Multiplex sequencing for EZH2, CD79B, and MYD88 mutations using archival cytospin preparations from B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma aspirates previously tested for MYC rearrangement and IGH/BCL2 translocation.

BACKGROUND: Gene rearrangements and specific translocations define some B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes. Genome-wide mutational studies have revealed recurrent point mutations with prognostic implications. The goals of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of applying a multiplex mutation assay to archival cytospin preparations (CPs) and to investigate the rate of EZH2, CD79B, and MYD88 mutations in B-cell NHL samples previously tested for MYC rearrangement and/or IGH/BCL-2 translocation. METHODS: DNA was extracted from archival CPs of B-cell NHL cases with previous fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays for MYC rearrangement and/or IGH/BCL-2 translocation. Multiplex sequencing was performed for the detection of EZH2 (Y641), CD79B (Y196), and MYD88 (L265) mutations. Sanger sequencing was applied to samples with positive results and failed assays. RESULTS: Eighty-eight archival CPs were available from 40 patients. Alterations detected by FISH were: MYC rearrangement (10 cases), IGH/BCL-2 translocations (21 cases), dual translocations (6 cases), and other abnormalities for IGH/BCL-2 (23 cases) and for MYC (16 cases). DNA concentration ranged from 1.88 to 62.85 ng/µL (mean, 9.46 ng/µL). Successful results were obtained in 88.0% of the specimens submitted to multiplex sequencing. With Sanger sequencing, 2 additional mutated cases were found, and all cases with mutations were confirmed. Eight specimens showed mutations: 6 for EZH2, 1 for CD79B, and 1 for MYD88. Among them, 5 cases showed concurrent MYC and/or IGH/BCL-2 translocations and 2 revealed abnormal signals of IGH/BCL-2 and MYC. CONCLUSIONS: CPs archived for up to 6 years are a reliable source of high-quality genomic material for multiplex sequencing. Almost all B-cell NHL with point mutations showed concurrent chromosomal abnormalities.

Human papilloma virus genome is rare in North American non-small cell lung carcinoma patients.

The reported prevalence for presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genome in lung cancer varies across the world, and limited data are available for North America. P16 immunostaining is used as a surrogate marker for the presence of HPV in cervical and head and neck cancers. In non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), the association between P16 protein overexpression and HPV remains unclear. We investigated the presence of HPV genome by in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and P16 or Rb protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 336 surgically resected primary NSCLC: 204 adenocarcinoma (AdC) and 132 squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). HPV genome was detected in 5 (1.5%) of 336 tumors studied by both ISH and PCR; all of them were typed as HPV16 and found in SqCC (3.8%). Despite being solitary tumors and clinically considered as primary lung cancers, all 5 patients had past history of HPV associated squamous cell carcinomas of other organ sites, thus highly suggestive of being metastases. P16 immunostaining was found in 137 (40.8%) tumors, with 109 (32.4%) showing high level expression. All HPV positive (+) cases showed P16 high expression. P16 and Rb protein expressions were inversely correlated (P<0.001), suggesting that the high P16 expression is largely driven by non-HPV loss of Rb protein expression. We conclude that HPV is not or rarely associated with NSCLC in Canadian and most likely North American patients, and P16 immunostaining is not a surrogate marker for its presence.

FISH assay development for the detection of p16/CDKN2A deletion in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

AIMS: To develop a fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) assay for detecting p16/CDKN2A deletion on paraffin tissue sections for use as an ancillary test to distinguish reactive from malignant mesothelial proliferations. METHOD: Dual-colour FISH for p16/CDKN2A and chromosome 9 (CEP-9) was performed on 11 benign mesothelial proliferations and 54 malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cases to establish cut-off values for p16/CDKN2A deletion. A third MYC probe was used to verify cases showing homozygous deletion. Eight equivocal biopsies were used for assay testing. RESULTS: Cut-off values for p16/CDKN2A deletion were calculated based on FISH signalling patterns obtained from the benign controls (mean percent nuclei plus three standard deviations). Hemizygous deletion was defined as >44% of nuclei showing the hemizygous (one p16/CDKN2A, two CEP-9 signals) or >15% of nuclei showing the monosomy (one p16/CDKN2A, one CEP-9 signal) deletion patterns. None of the benign cases showed a homozygous deletion pattern (no p16/CDKN2A, at least one CEP-9 signal). In the malignant cases, the percentage of nuclei showing homozygous deletion ranged from 1% to 87%. Therefore, the cut-off value for homozygous deletion was defined as >10%. P16/CDKN2A deletion was detected in 61% (33/54) of MPM cases. Among the equivocal biopsies, four showed homozygous and one showed hemizygous p16/CDKN2A deletion. Age over 60 years, asbestos exposure and p16/CDKN2A deletion were associated with a worse prognosis. CONCLUSION: Distinction between benign and malignant mesothelial proliferations can be diagnostically challenging. FISH for p16/CDKN2A deletion is a useful test for confirming the diagnosis of MPM.

