Contextual and individual determinants of tooth loss in the Afro-descendant older adult populations of different countries: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The Black population has poorer oral health than other racial groups; however, little is known about the mechanisms that explain this difference. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between race and tooth loss and map the evidence on factors associated with tooth loss in Black older populations. METHODS: Scoping review following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews conducted according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute. A three-step search strategy was applied, and data were collected between April and July 2021. Searches were performed in the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases. The grey literature was searched using Google Scholar (https://www.scholar.google.com/). The reference lists of included studies were used as additional sources. Studies published in English and Portuguese of the association between tooth loss and different racial groups and the factors associated with tooth loss and tooth retention in Black older adult populations were included. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 913 original articles published between 1995 and 2020 were included. Of these, 75% were research articles, 15% were reports, and 10% dissertations. Eighty per cent reported cross-sectional and 20% longitudinal data. African ancestry was associated with increased odds of tooth loss in older adult populations. Periodontal disease, female sex, and advanced age were the exposures most frequently associated with tooth loss. CONCLUSION: Race, educational level, advanced age, and oral diseases such as periodontitis are associated with increased tooth loss in Afro-descendant older populations.

Learning anatomy by virtual reality and augmented reality. A scope review.

During the last century, there were no significant changes in the teaching methods of anatomy in universities, predominating expositive lectures, and anatomy laboratory activities. With the advent of new technologies, simulators, augmented reality, and virtual reality, new teaching possibilities have emerged that may provide assistance and, in some situations, replace traditional methods of teaching. In this narrative scope review we evaluate articles that compare traditional methods with virtual reality or augmented reality through a search on Cochrane library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases, using the MeSH terms "Anatomy", "Virtual Reality", "Augmented Reality", "Video Games", "Education Medical, Undergraduate", "Teaching" and "Simulation Training". We concluded that virtual reality and augmented reality have a promising value for teaching anatomy in addition to a positive economic impact on universities.

Impacts of protein supplementation during late gestation of beef cows on maternal skeletal muscle and liver tissues metabolism.

Since nutritional requirements are increased at the end of gestation to meet the demands of the pregnant uterus, pregnant beef cows are susceptible to mobilization of body reserves (mainly fat and amino acids (AAs)) and to alter the metabolism of nutrients in the liver and muscle to support such demands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CP supplementation on maternal nutrient metabolism in the late gestation of beef cows grazing a low-quality pasture. Forty-three pregnant Nellore cows gestating male fetuses (average age = 6 years; average weight = 544 kg) at 193 ± 30 (mean ± SD) days (d) of gestation were divided into eight groups (experimental units, with four to five cows each). Treatments were (1) control (CON, n = 4): pasture-based (PB) diet without CP supplementation and (2) supplemented (SUP, n = 4): PB diet daily supplemented with 2 g/kg of BW of a 43.5% CP supplement. Liver and skeletal muscle biopsies were performed at 265 days of gestation and samples were collected for mRNA expression. On day 280 of gestation, blood samples were collected to assess plasma levels of AA. The CON-fed cows tended to have greater (P = 0.057) total circulating AA than SUP-fed cows. The circulating glycogenic AA was greater (P = 0.035) in CON than in SUP cows. CON cows was greater for histidine (P = 0.015), methionine (P = 0.007) and alanine (P = 0.036) than SUP cows. The CON- and SUP-fed showed no differences for gluconeogenesis, fatty acid transport and signaling axis markers in the liver. The mRNA expression of markers for skeletal muscle synthesis, p7056k (P = 0.060) and GSK3B (P = 0.096), tended to be greater in cows from CON than SUP group. No differences were found for mRNA expression of markers for skeletal muscle degradation. We conclude that CP supplementation to CP-restricted late-pregnant beef cows reduces the maternal tissue mobilization and changes the profile of plasma circulating AA and the mRNA expression of markers for the synthesis of skeletal muscle tissue.

