Respostas de agressividade no Rorschach (R-PAS) de homens autores de violência conjugal / Rorschach aggression responses in male perpetrators of conjugal violence / Respuestas de agresividad de Rorschach (R-PAS) de hombres autores de violencia conyugal

Este artigo analisa a validade dos indicadores de agressividade do Rorschach em uma amostra forense. São participantes deste estudo 31 homens agressores violentos contra mulheres, os quais foram indiciados, julgados no Tribunal de Violência Doméstica e Familiar e, posteriormente, encaminhados a um Grupo Reflexivo de Gênero. O Rorschach foi administrado por meio do sistema R-PAS, de acordo com a padronização e normas propostas pelo manual, com excelente confiabilidade entre avaliadores para os dois códigos analisados. Os índices encontrados para AGC e AGM foram comparados aos dados normativos por meio do teste t de Student. Apenas AGC mostrou diferença significativa em relação à amostra normativa, com menores resultados. O AGM não evidenciou validade para diferenciar os grupos. (AU)

This article analyzes the validity of Rorschach's Aggression indicators in a forensic sample. Study participants are thirty-one men who were violent aggressors against women, who were indicted, tried in the Domestic and Family Violence Court, and later referred to a Reflexive Gender Group. Rorschach was administered through the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), according to the standardization and norms proposed by the manual, with excellent inter-rater reliability for the two codes analyzed. The indexes found for AGC and AGM were compared to the normative data by the Student's t-test. Only AGC showed a significant difference in relation to the normative sample, with lower results. The AGM did not show validity to differentiate the groups. (AU)

Este artículo analiza la validez de los indicadores de agresividad de Rorschach en una muestra forense. Participaron de este estudio 31 hombres agresores violentos contra mujeres, que fueron acusados, juzgados en el Tribunal de Violencia Doméstica y Familiar y luego encaminados a un Grupo Reflexivo de Género. El Rorschach se administró a través del sistema R-PAS, de acuerdo con la estandarización y las normas propuestas por el manual, con excelente confiabilida dentre evaluadores para los dos códigos analizados. Los índices encontrados para AGC y AGM se compararon con los datos normativos por medio del test t- de Student. Solo AGC mostró una diferencia significativa en relación con la muestra normativa, con menores resultados. El AGM no evidenció validez para diferenciar los grupos. (AU)

Assessment of inhibitory control in crack and/or cocaine users: a systematic review / Avaliação do controle inibitório em usuários de cocaína e/ou crack: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective Impairments involving inhibitory control have been considered central deficits in drug users, but it appears that dysfunctions may be specific to users' drug of choice. This article aims to review recent findings on inhibitory control impairment in samples of crack and/or cocaine users. Methods Searches were conducted on the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Knowledge databases in two stages according to eligibility criteria. Initially, databases were searched and the titles and abstracts of results were analyzed and then selected articles were read in full. Inclusion criteria were: empirical articles written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, published in the last ten years and involving the assessment of inhibitory control in crack and/or cocaine users. Results The database searches returned a total of 3,796 titles, 56 of them were selected initially and then a further 20 were excluded. Thirty-six articles were included in this review. In 90% of the studies reviewed the presence of inhibitory control deficits was reported, verified by impaired cognitive processing and response monitoring, as well as high levels of impulsiveness, regardless of the pattern of crack and/or cocaine consumption (recreational or chronic). Former users showed high levels of impulsiveness even after long periods of abstinence. Conclusions Crack and/or cocaine users may have inhibitory control deficits, irrespective of different consumption patterns. High levels of impulsiveness can represent a factor of vulnerability to drug use and relapse.

Resumo Objetivo Prejuízos envolvendo o controle inibitório têm sido considerados déficits centrais em usuários de substâncias psicoativas, contudo parece haver disfunções específicas de acordo com a droga de escolha. Este artigo teve por objetivo revisar os achados recentes sobre alterações do controle inibitório em amostras de usuários de cocaína e/ou crack. Método A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycINFO e Web of Knowledge, em duas etapas, de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade: inicialmente foi feita uma pesquisa nas bases de dados com análise dos títulos e resumos; após, os artigos foram lidos na íntegra. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos empíricos publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol, nos últimos 10 anos e que tenham avaliado o controle inibitório em usuários de cocaína e/ou crack. Resultados Do total de 3.796 resultados, 56 títulos foram selecionados, sendo 20 excluídos. Como resultado, 36 artigos foram incluídos na revisão. Em 90% dos estudos revisados, foi relatada a presença de déficits de controle inibitório, verificados através de prejuízos no processamento cognitivo e no monitoramento de respostas, além de níveis elevados de impulsividade, independentemente do padrão de consumo de cocaína e/ou crack (uso recreativo ou crônico). Usuários em abstinência apresentaram níveis elevados de impulsividade, mesmo após longos períodos sem uso da droga. Conclusão Usuários de cocaína e/ou crack podem apresentar prejuízos de controle inibitório apesar dos diferentes padrões de consumo. Níveis elevados de impulsividade podem constituir fator de vulnerabilidade para o uso de drogas e para a recaída.

Assessment of inhibitory control in crack and/or cocaine users: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Impairments involving inhibitory control have been considered central deficits in drug users, but it appears that dysfunctions may be specific to users' drug of choice. This article aims to review recent findings on inhibitory control impairment in samples of crack and/or cocaine users. METHODS: Searches were conducted on the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Knowledge databases in two stages according to eligibility criteria. Initially, databases were searched and the titles and abstracts of results were analyzed and then selected articles were read in full. Inclusion criteria were: empirical articles written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, published in the last ten years and involving the assessment of inhibitory control in crack and/or cocaine users. RESULTS: The database searches returned a total of 3,796 titles, 56 of them were selected initially and then a further 20 were excluded. Thirty-six articles were included in this review. In 90% of the studies reviewed the presence of inhibitory control deficits was reported, verified by impaired cognitive processing and response monitoring, as well as high levels of impulsiveness, regardless of the pattern of crack and/or cocaine consumption (recreational or chronic). Former users showed high levels of impulsiveness even after long periods of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS: Crack and/or cocaine users may have inhibitory control deficits, irrespective of different consumption patterns. High levels of impulsiveness can represent a factor of vulnerability to drug use and relapse.