The role of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of thyroid lymphoma: a retrospective study of nine cases and review of published series.

AIMS: To review the clinicopathological, cytomorphological and immunophenotyping data from new cases and published series of thyroid lymphoma diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA), in order to identify useful diagnostic features. METHODS: Cases from 1988 to 2009 with an FNA diagnosis of thyroid lymphoma were selected from hospital records. An electronic MEDLINE and EMBASE search retrieved published series from 1980 to 2009. Available clinical, cytomorphological and immunophenotyping data from all cases were collected. In our cases, cytology slides and available surgical specimens were also reviewed. RESULTS: There were nine cases from eight of our patients, and 70 reviewed cases from eight series with at least four patients each. The most common presentation was a rapidly enlarging thyroid mass. Average patient age was 61 years in reviewed cases and 72 years in our cases. Large-cell lymphoma was the predominant subtype, revealing relatively monotonous populations of large, abnormal lymphoid cells. One of our cases, later diagnosed as marginal zone lymphoma, showed small lymphocytes with plasmacytoid features. Immunoprofiling information was available in five of our cases (three by immunocytochemistry and two by laser scanning cytometry) and in 34 reviewed cases (22 by immunocytochemistry, six by flow cytometry, and six by flow cytometry or immunocytochemistry). CONCLUSIONS: Cytological diagnosis of thyroid lymphoma requires careful analysis of morphological, clinical and immunophenotypic information. The presented data suggest certain helpful features: a fast-growing nodule in an elderly patient, a monotonous population of large abnormal cells in a background of lymphoglandular bodies, a predominant population of plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and immunophenotyping demonstrating light chain restriction.

Penile metastasis of urothelial carcinoma diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration.

Penile neoplasms are rare and can be primary or represent metastasis or local recurrence. The most common primary cancer of the penis is squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for 95% of all cancers. In spite of the rich vascularity of the organ, penile metastases are uncommon. Cutaneous metastasis of urothelial carcinoma (UC) is extremely rare and generally accepted as the late manifestation of a systemic spread. By 1998, approximately 500 cases of penile metastasis had been reported worldwide. However, only few case reports and series of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of penile tumors have been documented. We report a case of penile metastasis from UC diagnosed by FNAC and describe the cytomorphological findings with an emphasis on cercariform cells. Although not commonly used, FNA of penile nodules can be effective in diagnosing recurrence or metastasis and avoiding surgical procedures, thus being an excellent initial procedure in the diagnostic approach.

The association of p16(INK4A) and fragile histidine triad gene expression and cervical lesions.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study was intended to assess the association between immunohistochemical analysis of p16 and fragile histidine triad (FHIT) and the presence of precancerous cervical lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women seen at Pérola Byington Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil, with histologically confirmed cervicitis (n = 31), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 (n = 30), CIN 2,3 (n = 30), and cervical cancer (n = 7) had also cervical material collected for liquid-based cytology, human papillomavirus Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) test, and p16 and FHIT immunohistochemical reactions. RESULTS: p16 and FHIT reactions were scored as the following: <1%, 1% to 5%, >5% to 25%, and >25%. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to select p16 and FHIT score cutoffs for further categorical analyses. All but one of the 37 CIN 2,3/cancer cases had a p16 score of greater than 1% to 5%. Among the 61 cervicitis/CIN 1 cases, 46 (75%) had a p16 score lower than 1% to 5%. In contrast, no association of FHIT expression and severity of cervical lesions could be demonstrated in this data set. Receiver operating curve analyses suggested the score of 1% to 5% for p16 as the cutoff that best discriminates CIN 2,3/cancer from cervicitis/CIN 1. No cutoff for FHIT scores could be suggested with data set. CONCLUSIONS: p16, but not FHIT expression, has the potential to be used as complementary diagnostic tool to investigate human papillomavirus-induced cervical lesions, if these results are confirmed in larger studies.