Sistema de lavagem de carcaças e controle de Salmonella spp. em abatedouros de frangos de corte / Carcass washing system and Salmonella spp. control in poultry slaughterhouses

Avaliaram-se os dados do controle e monitoramento de Salmonella em carcaças de frangos de corte, antes e após a implantação do sistema de lavagem de carcaças. Foram amostradas 2692 carcaças antes da instalação do sistema e 1940 após a instalação, totalizando 4632 amostras em cinco abatedouros sob Inspeção Federal, no sul do Brasil. Anteriormente à instalação dos lavadores, obtiveram-se 156 resultados positivos para Salmonella spp. e, após a instalação, 83 resultados positivos, com diferença significativa (P<0,05/OR 1,4) entre os resultados gerais. Em dois dos cinco abatedouros avaliados, houve redução na positividade para Salmonella spp. nas carcaças amostradas após a instalação do lavador. Entretanto, em três estabelecimentos não houve diferença significativa após a instalação desse sistema. Os resultados sugerem que o aumento da vazão da água está relacionado com a redução da contaminação, enquanto o aumento da pressão de água do sistema de lavagem não foi suficiente para reduzir o patógeno nas carcaças amostradas. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o sistema de lavagem tem vantagens do ponto de vista operacional, ao evitar os desperdícios atribuídos à prática do refile, porém não elimina o risco da presença de Salmonella na carcaça de frango.(AU)

Data of the Control and Monitoring of Salmonella in broiler carcasses were evaluated before and after the implementation of a carcass washing system. A total of 2692 carcasses prior to system installation and 1940 after installation were sampled, totaling 4632 samples in five slaughterhouses under Federal Inspection in southern Brazil. Prior to installation of the washers, 156 carcasses were positive for Salmonella spp. and after installation, 83 carcasses tested positive, with a significant difference (P <0.05/OR 1.4) on the overall results. Two of the five evaluated slaughterhouses showed a prevalence decrease of Salmonella spp. in the sampled carcasses after installing the washer. However, in three establishments, there was no significant difference after installing this system. The results suggest that the increase of the water flow is related to the reduction of the contamination, while the increase of the water pressure of the washing system was not enough to reduce the pathogen in the sampled carcasses. The results show operational results since the washing system avoids the trimming of some carcasses, but doesn't eliminate the risk of Salmonella.(AU)

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE POSITION INSIDE A SMALL AIRCRAFT ON THE COSMIC-RADIATION-INDUCED DOSE.

This article report the measurements on-board a small aircraft at the same altitude and around the same geographic coordinates. The measurements of Ambient Dose Equivalent Rate (H*(10)) were performed in several positions inside the aircraft, close and far from the pilot location and the discrimination between neutron and non-neutron components. The results show that the neutrons are attenuated close to fuel depots and the non-neutron component appears to have the opposite behavior inside the aircraft. These experimental results are also confronted with results from Monte Carlo simulation, obtained with the MCNPX code, using a simplified model of the Learjet-type aircraft and a modeling of the standard atmosphere, which reproduces the real energy and angular distribution of the particles. The Monte Carlo simulation agreed with the experimental measurements and shows that the total H*(10) presents small variation (around 1%) between the positions inside aircraft, although the neutron spectra present significant variations.

Variation in cassava germplasm for tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration.

Tolerant varieties can effectively control post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of cassava, although knowledge on the genetic variability and inheritance of this trait is needed. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and identify sources of tolerance to PPD and their stability in cassava accessions. Roots from 418 cassava accessions, grown in four independent experiments, were evaluated for PPD tolerance 0, 2, 5, and 10 days post-harvest. Data were transformed into area under the PPD-progress curve (AUP-PPD) to quantify tolerance. Genetic parameters, stability (Si), adaptability (Ai), and the joint analysis of stability and adaptability (Zi) were obtained via residual maximum likelihood (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methods. Variance in the genotype (G) x environment (E) interaction and genotypic variance were important for PPD tolerance. Individual broad-sense heritability (hg(2)= 0.38 ± 0.04) and average heritability in accessions (hmg(2)= 0.52) showed high genetic control of PPD tolerance. Genotypic correlation of AUP-PPD in different experiments was of medium magnitude (ȓgA = 0.42), indicating significant G x E interaction. The predicted genotypic values o f G x E free of interaction (û + gi) showed high variation. Of the 30 accessions with high Zi, 19 were common to û + gi, Si, and Ai parameters. The genetic gain with selection of these 19 cassava accessions was -55.94, -466.86, -397.72, and -444.03% for û + gi, Si, Ai, and Zi, respectively, compared with the overall mean for each parameter. These results demonstrate the variability and potential of cassava germplasm to introduce PPD tolerance in commercial varieties.

Capuchin monkeys are not prosocial in an instrumental helping task.

