyzed features of the radiomic images of 71 patients with SPN aged more than 75 years (median 79, IQR 76-81) who had undergone upfront pulmonary resection based on CT and PET-CT findings. Three different machine learning algorithms were applied-functional tree, Rep Tree and J48. Histology was malignant in 64.8% of nodules and the best predictive value was achieved by the J48 model (AUC 0.9). The use of AI analysis of radiomic features may be applied to the decision-making process in elderly frail patients with suspicious SPNs to minimize the false positive rate and reduce the incidence of unnecessary surgery.

Coronavirus covid-19 detection by means of explainable deep learning.

The coronavirus is caused by the infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus: it represents a complex and new condition, considering that until the end of December 2019 this virus was totally unknown to the international scientific community. The clinical management of patients with the coronavirus disease has undergone an evolution over the months, thanks to the increasing knowledge of the virus, symptoms and efficacy of the various therapies. Currently, however, there is no specific therapy for SARS-CoV-2 virus, know also as Coronavirus disease 19, and treatment is based on the symptoms of the patient taking into account the overall clinical picture. Furthermore, the test to identify whether a patient is affected by the virus is generally performed on sputum and the result is generally available within a few hours or days. Researches previously found that the biomedical imaging analysis is able to show signs of pneumonia. For this reason in this paper, with the aim of providing a fully automatic and faster diagnosis, we design and implement a method adopting deep learning for the novel coronavirus disease detection, starting from computed tomography medical images. The proposed approach is aimed to detect whether a computed tomography medical images is related to an healthy patient, to a patient with a pulmonary disease or to a patient affected with Coronavirus disease 19. In case the patient is marked by the proposed method as affected by the Coronavirus disease 19, the areas symptomatic of the Coronavirus disease 19 infection are automatically highlighted in the computed tomography medical images. We perform an experimental analysis to empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, by considering medical images belonging from different institutions, with an average time for Coronavirus disease 19 detection of approximately 8.9 s and an accuracy equal to 0.95.

Interpretable laryngeal tumor grading of histopathological images via depth domain adaptive network with integration gradient CAM and priori experience-guided attention.

Tumor grading and interpretability of laryngeal cancer is a key yet challenging task in the clinical diagnosis, mainly because of the commonly used low-magnification pathological images lack fine cellular structure information and accurate localization, the diagnosis results of pathologists are different from those of attentional convolutional network -based methods, and the gradient-weighted class activation mapping method cannot be optimized to create the best visualization map. To address this problem, we propose an end-to-end depth domain adaptive network (DDANet) with integration gradient CAM and priori experience-guided attention to improve the tumor grading performance and interpretability by introducing the pathologist's a priori experience in high-magnification into the depth model. Specifically, a novel priori experience-guided attention (PE-GA) method is developed to solve the traditional unsupervised attention optimization problem. Besides, a novel integration gradient CAM is proposed to mitigate overfitting, information redundancies and low sparsity of the Grad-CAM graphs generated by the PE-GA method. Furthermore, we establish a set of quantitative evaluation metric systems for model visual interpretation. Extensive experimental results show that compared with the state-of-the-art methods, the average grading accuracy is increased to 88.43% (↑4.04%), the effective interpretable rate is increased to 52.73% (↑11.45%). Additionally, it effectively reduces the difference between CV-based method and pathology in diagnosis results. Importantly, the visualized interpretive maps are closer to the region of interest of concern by pathologists, and our model outperforms pathologists with different levels of experience.

ASI-DBNet: An Adaptive Sparse Interactive ResNet-Vision Transformer Dual-Branch Network for the Grading of Brain Cancer Histopathological Images.

Brain cancer is the deadliest cancer that occurs in the brain and central nervous system, and rapid and precise grading is essential to reduce patient suffering and improve survival. Traditional convolutional neural network (CNN)-based computer-aided diagnosis algorithms cannot fully utilize the global information of pathology images, and the recently popular vision transformer (ViT) model does not focus enough on the local details of pathology images, both of which lead to a lack of precision in the focus of the model and a lack of accuracy in the grading of brain cancer. To solve this problem, we propose an adaptive sparse interaction ResNet-ViT dual-branch network (ASI-DBNet). First, we design the ResNet-ViT parallel structure to simultaneously capture and retain the local and global information of pathology images. Second, we design the adaptive sparse interaction block (ASIB) to interact the ResNet branch with the ViT branch. Furthermore, we introduce the attention mechanism in ASIB to adaptively filter the redundant information from the dual branches during the interaction so that the feature maps delivered during the interaction are more beneficial. Intensive experiments have shown that ASI-DBNet performs best in various baseline and SOTA models, with 95.24% accuracy in four grades. In particular, for brain tumors with a high degree of deterioration (Grade III and Grade IV), the highest diagnostic accuracies achieved by ASI-DBNet are 97.93% and 96.28%, respectively, which is of great clinical significance. Meanwhile, the gradient-weighted class activation map (Grad_cam) and attention rollout visualization mechanisms are utilized to visualize the working logic behind the model, and the resulting feature maps highlight the important distinguishing features related to the diagnosis. Therefore, the interpretability and confidence of the model are improved, which is of great value for the clinical diagnosis of brain cancer.

A ViT-AMC Network With Adaptive Model Fusion and Multiobjective Optimization for Interpretable Laryngeal Tumor Grading From Histopathological Images.