Comparison between endoscopic brush cytology performed before and after biliary stricture dilation for cancer detection.

BACKGROUND: Confirmation of malignancy within biliary strictures is endoscopically challenging. Dilation of strictures has been reported to enhance cytological diagnosis. AIM: To compare brush cytology results before and after biliary stricture dilation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with extra-hepatic biliary stricture at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were included in the study. Brushing was performed before and immediately after dilation using a 10 Fr dilating catheter. Cytology samples were classified as: negative for malignancy, presence of atypical cells, insufficient material, suspicious for malignancy or positive for malignancy. Final diagnosis was established by surgery, biopsy or follow-up. RESULTS: Biliary brush cytology was performed in 50 patients, with an overall sensitivity of 40% and 27.5%, before and after dilation, respectively. The combination of results increased cancer detection rate to 45%. There were 5/50 (10%) minor complications and one death related to the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Brush cytology performed before biliary stricture dilation has a similar cancer detection rate to that following dilation, although the combination of results enhances sensitivity.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of superficial lymphadenopathy: a 5-year Brazilian experience.

To determine the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnostic assessment of lymphadenopathies, a retrospective study was conducted on 627 cases of FNA of the lymph nodes performed at Department of Pathology, UNIFESP (Federal University of São Paulo), between 1997 and 2001. Cytology results were compared to the results of biopsies if available. The cytological diagnosis was unsatisfactory in 14.7% of cases, positive in 46%, and negative in 39.3%. Among the positive cases, 79.4% were classified as metastases, 14.2% as lymphoma, and 6.4% as indeterminate. Anatomopathological exams for the determination of cytohistological correlation were available in 218 of the 627 cases. There were three (1.88%) false-negative and two (1.25%) false-positive cases. Accuracy tests revealed 97.41% sensitivity, 95.45% specificity, and 96.88% efficacy, with cytohistological agreement being almost perfect (kappa = 0.92). The high accuracy of this study based only on cytomorphological criteria associated to the variety of malignant neoplasias diagnosed by the procedure demonstrates its relevance on patient care, especially in areas of limited financial resources.

Comparison between endoscopic brush cytology performed before and after biliary stricture dilation for cancer detection

RACIONAL: A citologia por escovado apresenta baixa sensibilidade na detecção de câncer em estenoses biliares, mas manipulação endoscópica prévia poderia aumentar a esfoliação de células tumorais. OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados dos escovados obtidos antes e depois da dilatação de estenoses biliares. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Pacientes com estenose biliar extra-hepática diagnosticada durante colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógada foram submetidos a citologia por escovado. Em seguida, a estenose foi dilatada com cateter de 10 French e o escovado foi repetido. A citologia foi classificada como: negativa para malignidade, presença de células atípicas, material insuficiente, suspeita para malignidade ou positiva para malignidade. O diagnóstico final foi determinado por cirurgia, biopsia ou acompanhamento clínico. RESULTADOS: O escovado biliar foi obtido em 50 pacientes, com sensibilidade de 40% e 27,5%, respectivamente, antes e depois da dilatação. A combinação dos resultados aumentou a positividade para 45%. Houve 5/50 (10%) complicações menores e um óbito relacionado ao procedimento. CONCLUSÕES: A positividade do escovado biliar realizado antes de dilatar a estenose para detecção de neoplasia maligna é semelhante àquela obtida depois da dilatação, embora a combinação dos resultados aumente a sensibilidade.

Immunocytochemical expression of p16INK4A and Ki-67 in cytologically negative and equivocal pap smears positive for oncogenic human papillomavirus.