Comparative research can shed light on the evolutionary roots and cognitive underpinnings of prosocial behavior by revealing not only positive instances of prosocial motivations in other species, but also the boundary conditions of these motivations. To explore factors that may constrain prosocial behavior, we examined whether brown capuchins (Cebus apella), which demonstrate regard for the welfare of conspecifics in other contexts, would behave prosocially in a minimal-cost instrumental helping task. We observed that when given the opportunity to share tokens that allow a conspecific to obtain food from an apparatus, capuchins showed no regard for another individual's welfare. Subjects transferred tokens to an adjacent chamber when the apparatus was present, but did so just as often when the chamber was empty as when there was a recipient present to obtain food. While capuchins are sensitive to others' welfare in some contexts, the current results suggest that they do not spontaneously produce goal-specific helping actions on behalf of a conspecific. The lack of regard for others exhibited in this context provides insights into the factors that may constrain prosocial behavior in capuchins and other primate species.

Inoculation of newly hatched broiler chicks with two Brazilian isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg strains with different virulence gene profiles, antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns to intestinal changes evaluation.

Salmonella Heidelberg is one of the 3 most frequently isolated serovars from human Salmonella cases in Canada, and the fourth most commonly reported Salmonella serovar in human foodborne disease cases in the United States. Since 1962, Salmonella Heidelberg has been isolated and reported in poultry and poultry products in Brazil. The poultry industry has focused efforts on reducing salmonellae incidence in live production in an effort to reduce Salmonella in the processing plant. A better understanding of the initial infection in chicks could provide approaches to control Salmonella contamination. The objective of the present study was to evaluate 2 Salmonella Heidelberg strains that differed in the presence of virulence genes invA, agfA, and lpfA; antimicrobial resistance profiles; and epidemiologic profiles on aspects of pathogenicity and intestinal morphology. Newly hatched broiler chicks were inoculated with 2 strains (SH23 and SH35) of Salmonella Heidelberg and cecal morphometry, histopathology, electron microscopy, and bacterial counts in the liver and cecum were assessed. The SH23 and SH35 strains resulted in different changes in villi height and crypt depth and inflammatory cell infiltration in the cecum. The SH35 group had higher liver and cecum bacterial cell counts when compared with SH23 strains.

Resistência antimicrobiana em Salmonella Enteritidis isoladas de amostras clínicas e ambientais de frangos de corte e matrizes pesadas / Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from clinical and environmental broiler chickens and breeders broiler

The antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from clinical and environmental poultry samples in the Southern Brazil during the years of 1999, 2000 and 2001 was evaluated. Among the 79 isolated samples, 64 (81 percent) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial agents tested, showing 22 different resistance patterns. Tetracycline showed the highest percentage (64,5 percent) of resistance among the antimicrobial agents used. Resistance to drugs at different levels was found as the following: ampicillin (1.2 percent), kanamycin (1.2 percent), ciprofloxacin (2.5 percent), enrofloxacin (8.8 percent), gentamicin (21.5 percent), streptomycin (20.2 percent), nitrofurantoin (26.6 percent), and nalidixic acid (30.4 percent). None of the S. Enteritidis strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, and polimycin B. Among the 64 S. Enteritidis strains that showed resistance, 43 (67.2 percent) were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Twenty-one (32.8 percent) strains were resistant to only one of the antimicrobial agents, 14 to tetracycline, three to nalidixic acid, three to nitrofurantoin, and one to gentamycin. These antimicrobial resistance levels suggest a high occurrence of tetracycline resistant S. Enteritidis strains and resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents.

Occurrence and characterization of Campylobacter in the Brazilian production and processing of broilers.

Twenty-two commercial broiler flocks and their carcasses, totaling 546 samples (450 collected from a poultry farm and 96 from a slaughterhouse), were surveyed for the presence of Campylobacter. The positive results for Campylobacter among the analyzed samples were homogeneous, yielding 81.8% for cecal droppings, 80.9% for feces, and 80.4% for cloacal swabs. Pre-enrichment and direct plating showed that 77.85% and 81.8% of cloacal swabs, respectively, were positive for Campylobacter compared to 99.0% and 97.9% of carcasses testing positive with the pre-enrichment and direct plating methods. The Campylobacter count averaged 7.0 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g in cecal droppings, 5.15 log10 CFU/carcass after defeathering, and 4.24 log10 CFU/carcass after chilling. The samples were identified by the API Campy system as Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (68.8%), Campylobacter coli (8.3%), Campylobacter jejuni subsp. doylei (6.3%), Campylobacter upsaliensis (4.2%), and Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (2.1%). The analyzed broiler flocks were positive for Campylobacter in 81.8% of the cases, thus characterizing the occurrence of this pathogen in a broiler-producing region in southern Brazil. These results highlight the importance of programs targeted at the reduction of Campylobacter in poultry products, in order to minimize the risks for consumers.