The tumor grading of laryngeal cancer pathological images needs to be accurate and interpretable. The deep learning model based on the attention mechanism-integrated convolution (AMC) block has good inductive bias capability but poor interpretability, whereas the deep learning model based on the vision transformer (ViT) block has good interpretability but weak inductive bias ability. Therefore, we propose an end-to-end ViT-AMC network (ViT-AMCNet) with adaptive model fusion and multiobjective optimization that integrates and fuses the ViT and AMC blocks. However, existing model fusion methods often have negative fusion: 1). There is no guarantee that the ViT and AMC blocks will simultaneously have good feature representation capability. 2). The difference in feature representations learning between the ViT and AMC blocks is not obvious, so there is much redundant information in the two feature representations. Accordingly, we first prove the feasibility of fusing the ViT and AMC blocks based on Hoeffding's inequality. Then, we propose a multiobjective optimization method to solve the problem that ViT and AMC blocks cannot simultaneously have good feature representation. Finally, an adaptive model fusion method integrating the metrics block and the fusion block is proposed to increase the differences between feature representations and improve the deredundancy capability. Our methods improve the fusion ability of ViT-AMCNet, and experimental results demonstrate that ViT-AMCNet significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Importantly, the visualized interpretive maps are closer to the region of interest of concern by pathologists, and the generalization ability is also excellent. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/Baron-Huang/ViT-AMCNet.

Explainability of radiomics through formal methods.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Artificial Intelligence has proven to be effective in radiomics. The main problem in using Artificial Intelligence is that researchers and practitioners are not able to know how the predictions are generated. This is currently an open issue because results' explainability is advantageous in understanding the reasoning behind the model, both for patients than for implementing a feedback mechanism for medical specialists using decision support systems. METHODS: Addressing transparency issues related to the Artificial Intelligence field, the innovative technique of Formal methods use a mathematical logic reasoning to produce an automatic, quick and reliable diagnosis. In this paper we analyze results given by the adoption of Formal methods for the diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease: specifically, we want to analyse and understand, in a more medical way, the meaning of some radiomic features to connect them with clinical or radiological evidences. RESULTS: In particular, the usage of Formal methods allows the authors to do statistical analysis on the feature value distributions, to do pattern recognition on disease models, to generalize the model of a disease and to reach high performances of results and interpretation of them. A further step for explainability can be accounted by the localization and selection of the most important slices in a multi-slice approach. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we confirmed the clinical significance of some First order features as Skewness and Kurtosis. On the other hand, we suggest to decline the use of the Minimum feature because of its intrinsic connection with the Computational Tomography exam of the lung.

A novel methodology for head and neck carcinoma treatment stage detection by means of model checking.

CONTEXT: Head and neck cancers are diagnosed at an annual rate of 3% to 7% with respect to the total number of cancers, and 50% to 75% of such new tumours occur in the upper aerodigestive tract. PURPOSE: In this paper we propose formal methods based approach aimed to identify the head and neck tumour treatment stage by means of model checking. We exploit a set of radiomic features to model medical imaging as a labelled transition system to verify treatment stage properties. MAIN FINDINGS: We experiment the proposed method using a public dataset related to computed tomography images obtained in different treatment stages, reaching an accuracy ranging from 0.924 to 0.978 in treatment stage detection. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the effectiveness of the adoption of formal methods in the head and neck carcinoma treatment stage detection to support radiologists and pathologists.

FABNet: Fusion Attention Block and Transfer Learning for Laryngeal Cancer Tumor Grading in P63 IHC Histopathology Images.

Laryngeal cancer tumor (LCT) grading is a challenging task in P63 Immunohistochemical (IHC) histopathology images due to small differences between LCT levels in pathology images, the lack of precision in lesion regions of interest (LROIs) and the paucity of LCT pathology image samples. The key to solving the LCT grading problem is to transfer knowledge from other images and to identify more accurate LROIs, but the following problems occur: 1) transferring knowledge without a priori experience often causes negative transfer and creates a heavy workload due to the abundance of image types, and 2) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) constructing deep models by stacking cannot sufficiently identify LROIs, often deviate significantly from the LROIs focused on by experienced pathologists, and are prone to providing misleading second opinions. So we propose a novel fusion attention block network (FABNet) to address these problems. First, we propose a model transfer method based on clinical a priori experience and sample analysis (CPESA) that analyzes the transfer ability by integrating clinical a priori experience using indicators such as the relationship between the cancer onset location and morphology and the texture and staining degree of cell nuclei in histopathology images; our method further validates these indicators by the probability distribution of cancer image samples. Then, we propose a fusion attention block (FAB) structure, which can both provide an advanced non-uniform sparse representation of images and extract spatial relationship information between nuclei; consequently, the LROI can be more accurate and more relevant to pathologists. We conducted extensive experiments, compared with the best Baseline model, the classification accuracy is improved 25%, and It is demonstrated that FABNet performs better on different cancer pathology image datasets and outperforms other state of the art (SOTA) models.

Automatic PI-RADS assignment by means of formal methods.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2 emerged as standard in prostate magnetic resonance imaging examination. The Pi-RADS scores are assigned by radiologists and indicate the likelihood of a clinically significant cancer. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology to automatically mark a magnetic resonance imaging with its related PI-RADS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected a dataset from two different institutions composed by DWI ADC MRI for 91 patients marked by expert radiologists with different PI-RADS score. A formal model is generated starting from a prostate magnetic resonance imaging, and a set of properties related to the different PI-RADS scores are formulated with the help of expert radiologists and pathologists. RESULTS: Our methodology relies on the adoption of formal methods and radiomic features, and in the experimental analysis, we obtain a specificity and sensitivity equal to 1. Q CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methodology is able to assign the PI-RADS score by analyzing prostate magnetic resonance imaging with a very high accuracy.