This study was designed to analyze the cross-sectional comparison of the p16 and Ki-67 immunocytochemical expression in negative and equivocal (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US)) liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples testing positive for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types with HC2 assay or polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). A series of 199 consecutive LBC specimens derived from the same number of women participating in the ongoing Latin American Screening Study at Leonor Mendes de Barros Hospital, Sao Paulo, were analyzed using immunocytochemistry for expression of p16 and Ki-67 in negative and equivocal LBC samples testing positive for high-risk HPV types with hybrid capture II test (HC2) or PCR. All patients with at least one test positive (cytology, PCR, and/or HC2) were followed each 6 months for 3 years. The follow-up procedure consisted of visual examination, colposcopic inspection, cytology, and HC2 assay. Among the negative cytologic samples, 101 were HPV-positive and 55 HPV-negative. Of the HPV-positive group, 59 of 101 cases (58.4%) were positive for both p16 and Ki67 immunostaining, and 17 of 101 (16.8%) were negative for both. The proportion of Ki-67-positivity increased almost in parallel with the increasing grade of p16-positivity (p = 0.0001 for linear trend). In the HPV-negative group, both markers were negative in 41 of 55 cases (74.5%), and no statistical relationship was observed between the two markers (Pearson, p = 0.595). HPV-positive ASC-US samples demonstrated a simultaneous positive immunoreaction for p16 and Ki67 in 11 of 16 cases (68.7%), whereas 3 (18.7%) were concurrently negative. The relationship between the two markers was of borderline significance (Pearson, p = 0.053), but no linear relationship was found between the graded p16 and Ki-67 expression (p = 0.065 for linear trend). In the HPV-negative ASC-US group, there was no statistical association between the graded p16 and Ki-67 positivity (Pearson, p = 0.281). After 36 months of follow-up of the ASC-US patients, 6 women still displayed ASC-US smear, of which 4 of 6 were HPV-positive and expressed both p16 and Ki-67 markers. Two of 43 ASC-US smears had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions diagnosed (4.6%), and 1 had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (2.3%). All of those were positive for HPV, p16 and Ki-67. Patients with ASC-US diagnosis and positive high-risk HPV status and positive for p16 Ki67 should be carefully observed to exclude occurrence of a squamous intraepithelial lesion. The combination of these two markers can be a useful implement for management of women with equivocal cytology.

Inflammatory fibroid polyp: an immunohistochemical study.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory fibroid polyp is a localized lesion, which arises in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, most often in the stomach. Although it is generally believed to represent a reactive, nonneoplastic condition, its histogenesis remains controversial. AIM: To study inflammatory fibroid polyp by immunohistochemistry in an attempt to further clarify their histogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine cases were studied by immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies against smooth-muscle actin, vimentin, S-100 protein, factor VIII- R.Ag and macrophage (HAM-56). RESULTS: There was a strong diffuse positive staining pattern in the spindle cells with vimentin antibody. A patchy staining for smooth-muscle actin was observed in these cells. Immunophenotyping revealed a heterogeneous reaction with HAM-56. In edematous areas, HAM-56-positive cells show voluminous cytoplasm and reniform nuclei. In cell-rich areas, the HAM-56-positive cells had fusiform cytoplasm. Stains for S-100 and factor VIII RAg were negative in the proliferating elements. CONCLUSIONS: The present immunohistochemical study refutes the suggested neural or vascular nature of the lesion. The strong positivity for vimentin in all cases suggests a major component of spindle cells best recognizable as fibroblasts. These results would favor the existence of a span of morphological and immunohistochemical patterns possibly indicating evolutive phases of an inflammatory reaction.

Sobrevida de pacientes com estenose biliar maligna baseada no escovado endoscópico e na bilirrubinemia / Survival of patients with malignant biliary stricture based on endoscopic brushing and on bilirubinemia

RACIONAL: As principais causas de estenose biliar maligna são câncer de pâncreas e colangiocarcinoma. A definição do prognóstico dos pacientes no momento da pancreatocolangiografia retrógrada endoscópica é importante na escolha da conduta mais adequada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a importância do escovado endoscópico e da bilirrubinemia na determinação da sobrevida dos pacientes com estenose biliar maligna. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes com estenose biliar diagnosticados durante pancreatocolangiografia retrógrada endoscópica foram submetidos a duplo escovado. Amostras de sangue de todos eles foram obtidas para dosagem das bilirrubinas. Os pacientes foram acompanhados para determinar o diagnóstico final e a sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Diagnóstico final de doença maligna foi obtido em 40 pacientes de um total de 50 casos de estenose biliar. Os níveis séricos elevados das bilirrubinas ou a citologia por escovado positiva para malignidade estava relacionada a menor sobrevida. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados desta pesquisa demonstram a possibilidade de determinar o prognóstico em casos de estenoses biliares malignas através do resultado do escovado endoscópico ou da bilirrubinemia.