Detection and identification of salmonellas from poultry-related samples by PCR.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the generic detection of Salmonella sp. and the identification of S. Enteritidis (SE), S. Gallinarum (SG), S. Pullorum (SP) and S. Typhimurium (ST) in material collected in the field from poultry. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay combined with Rappaport-Vassiliadis selective enrichment broth (PCR-RV) were determined, and field samples were analyzed to verify the validity of the method application. Specificity of the assay was tested using 29 SE, 11 SG, 10 ST and 10 SP strains, along with 75 strains of 28 other Salmonella serovars and 21 strains of other bacterial genera. The assay was 100% specific for Salmonella detection and ST identification. The primer pair for SE, SG and SP also detected S. Berta. PCR detection limits for Salmonella at the genus level were 2 ST, 8 SE, 1.1x10(3) SG and 1.8x10(5) SP cells. At the serovar level, detection limits were 7 ST, 1.2x10(3) SE, 4.4x10(7) SG and 1.8x10(6) SP cells. At the genus level, PCR-RV detected approximately 128% more positive field samples than the standard microbiological techniques and results were ready in 48h instead of 7 days. PCR-RV method is diagnostic of Salmonella at the genus level and ST at the serovar level, although other tests are needed to identify SE, SG and SP to serovar level.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Salmonella in artificially inoculated chicken meat.

The aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for the detection of Salmonella in artificially contaminated chicken meat. Tests were performed with different dilutions of Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Enteritidis cells (10(-7), 10(-8) or 10(-9) CFU/mL) inoculated in chicken meat samples, in order to establish the limits of detection, incubation times (0, 6, 8 and 24 hours of pre-enrichment in PBW 1%) and three DNA extraction protocols (phenol-chloroform, thermal treatment and thermal treatment and Sephaglass). The assay was able to detect until 10(-9) CFU/mL of initial dilution of Salmonella cells inoculated in chicken meat, which allows detection of Salmonella within 48 hours, including 24 hours of pre-enrichment and using the phenol-chloroform DNA extraction protocol. As the results are obtained in a shorter time period than that of microbiological culture, this procedure will be useful in the methodology for detection of Salmonella in chicken.

Recognition and categorization of biologically significant objects by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): the domain of food.

To survive, organisms must be able to identify edible objects. However, we know relatively little about how humans and other species distinguish food items from non-food items. We tested the abilities of semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to learn rapidly that a novel object was edible, and to generalize their learning to other objects, in a spontaneous choice task. Adult monkeys watched as a human experimenter first pretended to eat one of two novel objects and then placed replicas of the objects at widely separated locations. Monkeys selectively approached the object that the experimenter had previously eaten, exhibiting a rapidly induced preference for the apparently edible object. In further experiments in which the same objects were used as tools or were manipulated at the face but not eaten, we fail to observe an approach bias, providing evidence that the monkeys' pattern of approach in the earlier experiments was specific to objects that were eaten. Subsequent experiments tested how monkeys generalized their preference for an edible object by first allowing them to watch a human experimenter eat one of two objects and then presenting them with new objects composed of the same substance but differing from the original, edible object in shape or color. Monkeys ignored changes in the shape of the object and generalized from one edible object to another on the basis of color in conjunction with other substance properties. Finally, we extended this work to infant rhesus monkeys and found that, like adults, they too used color to generalize to novel food objects. In contrast to adults, however, infants extended this pattern of generalization to objects that were acted on in other ways. These results suggest that infant monkeys form broader object categories than adults, and that food categories become sharpened as a function of maturational or experiential factors.

Visual representation in the wild: how rhesus monkeys parse objects.

Visual object representation was studied in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. To facilitate comparison with humans, and to provide a new tool for neurophysiologists, we used a looking time procedure originally developed for studies of human infants. Monkeys' looking times were measured to displays with one or two distinct objects, separated or together, stationary or moving. Results indicate that rhesus monkeys used featural information to parse the displays into distinct objects, and they found events in which distinct objects moved together more novel or unnatural than events in which distinct objects moved separately. These findings show both commonalities and contrasts with those obtained from human infants. We discuss their implications for the development and neural mechanisms of higher-level vision.

