RESUMO
Choline is required for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, an important constituent of lipoproteins. Early lactation cows presumably synthesize insufficient phosphatidylcholine, and choline supplementation in a rumen-protected form might benefit metabolism and lactation. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding rumen-protected choline (RPC) on lactation and metabolism in dairy cows. In experiment 1, 369 nulliparous and parous Holstein cows housed in four pens per treatment were fed 12.9 g/day of choline as RPC from 25 days prepartum until 80 days postpartum. In experiment 2, 578 nulliparous cows housed in five pens/treatment were fed 12.9 g/day of choline as RPC in the last 22 days of gestation only. In both experiments, blood was sampled and analyzed for concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and glucose at 1, 14, and 21 days postpartum and of choline at 1 and 14 days postpartum. Blood from all cows was sampled and analyzed for concentrations of ß-OH butyrate (BHB) at 1 and 14 days postpartum. Cows with BHB > 1.2 mmol/L were classified as having hyperketonemia. Hepatic tissue was collected from 46 cows from the eight pens in experiment 1 at 9 days postpartum and analyzed for concentrations of glycogen and triacylglycerol. Milk yield and components were measured for 80 days postpartum in experiment 1, whereas only milk yield was measured in experiment 2. The pen was the experimental unit of analysis. Supplementing RPC tended to increase dry matter intake (DMI) prepartum in experiments 1 and 2 and postpartum in experiment 1. Feeding cows with RPC increased yields of 3.5% fat-corrected milk (42.8 vs. 44.8 kg/day), energy-corrected milk (38.5 vs. 40.3 kg/day), milk fat (1.52 vs. 1.61 kg/day), and true protein (1.16 vs. 1.21 kg/day) in experiment 1. Milk yield tended to be greater with RPC (26.4 vs. 27.4 kg/day) in experiment 2. Supplementing RPC increased plasma choline concentrations on day 14 postpartum in experiment 1 (3.32 ± 0.27 vs. 4.34 ± 0.28 µM) and on day 1 in experiment 2 (3.35 ± 0.16 and 13.73 ± 0.15 µM). Treatment did not affect the concentrations of glucose, NEFAs, or BHB in plasma, but the incidence of hyperketonemia was less in multiparous cows fed RPC than those fed the control in experiment 1. Feeding cows with RPC reduced hepatic triacylglycerol content and tended to reduce the ratio of triacylglycerol to glycogen and the risk of hepatic lipidosis in cows in experiment 1. The concentrations of hepatic triacylglycerol on day 9 postpartum were inversely related to those of choline in plasma on day 1 postpartum. Feeding cows with RPC improved lactation and metabolism, but more benefits were noted when it was fed before and after calving.
RESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes níveis de gordura na dieta de vacas em lactação, sobre a resposta superovulatória e qualidade embrionária. Foram utilizadas dezoito vacas Jersey (420±70,6kg de peso vivo; 22,2±1,7kg de leite) agrupadas em blocos de acordo com a data de parição e ordem de lactação e aleatoriamente distribuídas nos tratamentos. As dietas consistiram de: controle- dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja contendo 4,0 por cento de extrato etéreo (EE); médio- dieta controle adicionada de sebo bovino para aumentar o extrato etéreo da dieta para 6,0 por cento e alto- dieta controle adicionada de sebo bovino para se obter extrato etéreo de 8,0 por cento na dieta. Todos os animais foram superovulados duas vezes (aos 90 e 130 dias pós-parto), sendo as coletas realizadas sete dias após a inseminação artificial (IA). As estruturas coletadas foram avaliadas para estágio de desenvolvimento e qualidade embrionária (IETS, 1999). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas com relação ao número de estruturas coletadas, corpos lúteos, embriões de grau um e dois, e embriões de grau quatro. O grupo que recebeu alta (2,9±0,4) gordura apresentou maior número de embriões de grau três em relação aos grupos controle (0,2±0,4) e médio (0,0±0,5). A adição de sebo para aumentar o EE em dietas vacas lactantes não melhorou a resposta superovulatória e a qualidade embrionária.