Inflammatory fibroid polyp: an immunohistochemical study

RACIONAL: O pólipo inflamatório fibróide é uma lesão localizada que se origina na submucosa do trato gastrointestinal, mais freqüentemente do estômago. Embora se acredite que represente condição reativa e não neoplásica, sua histogênese permanece controversa. OBJETIVO: Estudar o pólipo inflamatório fibróide por imunoistoquímica na tentativa de contribuir para o entendimento de sua histogênese. PACIENTES AND MÉTODOS: Foram estudados nove casos por imunoistoquímica usando-se um painel de anticorpos contra actina de músculo liso, vimentina, proteína S-100, fator VIII e macrófago (HAM-56). RESULTADOS: Houve um padrão difuso de coloração nas células fusiformes, fortemente positivo para vimentina. Um padrão focal de positividade para actina de músculo liso foi observado nessas células. O estudo revelou reação heterogênea com HAM-56. Nas áreas edematosas, as células positivas para HAM-56 mostraram citoplasma volumoso e núcleos reniformes. Nas áreas ricamente celulares, as células positivas para HAM-56 apresentaram citoplasma fusiforme. As reações para S-100 e fator VIII foram negativas nos elementos proliferantes. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo imunoistoquímico afasta a hipótese de natureza neural ou vascular da lesão. A forte positividade para vimentina em todos os casos sugere um componente principal de células fusiformes, melhor reconhecidas como fibroblastos. Estes resultados favoreceriam a existência de um espectro de padrões morfológicos e imunoistoquímicos, indicando, possivelmente, fases evolutivas de uma reação inflamatória.

[Survival of patients with malignant biliary stricture based on endoscopic brushing and on bilirubinemia]. / Sobrevida de pacientes com estenose biliar maligna baseada no escovado endoscópico e na bilirrubinemia.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma are the main causes of malignant biliary stricture. Both types of cancers have dismal survival rates, and treatment has little or no effect on prolonging the patients lives. Prognostic definition at initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is important to choose the most suitable management. AIM: To analyse endoscopic brushing and bilirubinemia importance in determination of the survival of patients with malignant biliary stricture. METHODS: Patients with biliary strictures diagnosed during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were submitted to double brushing cytology. Serum samples were taken from all patients for bilirubinemia assay. Patients were followed to determine the final diagnosis and survival rates. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients with biliary stricture underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (40 ultimately found to have a final diagnosis of malignant disease). Hyperbilirubinemia or cytology brushing positive for malignancy was related to a shorter survival rate. CONCLUSION: This research data demonstrate the possibility of determining the prognosis of patients with malignant biliary stricture using endoscopic brushing results and bilirubinemia levels.

Sistemas de graduaçäo para carcinoma de mama: estudo comparativo da concordância cito-histológica / Grading systems for breast carcinoma: comparative study of cytohistological agreement