[The job of the hospital nurse: self-care and caring for others]. / O trabalho da enfermagem hospitalar: o cuidado de si e o cuidado do outro.

The self-care of nurses is a requirement for the care of the patient, so that the care provided will not imply on the resignation of the nursing professional or the client. The objective of the present study is to verify how the work of hospital nurses has been done, regarding the self-care of these professionals and the care provided to patients. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with nurses from two different districts in Rio Grande do Sul, who had graduated from public universities in the same state and worked in hospitals of the respective districts. Results showed that these professionals expressed the need of taking care of themselves in order to provide care for their patients. It was also reported that nurses assume responsibilities of other professionals and lack, in their professional environment, human and material resources. This situation generates negative consequences for the nurse's self-care, as well as for the care of the patients. It is important that nursing professionals implement strategies to deal with asymmetric power relations in the hospital, based on their beliefs, values and knowledge. This can lead to more appropriate conditions of work, which can guarantee a more qualified self-care of the professional, and a better care for the patient.

The importance of the ligation of the inferior thyroid artery in parathyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy.

UNLABELLED: We prospectively studied the effects of the ligation of the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) on postoperative hypoparathyroidism in 48 patients who underwent functional subtotal thyroidectomy. Patients were randomized into two groups: A, with bilateral ligation of the ITA and B, without ligation of the ITA. Parathyroid function was checked preoperatively and after surgery by clinical examination and measurement of total calcium, intact PTH, urinary calcium, and AMPc. RESULTS: A significant incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia occurred: 17% in group A and 13% in B on the 4th postoperative day. Six months later, the incidence was 5% in Group A and 0% in Group B. These differences were not statistically significant between the two groups, and neither were any of the other clinical and laboratory observations. CONCLUSION: The ligation of the ITA was not an important causal factor for the occurrence of postoperative hypocalcemia after subtotal thyroidectomy.

The effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the formation of DNA lesions.

In an attempt to determine whether electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure might lead to DNA damage, we exposed SnCl2-treated pBR322 plasmids to EMF and analysed the resulting conformational changes using agarose gel electrophoresis. An EMF-dependent potentiation of DNA scission (i.e. the appearance of relaxed plasmids) was observed. In confirmation of this, plasmids pre-exposed to EMF also were less capable of transforming Escherichia coli. The results indicate that EMF, in the presence of a transition metal, is capable of causing DNA damage. These observations support the idea that EMF, probably through secondary generation of reactive oxygen species, can be clastogenic and provide a possible explanation for the observed correlation between EMF exposure and the frequency of certain types of cancers in humans.

In vitro and in vivo toxicological study of the Pterodon pubescens seed oil.

The oil of Pterodon pubescens seeds (PpSO) is known for its cercaricidal and anti-inflammatory effects. Its anti-rheumatic activity was recently reported using mice with collagen II-induced arthritis treated with a hydroalcoholic extract of PpSO, mimicking the wine infusion used in popular medicine. In the present study, PpSO was tested for acute toxicity, mutagenic activity and cytotoxicity for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). PpSO was obtained after seed extraction with 100% ethanol and evaporation. Cytotoxicity was estimated using the tetrazolium salt reduction test (MTT assay) by PBMNC (2.5 x 10(5) cells/ml) after exposure to 0.07, 0.7 and 7 microg PpSO/ml for 24 and 48 h. In the mutagenesis assay, the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay was employed with or without metabolization. Acute toxicity was studied on 30 (n = 10/group) male DBA1/J mice (20 +/- 2 g) after a single oral dose of 2, 4, and 8 g PpSO/kg b.w. The animals were observed for 24 h, anesthetized, sacrificed and autopsied. The organs were processed for histopathology by staining with hematoxylin-eosin. The IC50 of PpSO to PBMNC in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) was 2 and 1 microg PpSO/ml after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The mutagenic test performed with or without metabolic activation of PpSO did not show mutagenic activity for the concentrations tested (7 and 70 microg/ml). Mouse mortality or significant signs of acute toxicity (ocular, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, motor or respiratory signs) for the PpSO doses tested was not observed. The organs did not show any macroscopic alterations. Histopathologic analysis of the tissues also did not demonstrate any lesions. The present study provides data to classify PpSO as non-cytotoxic to PBMNC, non-mutagenic, and non-toxic after acute administration since the PpSO doses tested were extremely higher than those used by the population.