Objetivos: avaliar a concordância das classificações citológicas de graduaçäo tumoral e nuclear nos esfregaços de punçäo aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) de carcinoma de mama com os métodos utilizados nos espécimes histológicos e compará-los para identificar aqueles que apresentam melhores resultados. Métodos: a avaliaçäo da concordância cito-histológica foi realizada em estudo retrospectivo de 50 casos de PAAF de carcinoma ductal invasivo de mama, confirmados histologicamente, aplicando-se de forma comparativa cinco sistemas de graduaçäo. As classificações foram separadas segundo critérios de graduaçäo tumoral (critérios nucleares e arquiteturais - sistemas de Mouriquand e de Guilford) e nuclear (sistemas de Black modificado por Fisher - BM, de Black simplificado - BS e de Hunt). As classificações utilizadas na histologia foram os sistemas de graduaçäo de Scarff-Bloom-Richardson modificado por Elston (SBR modificado), para avaliaçäo tumoral, e o de BM, para avaliaçäo nuclear. Resultados: os sistemas de graduaçäo citológica que apresentaram maior concordância foram os sistemas de BM (K=0,358) e BS (K=0,302), baseados em critérios nucleares (anisonucleose, tamanho, mitose e cromatina). Dentre os sistemas de graduaçäo citológica que apresentam critérios nucleares e arquiteturais, a classificaçäo de Guilford demonstrou maior concordância (K=0,260), possivelmente pelo número maior de variáveis utilizadas, possibilitando menor margem de erro. Conclusäo: no presente estudo, estes métodos mostraram-se regulares como sistemas de graduaçäo citológica

Imunoexpressäo da proteína Her-2 em punçäo aspirativa com agulha fina de carcinoma de mama: correlaçäo com os achados da peça cirúrgica / Immunoexpression of Her-2 protein in fine-needle aspirates of breast carcinoma: correlation with surgical specimens

Objetivo: avaliar a imunoexpressäo da proteína HER-2 em punçäo biópsia aspirativa de carcinoma de ductos infiltrantes da mama e nos espécimes cirúrgicos correspondentes. Correlacionar a imunoexpressäo da proteína HER-2 com o grau histológico. Método: foram examinados 48 esfregaços fixados em álcool, previamente corados pela técnica de Papanicolaou, e cortes histológicos de blocos de parafina do tecido correspondente. Todos foram submetidos à técnica de imuno-histoquímica, utilizando o método da avidina-biotina-peroxidase com um anticorpo policlonal (A0485-Dako). As reações foram realizadas simultaneamente com recuperaçäo antigênica. A avaliaçäo dos resultados foi feita por método semiquantitativo, segundo a graduaçäo do HercepTest. Foram considerados positivos apenas os casos graduados em 3+. Resultados: observou-se positividade de 39,6 por cento nos esfregaços e 35,4 por cento nos cortes histológicos respectivos, sendo a concordância cito-histológica nos casos positivos quase perfeita (kappa 0,82). A utilizaçäo do método de avaliaçäo dos cortes histológicos mostrou-se reprodutível nos esfregaços e padronizou a interpretaçäo dos resultados. A correlaçäo entre a positividade para proteína HER-2 e o grau histológico näo foi significante, mas houve tendência a imunoexpressäo mais freqüente em tumores menos diferenciados. Conclusäo: a positividade das reações imunocitoquímicas nos esfregaços foi comparável à obtida nos cortes histológicos, podendo portanto o material de punçäo aspirativa por agulha fina, previamente corado pela técnica de Papanicolaou, ser utilizado na avaliaçäo da imunoexpressäo da proteína HER-2

Neoplasias de glândulas salivares: estudo de 119 casos / Salivary gland neoplasms: a study of 119 cases

Objetivo: Revisão dos achados clinicopatológicos dos tumores de glândulas salivares diagnosticados no período de 1980 a 1997 no Departamento de Patologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/Unifesp). Método: foi realizado estudo retrospectivo de 205.967 diagnóstico anatomopatológicos e encontrados 119 casos de neoplasias de glândulas salivares, sendo 93 (78 por cento) neoplasias benignas e 26 (22 por cento) malignas. Resultados: A idade variou de 6 a 74 anos (média de 40 anos), sendo 71 (60 por cento) pacientes do sexo feminino e 48 (40 por cento) do sexo masculino. Com relação à topografia, 84 (70,6 por cento) casos foram de parótida, 23 (19,3 por cento) de glândula submandibular, 11 (9,24 por cento) de glândulas salivares menores e um (0,86 por cento) de glândula sublingual. Quanto ao tipo histológico, os tumores corresponderam a 59,7 por cento de adenomas pleomórficos, 10 por cento de cistoadenomas papilíferos linfomatosos (tumor de Warthin), 9,3 por cento de carcinomas adenóides císticos e 8,4 por cento de carcinomas mucoepidermóides. Conclusão: O padrão de distribuição dos tumores de glândulas salivares foi semelhante ao encontrado em outras séries. A análise desta distribuição permite identificar variáveis como localização e padrão histológico, subsídios importantes que devem ser considerados no tratamento e em estudos de marcadores prognósticos.

Estudo do raspado de conjuntiva de pacientes tratados de retinoblastoma. Etapa II - citologia / Study of conjunctival scrape smears in patients treated for retinoblastoma. Phase II - cytology

Objetivo: A citologia da conjuntiva humana tem sido amplamente estudada. A falta de dados sobre as características do raspado ocular em pacientes tratados de retinoblastoma submetidos à enucleaçäo e radioterapia foi o que motivou este estudo. Métodos: Foram examinadas 114 órbitas de 58 pacientes. Este trabalho apresenta dos resultados da citologia conjuntival, em 4 condiçöes, com e sem enucleaçäo, com e sem radioterapia. Resultados: No infiltrado leucocitário das órbitas com bulbo ocular predominaram os linfócitos e nas demais, os polimorfonucleares neutrófilos. De maneira geral, as alteraçöes das células epiteliais mais encontradas nas lâminas dos esfregaços conjuntivais de órbitas irradiadas foram: células com núcleo aumentado e nucléolo proeminente e com hialinizaçäo do citoplasma. Conclusäo: Os achados citológicos do raspado conjuntival näo indicaram perfil característico e distinto para cada grupo.

Estudo do raspado de conjuntiva e margem palpebral de pacientes tratados de retinoblastoma: etapa I - microflora aeróbica / Study of the conjunctival scrape and eyelid margin smears in patient treated for retinoblastoma: stage I - aerobic microflora

Objetivo: A queixa de secreçäo ocular é muito freqüente entre os pacientes tratados de retinoblastoma submetidos à enucleaçäo e radioterapia. A falta de dados sobre a microflora em pacientes nessas condiçöes foi o que motivou este estudo. Métodos: Foram examinadas 114 órbitas de 58 pacientes. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados das culturas para bactérias aeróbicas e fungos, de conjuntiva e margem palpebral em 4 condiçöes, com e sem enucleaçäo, com e sem radioterapia. Procedeu-se à identificaçäo dos microrganismos de acordo com o Protocolo do National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards e os esfregaços para citologia foram submetidos às coloraçöes de Gram e Leishman. Resultados: A presença de microrganismos foi mais freqüente nas cavidades anoftálmicas irradiadas, tanto na conjuntiva (54,5 por cento) quanto na margem palpebral (63,6 por cento), porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Além disso, em órbitas com bulbo ocular, a radiaçäo, na fase tardia, representou um fator limitante da presença de microrganismos na conjuntiva e na margem palpebral, mas sem diferença estatisticamente significante. O Staphylococcus coagulase negativa foi o microrganismo mais freqüente na conjuntiva e margem palpebral de todos os grupos. Houve crescimento de fungo, Candida tropicalis, em apenas um caso. Conclusöes: Sugere-se o uso de colírios antibióticos em pacientes tratados de retinoblastoma, portadores de cavidade anoftálmica, irradiada ou näo.

Punçäo aspirativa por agulha fina de nódulos tiróideos: revisäo da literatura com ênfase à punçäo orientada por ultra-sonografia / Aspiration puncture with fine needle of thyroid nodes: literature review with emphasis in punction guided by ultrasound

A punção aspirativa por agulha fina de nódulos tiróideos tem sido proposta como método de triagem pré-operatória para se reduzir o número de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia desnecessária. Alguns autores têm relatado alta acurácia e boa relação custo-benefício deste método para identificação de câncer em pacientes com lesões clinicamente palpáveis. Entretanto, este método apresenta algumas limitações quando os nódulos a serem examinados são pequenos ou de difícil acesso à palpação. O advento da ultra-sonografia de alta resolução tem revolucionado o diagnóstico dos nódulos tiróideos, sobretudo nesses casos. Talvez o maior avanço da ultra-sonografia seja a habilidade para orientar a biópsia por agulha fina. Vários estudos têm demonstrado que a análise combinada das características citológicas e aspectos morfológicos dos nódulos tiróideos palpáveis e não-palpáveis, proporcionada por essa técnica, melhora o diagnóstico preoperatório destas lesões.